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Page Foreword..............................................................................................................................................2 Keywords .............................................................................................................................................3 Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................3 1. Scope ..........................................................................................................................................4 2. Normative references..................................................................................................................4 3. Definitions and abbreviations......................................................................................................5 4. Theory .........................................................................................................................................6 4.1 Transformer fundamentals .....................................................................................................6 4.2 Impedance ..............................................................................................................................7 4.3 Vector group ...........................................................................................................................9 4.4 Tap changer..........................................................................................................................10 4.5 Transformer earthing ............................................................................................................11 4.6 Types of transformers...........................................................................................................13 4.7 Loading thermal limits...........................................................................................................14 4.8 Paralleling transformers........................................................................................................17 4.9 Fault levels and through faults..............................................................................................18 4.10 Mobile transformers/substations...........................................................................................19 4.11 Transformer rating and redundancy .....................................................................................19 5. Eskom power transformer specifications ..................................................................................20 5.1 Reticulation transformers (MV/LV and SWER isolation) ......................................................20 5.2 Major power transformers (HV/HV, HV/MV and MV/MV).....................................................22 5.3 Mobile substations (HV/MV, MV/MV and MV/LV) ................................................................24 5.4 Neutral Earthing Compensators with Resistors....................................................................25 6. Eskom power transformer application standards and guidelines .............................................25 7. Data required for Power System Analysis ................................................................................27 8. Application guideline .................................................................................................................28 9. Modelling power transformers in PSA software........................................................................30 10. Worked example .......................................................................................................................38 Annex A Earth fault current flow with common MV grounding configurations ..................................41 Annex B Major power transformer emergency overload ratings .......................................................44 Annex C Parameters required for PSA..............................................................................................46 Annex D Impact assessment.............................................................................................................52
JFScholtz/Aug07 (Rev 0) to ensure traceability
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Foreword
The location and size of power transformers is an important component of Distribution Network Planning. Network Planners need to understand the basic theory and relevant Eskom Distribution standards and specifications relating to power transformers. They also require guidance on the modelling of transformers in network simulation software. Network Planners need to be able to select transformers such that minimum requirements (thermal limits, fault level ratings and vector group compatibility) are met whilst also ensuring the redundancy requirements are complied with. This guideline provides the Eskom Distribution Network Planner with a basic understanding of the theory and practical application, such that power transformers (HV/HV, HV/MV, MV/MV and MV/LV) can be modelled in power system analysis software (specifically ReticMaster and PowerFactory) and new transformers sizes can be selected based on minimum requirements and redundancy criteria.
Revision history
Date Oct 2007 Rev. 0 Compiler CG Carter- Original issue Brown Remarks
Authorisation
This document has been seen and accepted by:
Name
Rob Stephen Kurt Dedikend Riaan Smit Mongezi Nyengane Mike Pallett Kobus Barnard Chris du Toit Monde Bala
Designation
General Manager Distribution Capital Program Network Services Manager Eastern Region (NSM Planning custodian) Network Planning Manager Western Region Network Planning Manager Southern Region Network Planning Manager Eastern Region Network Planning Manager North West Region Network Planning Manager Central Region Network Planning Manager Northern Region
This guideline shall apply throughout Eskom Holdings Limited, its divisions, subsidiaries and entities wherein Eskom has a controlling interest.
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Development team
This guideline was developed with input from: Rob Stephen Craig Clark Riaan Smit Mike Pallet Devan Nardhamuni Kurt Dedekind Sifiso Sikhosana Mongezi Nyengane Koos Scholtz Ed Bunge Keith Wood Karen Vosloo
Keywords
Network planning, network design, transformer, load-flow.
Bibliography
DGL 34-539 Network Planning guideline for MV step-voltage regulators. Power Transformer Maintenance and Application Guide, EPRI, 2002. DIgSILENT Technical Documentation; Two-Winding Transformer (3-Phase), 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
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1. Scope
This guideline covers the theory, standards, software modelling and sizing of HV/HV, HV/MV, MV/MV and MV/LV power transformers for Eskom Distribution Network Planning. Detailed power transformer design and substation layout is not the focus of this guideline. The application of this guideline should ensure that Network Planning correctly analyse existing power transformers, and appropriately size future power transformers. The scope of work required from the Network Planner (as an input to Project Engineering design work) is defined. Voltage regulator theory, modelling and application is addressed in DGL 34-539 (Network Planning guideline for MV step-voltage regulators), and is not repeated in this guideline. For a summary of the key information jump to the Application Guideline on page 28.
2. Normative references
Parties using this guideline shall apply the most recent edition of the documents listed below: BGL 34-335 Network Planning Philosophy DGL 34-450 Network Planning Reliability Guideline 34-542 Distribution voltage regulation and apportionment limits DISSCAAD1 Specification for combined three-phase neutral electromagnetic couplers (NECs) with neutral earthing resistors (NERs) and auxiliary transformers DSP 34-346 Specification for oil-immersed power transformers up to 500kVA and 33 kV DSP 34-342 Specification for phase to phase (11, 22 & 33kV) connected transformers with centre tapped low voltage winding DSP 34-344 Specification for MV isolation transformers for single wire earth return systems DSP 34-345 Specification for phase to neutral (19kV SWER) connected transformers with singlephase low voltage winding DSP 34-343 Specification for phase to neutral (19 kV SWER) connected transformers with centretapped low voltage winding DISSCAAD3 Specification for large power transformers up to 132 kV in the rating range of 1,25 MVA to 160 MVA SCSSCAAU3 Specification for 20MVA, multi-ratio, mobile substations DISSCAAU4 Specification for medium voltage 5-10MVA single and multi-ratio mobile substations DISSCAAM7 Medium-voltage miniature substations for systems with nominal voltages of 11kV and 22kV DISSCAAY1 Ground-mounted oil-immersed power transformers up to 2MVA and 33 kV with MV and LV cable boxes DISSCABG7 1000kVA miniature substations for systems with nominal voltages of 11kV and 22kV DISSCABR0 Specification for combined three-phase neutral electro-magnetic couplers (NECs) with neutral earthing resistors (NERs) and auxiliary transformers DISSCAAL1 100kVA to 500kVA 11 or 22kV/415V mobile reticulation transformer SCSAGAAG0 Transformer protection philosophy SCSASACB6 Medium voltage system earthing practice SCSAGAAT4 Transformer loading guidelines RES/RR/03/20960 Transformer loading lookup table
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4. Theory
4.1 Transformer fundamentals
This section is based on an EPRI report titled Power Transformer Maintenance and Application Guide, which should be consulted for additional information. Typical power transformers are oil filled. Figure 1 is a cutaway view of a typical three-phase oil filled major power transformer, showing the tank, internal connections, typical windings, and the installed bushings.
Figure 1: Cutaway view of a typical oil filled major power transformer [EPRI Power Transformer Maintenance and Application Guide] The operation of the transformer is based on electromagnetic theory proposed by Lenz and further developed by Maxwell. When a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced. By placing another conductor within that magnetic field, a voltage is induced in that conductor. This principle provides the basis for transformer action. The transformer transfers power by electromagnetic induction between circuits at the same frequency, but at different voltage and current. Transformers consist of two or more windings linked by a mutual magnetic field. When one of the windings (primary) is connected to an alternating voltage source, an alternating flux is produced. The amplitude of the flux depends on the primary voltage and number of turns in the windings. The mutual flux links the other winding (secondary) and induces voltage in that winding. The value of the induced voltage depends on the number of secondary turns. The transformer is unique because, except for equipment that cools the oil, it has no continuously moving mechanical parts. The generation of electricity requires relative motion between a magnetic field and a group of conductors. In generation plants, the turbine supplies the motion that drives the rotor magnetic field through the stator winding of the generator. In the transformer, this mechanical motion is replaced with a magnetic field that oscillates back and forth (magnetic flux) when the wires are connected to an alternating current voltage. Alternating current is required in order to produce a changing magnetic field that will in turn induce a voltage.
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The transformer consists of two circuits, the electrical circuit and the magnetic circuit. The electrical circuit is the current flow through the primary winding and the secondary winding to the load. The primary winding is considered to be that which has the current applied to the transformer. The secondary winding is that winding that takes current away from the transformer. The magnetic circuit in a transformer provides a path for the flow of the magnetic flux produced by the primary windings to the secondary windings.
Figure 2: Basic transformer configuration The transformer primary and secondary coils are wound around an iron core. Once an alternating voltage E1 is applied to the primary winding, a current I1 called the exciting current, will flow in the primary winding and a voltage E2 will be induced in the secondary winding. As the current flows through the winding, it will produce an alternating magnetic field with a flux of magnetic lines of force through the core. Magnetic flux in the iron core will always flow over the path of least resistance. The voltage induced by the rate of change of flux in each turn of the transformer will be the same. Therefore, the voltage ratio between the two windings will be the same as the ratio of the number of turns (N):
E1 E 2 or = N1 N 2
E1 N 1 = E2 N 2
(1)
Thus, the fundamental relationship is established as the ratio of the primary and secondary voltage is equal to the ratio of the primary and secondary winding turns. Since power is the phaser product of voltage and current and the primary power is equal to the secondary, that is P1 = P2 or E1I1 = E2I2
E1 I 1 = E 2 I 2
Therefore,
or
E1 I 2 = E2 I1
( 2)
N1 I 2 = N 2 I1
(3)
Hence, the primary to secondary voltage ratio is inversely proportional to the current ratio.
4.2 Impedance
Referring to figure 3, the electrical and magnetic circuits result in series and shunt impedances. The shunt impedance arises due to the core magnetisation. The series impedance arises due to the winding resistance and leakage flux inductance.
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Figure 3: Transformer series and shunt impedances The shunt impedance is usually practically expressed in terms of no-load loss in kW and no-load current as a percentage of rated current. The no-load loss in kW represents the core active power consumption. The no-load current represents the core apparent power consumption. Power system analysis software converts these parameters into shunt resistance and reactance, with suitable voltage dependency (constant impedance). As the core is essentially a shunt connected reactor, the core consumes significantly more reactive power than active power. The series impedance is usually expressed as a percentage of the transformers base impedance. The series impedance is largely inductive. The resistive component of the series impedance is usually specified via either an X/R ratio or the rated active load power loss in kW at rated current. Power system analysis software converts these parameters into series resistance and reactance. Current flow through the series impedance results in an internal voltage drop across the transformer. The magnitude of this voltage drop is dependent on the series impedance, and magnitude and power factor of the load current supplied by the transformer. Poor load power factors result in increased internal voltage drop as the series impedance is largely reactive. Figure 4 illustrates the effect of load magnitude and power factor on internal voltage drop for a typical 10MVA major power transformer with an impedance of 11% and X/R ratio of 25.
Loading [MVA]
Figure 4: Typical 10MVA major power transformer internal voltage drop (Z=11%, X/R=25) The series impedance of MV/LV transformers up to 1000kVA is typically in the range of 3% to 7%. The impedance of standard HV/HV and HV/MV major power transformers between 1.25MVA and 160MVA typically varies between 6% and 12%. High impedance major power transformers are utilised where the fault levels associated with standard impedance transformers are too high. The impedance of high impedance major power transformers typically varies between 17% and 23%.
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In the IEC vector group code, each letter stands for one set of windings. The primary (input) winding is designated with a capital letter, while the other winding or windings are designated with a lowercase letter. The digits following the letter codes indicate the difference in phase angle between the windings, in units of 30 degrees. For example, a transformer with a vector group of Dy1 has a Delta-connected primary winding and a Star-connected secondary winding. The phase angle of the secondary lags the primary by 30 degrees. Utilities standardise on the vector groups used in particular applications. As such the Network Planner will usually have little or no option as to which vector group should be applied. The vector group that needs to be used in a particular application is dictated by the following: Technology of connecting systems: o Three phase Delta systems have no neutral and can be connected to Delta or Star windings. In the case of Star windings the transformer neutral point floats or is connected to ground (possibly via an earthing impedance). As Eskom Distributions three phase HV and MV systems are Delta connected, the possible vector groups (ignoring phase angle options) for application with HV/HV, HV/MV and MV/MV three phase power transformers are Yy, Dd, Yd and Dy. Refer to table 6 for the standard Eskom Distribution major power transformers vector groups. o Three phase Star systems have a neutral and can only be connected to Star windings. As Eskom Distributions three phase MV and LV systems are Delta and Star connected respectively, the possible vector groups (ignoring phase angle options) for application with
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MV/LV three phase power transformers are Yy and Dy. Referring to section 5.1, the standard MV/LV three phase transformer vector group in Eskom Distribution is Dyn11. Isolation between primary and secondary systems: Delta windings isolate the primary system from zero sequence and triplen harmonic order currents circulating in the secondary system. Delta windings are more expensive to manufacture as compared to Star windings. Delta windings are hence used where the benefits of the associated isolation warrant the increased cost. Phase shift: Phase shift is important when paralleling sources. The phase-shifts of the sources should be the same. Transformers operated in parallel must have the same vector group.
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OCTS or OLTC tap changers can be fitted to either the primary or secondary windings of power transformers. The location varies, but in general the tap changer tapings are located on the higher voltage winding where the load current is lower.
The following system earthing methods are currently adopted (see SCSASACB6 for additional information): Effectively earthed: The term effectively earthed is used to define a system, or a point within a system, at which the steady state phase-to-earth voltages will be limited to 1.4 per unit (approximately 80% of normal phase-to phase voltage) during an earth fault. By ensuring that system phase-to-earth voltages do not exceed 1.4 per unit, 80% surge arresters can be applied and correspondingly reduced insulation levels specified. Solidly earthed transformer star points will usually (but not always) result in an effectively earthed system. Non-effectively earthed: Non-effectively earthed describes a system, or a point within a system, at which the steady-state phase-to-earth voltages may rise above 1.4 per unit during an earth fault. In such systems it is necessary to apply surge arresters with a correspondingly higher voltage rating. It follows that the protective level will then be raised, requiring a higher Basic Insulation Level for system plant in order to maintain an adequate protective margin. The normal practice is to apply 100% arresters (i.e. rated to withstand overvoltages up to 1.73 UM for the duration of a fault) on non-effectively earthed systems. By installing an earthing impedance of sufficient magnitude the earth fault current is reduced and the system is non-effectively earthed. Reactively earthed: In many cases, the source transformer secondary winding is deltaconnected and an NEC is necessary to provide a neutral point for earthing. Almost invariably, NECs have high values of X0 relative to X1 of the source, resulting in a ratio of X0/X1 in excess of 3 for the system, which is thus reactively earthed if an NER is not provided as well. As compared to resistively earthed systems, reactively earthed systems are more prone to transient over voltages following network switching and earth faults. Resistively earthed: Resistively earthed systems are usually non-effectively earthed as the resistance is inserted to reduce earth fault current magnitude. Resistance earthing can be effected by inserting a resistor in the earth connection to the MV neutral of each source transformer. Alternatively, when the source transformer MV winding does not have an earthed neutral, the resistor can be inserted in the neutral of a NEC. Resistively earthed systems have lower transient over voltages as compared to reactively earthed systems with similar maximum earth fault current levels.
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Figure 6: NECR used to earth a Delta network High Voltage and Extremely High Voltage systems are required to be effectively earthed to achieve acceptable limits of system-generated transient over voltages during earth faults. A primary consideration is the avoidance of the high additional insulation costs which would be necessary under conditions of higher phase-to-earth over voltages. The neutral terminals of star-connected transformer EHV and HV windings must be solidly connected to earth in order to provide an effectively earthed system, and also because, in most cases, such windings have fully graded insulation (there are exceptions to this requirement in respect of most 66 and 88 kV windings, which usually have partially graded insulation). On medium-voltage systems, the emphasis is placed more on reducing earth-fault-current magnitude for the safety of plant and personnel (rather than on the cost of insulation). This is achieved by the implementation of neutral earthing resistors (NERs) on star-connected systems and of NEC/NER combinations on delta connected systems. The MV system is thereby non-effectively and resistively earthed. Appendix A illustrates the flow of earth fault currents for star, NEC and NEC/R earthing configurations. The application of resistance earthing rather than reactance earthing (NEC only on delta connected systems) avoids the generation of excessive over voltages as well as preventing high fault-current magnitudes. Table 1: Effectively vs Resistively (non-effectively) earthed MV networks
1 Effectively earthed MV source star points solidly earthed, or earthed via NEC Rated voltage not to exceed 0.8Um Single phase fault level between 2kA and 10kA High degree of earth fault damage High earth fault step & touch potential High probability of inductive interference Lower initial cost & higher life cycle cost 2 Resistively (non-effectively) earthed MV source star point earthed via Resistor, or earthed via NECR Rated voltage of 1.0Um Single phase fault level between 300A and 900A Lesser degree Reduced Lower Higher initial cost & lower life cycle cost
In modern PSST software each of the above elements is modelled explicitly. By specifying the transformer zero sequence impedance and its earthing (with any associated impedances) the total zero sequence model of the entire transformer installation is simulated in the PSST.
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In cases where test sheet data is not available, the assumptions below are commonly applied for transformer zero sequence impedance (these are zero sequence values for the transformers. Any grounding impedance must also be modelled in the PSST, and is entered separately): Star/Delta and Delta Star: Z0 = 0.9Z1. Star/Zig-zag: Z0 = 0.091Z1. Star/Star with both star points earthed: Z0 = 0.85Z1. Star/Star with only one star point earthed: Z0 = 10Z1. This is the tank delta effect whereby the transformer tank provides a delta winding effect.
It is important to note that with Star/Star transformers the transformer zero sequence impedance is dependent on the star point earthing. In all other cases the transformer zero sequence impedance is not dependent on transformer earthing.
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The heating increases the temperature of the windings and insulating oil. The maximum temperature occurs within the windings and is referred to as the hot spot temperature. The oil temperature within the tank is a maximum at the top of the tank, and is referred to as the top oil temperature. Thermal equilibrium occurs when the rate of energy dissipation within the transformer is equal to the rate of energy dissipation to the external environment. The maximum hotspot and top oil temperatures are hence dependent on the ambient temperature and effectiveness of the heat transfer to the local environment. The following risks are associated with transformer overload: Pressure build up as the top oil temperature increases beyond the design level, which leads to oil leakage and eventually failure if the transformer does not have a pressure release valve. Damage to the accessories such as the tap changer and bushings, which are not designed for operation beyond certain current levels (typically 150% of rated current). Paper degradation (paper is used to insulate each turn within the windings), due to continued operation at hot spot temperatures in excess of 98C. Transformer paper life and hence transformer life is halved for every 6 degrees the transformer hot spot temperature exceeds 98C. As the insulation paper ages its mechanical strength reduces. Failure occurs when the paper can no longer provide adequate insulation. This may occur following a through fault which mechanically stresses the windings, causing them to collapse resulting in inter-turn faults.
Second letter: Circulation mechanism for internal cooling medium: N F Natural thermosiphon flow through cooling equipment and in windings; Forced circulation through cooling equipment, thermosiphon flow in windings;
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Forced circulation through cooling equipment, directed from the cooling equipment into at least the main windings
Fourth letter: Circulation mechanism for external cooling medium: N F Natural convection; Forced circulation (fans, pumps).
Example: ONAN refers to a transformer where the internal and external cooling mediums are oil and air respectively. In both cases the circulation of the cooling medium is by natural convection. If fans are fitted to the external cooling fins this transformer would be ONAF.
Deg.C
Load Temperature
Time of day
Figure 8: Load profile and ambient temperature The hot spot temperature, top oil temperature and cumulative loss of life for the above loading are shown in figures 9 and 10 respectively.
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Figure 10: Cumulative loss of life Considering that the maximum allowable loss of life per day is 0.0079% (this results in a 35 year lifespan), one can see that this transformer is under loaded. Increasing the loading until either the hot spot, top oil or loss of life limit is reached one obtains a maximum loading of 146%. This means that the transformer could be loaded to a maximum of 146% of the nameplate rating, and the insulation would still last for 35 years. The maximum loading is dependent on the load profile, ambient temperatures and target lifespan. Peaky loads result in increased loading limits as the transformer oil and winding temperature time constants are such that the oil and winding temperatures lag the loading, and the steady state oil and winding temperatures are not reached (the load drops off before the steady state oil and winding temperatures are reached). The overload limits can be calculated with software such as PTLoad.
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increased rate of aging during the contingency may not be significant if the duration of the contingency is relatively small. As a result utilities generally allow additional overloading during contingencies. Improved cooling: The installation of fans and/or oil pumps improves cooling resulting in increased ratings for the same rate of aging.
It should be noted that transformer losses, and hence loading limits, are also dependent on tap changer position, applied voltage magnitude and voltage and current harmonic distortion levels. Transformer loading is usually assessed as a percentage of rated nameplate current. This implies that if the primary voltage is less than the nominal primary voltage, the primary current will be greater than rated primary current in order to supply rated apparent power. Planners need to be aware of this as a transformer may start to exceed rated primary current even if the apparent power is less than rated apparent power. As load current causes the majority of the losses, overload reporting and assessment should be based on current and not apparent power.
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Impedance: Transformer internal voltage drop magnitude is dependent on the transformer series impedance. Differences in per-unit impedance (expressed on the transformer rated power) between paralleled transformers results in a voltage differential between transformers when supplying load current, which in turn drives a circulating current between the paralleled transformers. This circulating current increases the loading (and hence also load losses) of the paralleled transformers, and can result in overloading. The magnitude of the circulating current is dependent on the magnitude of the load current supplied by the paralleled transformers. Tap ratios: Differences in tap ratio in the various tap positions results in a voltage differential between paralleled transformers. As with differences in impedance, this voltage differential results in a circulating current which increases losses and can result in overloading. The magnitude of the circulating current is not load dependent (unlike circulating current due to impedance imbalance). Power rating: Transformers of different power ratings can be paralleled. Load sharing between transformers is dependent on transformer impedance and tap ratio matching. In cases where perunit impedances and tap ratios are not the same, the per-unit loadings will differ e.g. if a 10MVA and 20MVA transformer are paralleled and have different impedances and/or tap ratios, load will not be proportionally shared based on their power ratings and one transformer may overload well before the other e.g. if the total load supplied is 30MVA, the 10MVA and 20MVA transformers could, for the purposes of this example, supply 12MVA and 18MVA respectively.
Before the advent of modern circulating current OLTC tap change controllers, major power transformers operated in parallel utilised a Master-Follower tap change control scheme. Essentially all paralleled transformer OLTC tap changers were synchronised so that all transformers were in the same tap position. Any differences in transformer impedance and tapping ratios resulted in a voltage differential between transformers, and hence a circulating current would flow. As such only transformers with closely matched impedances and tapping ratios could be operated in parallel. Modern tap change control schemes incorporate circulating current control whereby the tap position of each transformer is adjusted such that control objectives (e.g. a certain secondary voltage) are achieved whilst also minimising circulating current flow. As a result transformers with different impedances and tapping ratios (within reason) can be paralleled (note that load sharing may not be optimal and the effective capacity of the installation may be significantly less than the sum of the ratings of individual transformers). These modern control schemes also allow transformers in different substations to be paralleled via their primary and secondary networks i.e. the paralleled transformers can be geographically separated.
See section 4.11 for information on how the numbers and ratings of transformers affects fault levels and through fault exposure.
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Figure 12: Mobile HV/MV transformer A mobile substation (figure 12) consists of a transformer and associated protection and switchgear mounted on a trailer. A mobile substation will typically be used for the following applications: As an emergency spare in the event of a transformer faulting. For routine maintenance of single-transformer substations. Urgent customer supply (i.e. ahead of Eskoms construction schedule if applicable). During refurbishment/upgrading of a substation, when the entire substation or a part of it must be taken out of service for a period of time. During the upgrading of MV voltages e.g. changing from 11kV to 22kV.
Disadvantages While fewer larger transformers will fail less frequently (less transformers to fault), the impact of a failure may be more significant (system versus component reliability). In order to parallel the larger units to provide required reliability levels, high impedance units or fault limiting reactors may be required to restrict fault levels to acceptable levels. Due to the increased currents MV switchgear costs may increase. Depending on the busbar configuration larger transformers may experience increased frequency of through faults (larger network supplied as compared with smaller transformer).
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Figure 13: Pole-mounted MV/LV reticulation transformer The important reticulation transformer characteristics of interest to Network Planners are as follows (DISSCAAM7, DISSCAAY1, DISSCABG7, 34-342, 34-343, 34-344, 34-345 & 34-346): Referring to table 2, rated LV voltage is 240V single phase and 415V three phase. Rated MV voltages are 11kV, 22kV and 33kV. The rated SWER voltage is 19kV. MV/LV pole and platform mounted transformer power ratings range from 16kVA to 500kVA. The largest single phase rating is 16kVA. The largest dual phase rating is 64kVA. Installations requiring capacity greater than the standard sizes are catered for by installing standard transformers in parallel. Transformers 100kVA can be pole mounted, and >100kVA platform mounted. Ground mounted three phase transformer sizes range from 100 to 1000kVA. Mini-substation transformer sizes range from 200 to 1000kVA. Three phase and dual phase transformers have a tapping range of -6%, -3%, 0%, +3%, +6%, achieved by means of an off-circuit tapping switch. The relationship between tap position and primary and secondary voltages is summarised in table 3. Single-phase transformers have a tapping range of 0%, +3%, +6%, achieved by means of external LV tappings. The relationship between external tapping and primary and secondary voltages is summarised in table 4. SWER isolation transformers have a tapping range of -5%, -2.5%, 0%, +2.5%, +5%, achieved by means of an off-circuit tapping switch. The relationship between tap position and primary and secondary voltages is summarised in table 5. Insulation and cooling is ONAN. Three phase MV/LV transformer vector group is Dyn11.
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Table 2: Standard technologies, mounting methods, voltages, power ratings and tapping ranges
1 Technology Phase to phase / Single phase Phase to phase / Dual phase Three phase / Three phase Three phase / Three phase Three phase / Three phase Phase to phase / SWER SWER / Single phase SWER / Dual phase 2 Mounting Pole Pole Pole and platform Ground Minisub Pole and platform Pole Pole 2 Rated primary voltage 11kV, 22kV, 33kV 11kV, 22kV, 33kV 11kV, 22kV, 33kV 11kV, 22kV 11kV, 22kV 11kV, 22kV, 33kV 19kV 19kV 3 Rated no-load secondary voltage 240V 480/240V (240V) 415/240V 415/240V 415/240V 19kV 240V 480/240V (240V) 4 Rated power 16kVA 32 & 64kVA 25, 50, 100, 200, 315 & 500kVA 100, 200, 315, 500 & 1000kVA 200, 315, 500 & 1000kVA 50, 100, 200 & 400kVA 16kVA 32 & 64kVA 5 Tapping range 0%, +3%, +6% -6%, -3%, 0%, +3%, +6% -6%, -3%, 0%, +3%, +6% -6%, -3%, 0%, +3%, +6% -6%, -3%, 0%, +3%, +6% -5%, -2.5%, 0%, +2.5%, +3% 0%, +3%, +6% -6%, -3%, 0%, +3%, +6%
Table 3: Three phase and dual phase transformer off-circuit tapping switch voltage ratios
1 Tap position number 1 2 3 4 5 2 Primary voltage % 106% 103% 100% 97% 94% 3 No-load secondary voltage % 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
It is important to note that even though the standard LV service voltage is 400/230V, MV/LV transformers are rated 415/240V. Historically rated LV voltages have varied with LV service voltage standards. As a result MV/LV transformers with rated voltages of 380/220V, 400/230V and 420/242V can be found in existing networks. Refer to 34-542 (Distribution voltage regulation and apportionment limits) for additional detail. Also note that other non-standard sizes have been installed (e.g. 800, 1000, 1250kVA). Note that in order to standardise the MV/LV transformer specification within the South African EDI, it is proposed that Eskom change to the 420/240V (2.5% step size) specification for all new transformers. Should this occur this guideline and its associated references will need to be updated accordingly.
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Figure 14: HV/MV major power OLTC transformer The following specifications from DISSCAAD3 (Specification for large power transformers up to 132 kV in the rating range of 1.25 MVA to 160 MVA) are applicable to this guideline: Table 6 summarises the standard transformer voltage ratings, power ratings, impedances and vector groups. o To cater for increased load densities, reduce stock holding and improve inter-changeability between transformers a sub-set of the standard power ratings are preferred ratings (ratings in bold). Network Planners may not deviate from the standard power ratings, and should (where possible) utilise preferred power ratings. o Non-preferred standard ratings may need to be used in cases where space or access prevents the use of the smallest preferred size. o Sisonke will focus on preferred sizes. Non-preferred standard sizes can still be ordered but lead times may be longer. o Strategic stock will still need to cater for non-preferred standard sizes. o Existing non-preferred standard sizes that are replaced with larger preferred sizes can be recycled into networks where they provide sufficient capacity. o OLTC tap changers should be installed for all ratings 5MVA. o All new transformers are specified for coastal conditions i.e. zink metal sprayed with 31mm/kV bushings. The general operating conditions for transformer thermal rating are: o Out-of-doors. o At an altitude above sea level up to 1800m. o At ambient air temperatures. Maximum 40C. Daily average 35C. Yearly average 25C. Minimum -10C. o Average humidity: 30% to 90%. o Sinusoidal supply voltage wave shape at 50Hz. o Symmetrical three-phase supply voltages (negative and zero phase sequence voltages less than 2%).
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o Life expectancy at rated conditions shall be at least 35 years. The power rating is a continuous power rating (100% load factor) and applies to the entire tapping range i.e. each tap must be able to supply rated power. Overloading capabilities shall be in accordance with IEC 60076-7 Table 4. The default winding temperature alarm and trip settings are: Alarm 110C Trip 120C. Both OLTC and OCTS tap changers are supported: o On-load regulated transformers have on-load taps from +5% to -15% of the HV voltage in 16 equal steps of 1.25% each. o When an off-circuit tap switch is specified, the range is +5% to -5 % of the HV voltage in 4 steps of 2.5% each. o In order to support stock keeping and inter-changeability OLTC tap changers are usually specified for all major power transformers 5MVA. Cooling methods are as follows: o Transformers with a maximum rating of 20 MVA: ONAN cooling. o Auto-transformers with a maximum rating of 40 MVA: ONAN or ONAN/ONAF cooling. o Other transformers: ONAN/ONAF cooling. The standard vector groups are as follows: o HV/HV three winding auto-transformer: YnA0d1. o HV/MV two winding: YNd1. o MV/MV two winding: YNyn0.
Note that these specifications are applicable to new major power transformers. The specifications of existing transformers could vary significantly. Non-standard vector groups (such as Yy10 in Cape Town) should be phased out as opportunities arise. It is understood that this may only be practical to achieve in the longer term. Also note that Eskom used to order sub-transmission transformers with a vector group Dy11, but changed to YNd1 as HV Delta windings are considerably more expensive than Star windings (Delta windings cant have partially graded insulation and the tap changer must be rated for the full system voltage). Table 6: Standard major power transformer voltages, ratings, impedances and vector groups (Ratings marked in bold are preferred ratings)
1 2 3 Nominal voltage [kV] Prim Sec Tert 132 88 22 132 66 22 132 44 22 88 44 22 132 11 132 6.6 88 11 88 6.6 66 6.6 44 6.6 132 33 132 22 132 11 132 6.6 88 44 88 33 88 22 88 11 88 6.6 66 22 66 11 66 6.6 44 22 44 11 44 6.6 33 22 33 11 33 6.6 22 11 22 6.6 4 Imp type STD STD STD STD HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD STD 5 160 160/20 160/20 7 8 9 10 Standard power rating [MVA] 80 40 20 10 5 80/10 40/10 20/5 80/10 40/10 20/5 80/10 40/10 20/5 80/10 40/10 20/5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 6 11 2.5 12 1.25 13 Nominal imp [%] 9 10 11 9 22 22 22 22 22 22 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-8 14 Vector Group YnA0d1 YnA0d1 YnA0d1 YnA0d1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNd1 YNyn0 YNyn0 YNyn0 YNyn0 YNyn0
X X X X X X X
X X X X X
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The specification for MV/MV mobile substations (ISSCAAU4 Specification for medium voltage 510MVA single and multi-ratio mobile substations) is summarised as follows: 10MVA MV/MV multi-ratio, outdoor, mobile substation. The substation consists of a main transformer, auxiliary transformer, primary and secondary circuit breakers, surge arresters, instrumentation transformers, protection, metering, D.C and telecommunication equipment (all mounted on a trailer). Three types are catered for: o Type A: 33 or 22kV to 11kV, 5 MVA, YNyn0, OCTS or OLTC o Type B: 22kV to 11kV, 5MVA, YNyn0, OCTS or OLTC o Type C: 33 or 22kV to 22 or 11kV, 10MVA, YNyn0, OCTS or OLTC Note that either OLTC or OCTS can be specified. In order to reduce the size and weight of the transformer it has OFAF cooling. A NER is provided to limit the single phase fault level to 300Amps (it has a variable impedance to cater for the different voltage levels). The NER is connected to either the primary or secondary winding star point (depending on whether the substation is being used in a step-up or step-down application). Note that the load side star point winding must be earthed via the NER in order to provide a zero sequence return path for earth fault current. The MV breakers are connected to the MV busbars (could be directly onto a MV line or cable) via three core cables.
All new single transformer HV/MV and MV/MV substations must make provision for the connection of mobile substations. The specification for MV/LV mobile transformers (DISSCAAL1 100kVA to 500kVA 11 or 22kV/415V mobile reticulation transformer) is summarised as follows: It consists of a transformer with MV and LV cable boxes, a metering kiosk and a telescopic pole structure for connection to the MV network. The primary MV voltage is 11kV or 22kV, selectable via a dual ratio switch. The secondary LV voltage is 415/240V. Tapping step size and range are as for the standard MV/LV transformer i.e. OCTS -6%, -3%, 0%, +3%, +6%. Standard ratings are 100, 200, 315 or 500kVA. MV and LV connections are made via cable.
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The NECR is directly connected to the secondary MV winding of the power transformer (directly off the MV winding terminals before the MV breaker) so that it is always in circuit if the power transformer MV breaker is closed. This ensures that there is always a zero sequence path for single phase to earth fault current such that earth faults can be detected. This is critical for both public and operator safety.
Figure 15: Transformer failure resulting in fire The major power transformer protection philosophy is documented in SCSAGAAG0 (Transformer protection philosophy). The protection requirements are summarised as follows: Surge arrestors installed on all windings. Buchholz and pressure relief.
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Winding and top oil temperatures. Default top oil alarm and trip temperature settings are 95C and 105C respectively. Default winding alarm and trip temperature settings are 110C and 120C respectively. HV and LV over current, earth fault and restricted earth fault protection. Over current is usually set to trip at 130% of transformer nameplate rating. HV breaker fail. Sustained fault timer. For ratings >10MVA there is a further requirement for biased differential protection.
With reticulation transformers the cost of protection (apart from surge arresters) can not be justified, and the reticulation transformer protection philosophy is to run to failure. MV fuses are usually installed in the local isolation links. These fuses only operate once a fault has developed to the extent that the melting characteristic of the fuse is exceeded due to fault current. The fuses do not prevent the fault from causing critical damage, but rather isolate the transformer from the network so that the number of transformer faults resulting in MV feeder protection operation (and lock-out) is reduced. Reticulation transformer LV fuse and breaker ratings may offer very limited transformer overload protection, especially where a transformer supplies several LV feeders. Furthermore no transformer LV metering or load measurement device is usually installed. Spot load measurements may be useful in identifying overloaded transformers, but the time of peak loading and stochastic nature of the load make such measurements difficult. A thermal loading sticker can be used to detect reticulation transformer overloads. The thermal sticker is attached to the transformer tank, and changes colour when the tank temperature (which is close to the oil temperature) reaches a certain limit. An operator is required to periodically inspect the stickers.
6.2 Earthing
Sub-transmission systems are effectively earthed by solidly earthing transformer HV winding star points and auto-transformer star points. If a HV/MV Star/Delta transformer HV winding has partially graded insulation then the HV star point can be earthed via a surge arrestor to reduce the HV earth fault level and simplify earth fault protection coordination. Transformers with fully graded HV windings must have their HV windings solidly earthed. As per SCSASACB6 (Medium voltage system earthing practice), MV networks should be resistively earthed: Transformers with MV vector group Star should be earthed via an NER (installed in the star point) or NEC/R. A NEC/R may be installed if an auxiliary supply is required. Transformers with MV vector group Delta should be earthed via an NEC/R. The NER or NEC/R impedance (and hence maximum earth fault current) is dependent on the type of MV network: o Rural: Maximum earth fault current 300/360amps. o Urban: Maximum earth fault current 800/970amps.
Note that Star/Star transformers (e.g. 33/11kV and 22/11kV) can be earthed on their secondary winding Star points (preferably via an NER). The HV winding star point is unearthed so that secondary earth faults do not result in earth fault current flow in the primary system. The tank-delta effect provides a zero sequence path for secondary earth fault current. This form of earthing is usually only performed for satellite type substations (especially 22/11kV substations). For 33/11kV transformers, and 22/11kV transformers >5MVA, earthing should preferably be performed via a NEC/R. Reticulation MV/LV transformer LV neutral points are solidly earthed. Primary MV delta and phase to phase windings are unearthed. SWER transformers have their 19kV SWER winding solidly earthed.
6.3 Loading
The procedure to be followed by Network Planners for the operation of major power transformers above nameplate rating is specified in SCSAGAAT4 (transformer loading guidelines). This procedure is applicable for the planned operation of major power transformers above nameplate rating for normal
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network configuration i.e. the Network Planner is planning to operate the major power transformer at above its nameplate rating for the normal (non-contingency) network configuration. Network Planners must not plan to load major power transformers above nameplate rating for normal network configuration. The application of SCSAGAAT4 is hence only supported in extreme cases where project lead times can not be met. Emergency overload ratings (with allowance for ambient temperature and load profile) are provided in annex B (table B.1). These overload ratings should be utilised as emergency ratings for application with contingency studies.
Annex C contains details of the transformer and tap changer attribute data required for PSA, including which parameters can have standard values applied. This data model has been applied within SmallWorld. SmallWorld integration with ReticMaster and PowerFactory (in the near future) automatically converts this data into the specific formats required by ReticMaster and PowerFactory.
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8. Application guideline
8.1 Reticulation transformers (MV/LV and SWER isolation)
As a general philosophy Eskom Distribution does not provide redundant MV/LV transformation. Furthermore all LV networks are operated as radial systems with no interconnection between LV networks. The equipment supplied by the reticulation transformer must be adequately rated for the LV fault level. This is enforced via appropriate LV design, which is the responsibility of Project Engineering. When planning new reticulation transformers (or upgrades to existing reticulation transformers) the Network Planner needs to ensure that the appropriate technology (SWER, single phase, dual phase or three phase) is applied and that thermal loading limits are not exceeded. Network Planners should not plan to exceed reticulation transformer nameplate ratings, except for reticulation transformers supply electrification consumers. For electrification additional overloading is allowed, typically up to 130% of the nameplate rating. These additional overloading limits are specified in Electrification Technical Bulletins (such as TB02-31), and should be referenced. Table 7 contains the scope to be provided by the Network Planner for a new MV/LV or SWER isolation transformer (or replacement of an old transformer with a new one). Table 7: Reticulation transformer data to be specified by the Network Planner
1 Transformer parameter Rated Power Nominal Primary Voltage Secondary Technology 2 Description Standard power rating e.g. 16, 32, 50, 100kVA etc Primary MV system nominal voltage e.g. 11kV, 22kV or 19kV SWER isolation (source), Single Phase, Dual Phase or Three Phase
Note: The transformer will be included in a project, which will contain information on e.g. NDP references, required completion dates, costs etc. The table only focuses on the reticulation transformer itself. The vector group and secondary voltage do not need to be specified as they are dictated by the transformer Technology and transformer specifications. Primary windings are unearthed, and secondary windings are solidly earthed.
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Fault level limits: The 1 second fault level ratings of equipment (supplied by transformers) should not be exceeded. Increased transformer capacity will increase fault levels. High impedance transformers and/or fault limiting reactors should only be used if there is no technically acceptable alternative that has less load losses and meets the fault level requirements. Vector Group compatibility: Transformer vector groups must be selected such there are no phase shift incompatibility problems between interconnected networks. Standard vector groups are specified in table 6. Redundancy: The transformer redundancy requirements specified in DGL 34-450 Network Planning Reliability Guideline, must be complied with.
For existing transformers the violation of the above minimum requirements is a trigger for network reinforcement or refurbishment. The future loads and network configuration must be assessed to ensure compliance with these minimum requirements for the expected load forecast and network changes. The following should be considered by the Network Planner, and included in the substation scope (as is influenced by the power transformers): Bus sections: Running transformer bus sections open reduces fault level and also reduces the number and severity of through faults supplied by power transformers. If the associated momentary interruption can be tolerated (in the event of a power transformer failure), consideration should be given to operating bus sections open, with automated switching of bus sections in the event of a transformer failure. This may negate the requirement for high impedance transformers or fault limiting reactors. Earthing and earthing transformers: Single phase fault level calculations for future transformer installations must be based on appropriate star point and NECR earthing. NECR earthing should be installed for all transformation with a MV capacity >5MVA. Star point earthing should be performed to ensure acceptable single phase fault protection coordination, considering partially graded transformer windings. See section 6.2 for additional detail. When in doubt Electricity Delivery Network Services (Protection) should be consulted. OLTC tap changers: Automatic OLTC control should be included as a default requirement. Manual or remote control tapping should only be proposed after careful consideration of voltage regulation implications. Remote control refers to remote tap change control via an operator at a control centre (no automatic control). Standard and preferred power ratings: Standard transformer sizes (table 6) shall be used. Furthermore Network Planners shall, where possible, utilise preferred sizes.
Note that the assessment of technical losses is not required. Over sizing transformers to reduce load losses results in increased no-load losses, and usually results in a net increase in technical losses. Note that environmental considerations are taken into consideration as part of transformer and substation design. Table 8 contains the scope to be provided by the Network Planner for a new major power transformer (or replacement of an old transformer with a new one). Table 8: Major power transformer data to be specified by the Network Planner
1 Transformer parameter Rated Power Nominal Primary Voltage Nominal Secondary voltage Vector Group Impedance Specification Automatic Tap Changing Enabled 2 Description Standard power rating e.g. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 MVA Standard nominal system voltage e.g. 11, 22, 33, 44, 66, 88 or 132kV Standard nominal system voltage e.g. 11, 22, 33, 44, 66, 88 or 132kV Vector group and phase shift Standard or High impedance transformer. Default Standard Options are Yes, No or Via Remote Control. Default Yes
Note:
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The transformer will be included in a project, which will contain information on NDP references, required completion dates, costs etc. The project will also include specific requirements for breakers, NECR earthing transformers etc. The table only focuses on the power transformer itself. Unless there are extenuating circumstances, standard transformers (as per DISSCAAD3) shall be used. Even if the specific installation does not require an OLTC tap changer, the transformer will be ordered with the standard OLTC tap changer. In the case of three winding transformers, the tertiary winding voltage and rating will need to be specified (the standard tertiary voltage rating is 22kV). High impedance transformers are only to be utilised if there is no technically acceptable alternative that has lower load losses.
8.3 Costing
The latest approved costing tool should be utilised for costing new transformer installations.
9.1 ReticMaster
9.1.1 Data type library
The data library contains a dictionary of power transformer parameters. This library type data is used when modelling transformers. ReticMaster only supports the modelling of two winding transformers. Three winding transformers must be modelled in PowerFactory. ReticMaster does not support a dedicated NECR model. Detailed modelling of NECR earthing must be modelled in PowerFactory.
Figure 16: Transformer data library editor The ReticMaster data library is illustrated in figure 16. The fields are described in table 9.
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None
Degrees None
Per unit
Tap: Max
Per unit
Tap: VMax
Per unit
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Figure 17: Transformer element editor (Specifications) Table 10: ReticMaster transformer element fields (Specifications)
1 Field Open Transformer type 2 Units None None 3 Notes Flag to switch transformer in or out of service Drop down list of all transformers in data type library. Used to selected main transformer characteristics (power rating, rated voltages and vector group) and provide default values for other characteristics such as impedances, earthing and tapping Phase connection of the transformer primary winding (only needs to be specified for single phase technologies) Used in the selection of Herman Beta load parameters for probabilistic domestic voltage drop calculation. Applies default Herman Beta parameters to all domestic connections supplied by the transformer in question. Only required for LV domestic voltage drop calculation As per descriptions in data type library. Note that impedances, overload rating and core loss can be changed from library defaults As per descriptions in data type library. Note that earthing flags and impedances can be changed from library defaults
None None
Specifications Earthing
Various Various
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9.2 PowerFactory
PowerFactory supports both two winding and three winding transformer models. For simplification only the two winding transformer model is described in this guideline.
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Positive Sequence Impedance: Short Circuit Voltage uk Positive Sequence Impedance: Ratio X/R Zero Sequ Impedance: Absolute uk0 Zero Sequ Impedance: Resistive part ukr0 Vector Group: HV Side Vector Group: LV Side Vector Group: Phase Shift
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% %
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Phase Remote Control Voltage setpoint Lower Voltage Bound Upper Voltage Bound Controller Time Constant Line Drop Compensation
None None Per unit Per unit Per unit seconds None
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Note that NECRs do not require type associations. Also note that the NECR resistor does not need to be modelled separately, and can be included in the NEC zero sequence resistance. This method of modelling (combining NEC and resistor zero sequence resistances) is preferred where specifications only provide the combined NECR zero sequence impedances, and dont differentiate between the NEC and earthing Resistor. Note that if the Resistor is included in the Zero Sequence Resistance its physical resistance must be converted to zero sequence i.e. multiplied by 3.
10.
Worked example
The following worked example illustrates some of the key issues discussed in this guideline. The associated PowerFactory file (Power transformer modelling.dz) is published as an attachment to this guideline. 20MVA and 10MVA 132/11kV transformers are operated in parallel to supply load with a maximum demand of 15MVA (figure 24): The incoming 132kV HV supply voltage drops to 97% during peak loading. Both transformers have a vector group YNd1 and are solidly earthed on their 132kV primary winding star points. The 11kV terminals of the transformers are earthed via 300amp NECRs. Both 132/11kV transformers are fitted with 17 position -5% to +15% 1.25% step OLTC tap changers located on their primary windings. The 20MVA transformer has a positive sequence impedance of 10% (X/R = 25). The 10MVA transformer has a positive sequence impedance of 8% (X/R = 25). Both OLTC tap changers are set to regulate the 11kV busbar with a set-point of 103%. The load power factor is 0.9.
As this example involves paralleled sub-transmission transformers, modelling has only been performed in PowerFactory.
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Figure 24: Example 20MVA and 10MVA 132/11kV transformers operated in parallel
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C3 Out of step
C4 Maximum 3p fault level C5 Minimum 3p fault level C6 Maximum 1p fault level C7 Minimum 1p fault level C8 10MVA trfr contingency C9 20MVA trfr contingency
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I/3
I/3 I/3
2I/3
I/3
I/3
I/3
Earth fault
I NEC Resistor
Figure A.1: NECR earthing of a star-delta transformer (Note that primary star point earthing does not affect earth fault current flow)
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2I/3
I/3
I/3
I/3
I Earth fault
I NEC Resistor
I I
Figure A.4: Star point resistive earthing of a star-star transformer with earthed primary star point
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Figure A.5: Star point resistive earthing of a star-star transformer with unearthed primary star point. If a delta winding is not present the tank delta effect provides a delta winding effect
I/3 I/3 I/3 2I/3 2I/3 I/3 2I/3 I/3 I/3 I/3
I/3
2I/3
I/3
I/3
I/3
Earth fault
I NEC Resistor
Figure A.6: NECR earthing of a star-star transformer (Note that primary star point earthing does not affect earth fault current flow)
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The maximum emergency overload rating is the loading level at which any one of the above criteria is reached. It must be noted that these overload ratings are conservative. The IEC60354 emergency overload limits are based on maximum top oil, winding and load current limits of 115C, 140C and 150% respectively. Changing protection settings to align with these IEC60354 limits allows additional overload. This additional overload capacity is only to be utilised by network control in emergency conditions, and is not to be utilised by Network Planning for contingency overload ratings. Network Planning contingency overload ratings must be based on the standard Eskom Distribution power transformer protection settings thereby ensuring that these overload limits can be applied without protection setting changes. This philosophy also provides some additional overload rating capacity to provide some margin for unexpected events such as greater than forecasted loads and abnormally high ambient temperatures.
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Table B.1: Major power transformer emergency overload rating (% of nameplate rating) for standard Eskom Distribution protection settings
Load type Food & beverage Other manufac Electrification Other mining Basic metals Non-metallic Commercial Agricultural
Suburban
Township
Chemical
Platinum
Traction
Textile
Paper
Gold
Location
Alexander bay Beaufort West Bethlehem Bloemfontein Calvinia Cape Town De Aar Durban East London Ellisras Ermelo George Hoedspruit Johannesburg Kimberly Kroonstad Ladysmith Langebaanweg Lichtenburg Mafikeng Margate Nelspruit Newcastle Phalaborwa Pietermaritzburg Polokwane Plettenberg Bay Port Elizabeth Potchefstroom Pretoria Queenstown Richardsbay Springbok Umtata Upington Vryheid Welkom Witbank
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.13 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.17 1.14 1.13 1.19 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.13 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.16 1.14 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15
1.25 1.25 1.30 1.27 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.28 1.24 1.30 1.26 1.24 1.30 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.23 1.28 1.26 1.28 1.27 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.28 1.27 1.28
1.11 1.09 1.13 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.10 1.07 1.13 1.11 1.07 1.13 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.06 1.10 1.10 1.06 1.10 1.09 1.11
1.08 1.09 1.14 1.11 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.08 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.14 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.12 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.08 1.08 1.11 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.10 1.09 1.06 1.11 1.10 1.12
1.10 1.11 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.10 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.15 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.10 1.13 1.11 1.16 1.12 1.14 1.10 1.09 1.13 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.13 1.12 1.13
1.13 1.15 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.19 1.14 1.13 1.19 1.14 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.17 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.13 1.13 1.16 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.18
1.13 1.14 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.14 1.13 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.18 1.13 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.16 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.12 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.16
1.12 1.13 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.17 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.15 1.13 1.16 1.14 1.16 1.11 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.14 1.14 1.15
1.11 1.13 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.16 1.12 1.18 1.13 1.11 1.17 1.12 1.15 1.14 1.11 1.16 1.13 1.17 1.14 1.15 1.11 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.14 1.14 1.15
1.16 1.16 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.15 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.15 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.13 1.16 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.18
1.16 1.16 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.15 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.15 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.13 1.16 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.18
1.12 1.12 1.17 1.12 1.11 1.14 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.11 1.17 1.12 1.10 1.16 1.10 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.15 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.11 1.09 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.10 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.14 1.12 1.15
1.16 1.21 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.23 1.21 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.22 1.13 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.17 1.17 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.18 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.19 1.22 1.22
Referring to table B.1, a 20MVA transformer supplying predominately commercial load in Johannesburg has an emergency rating (for planning contingency studies) of 1.18*20 = 23.6MVA. The same transformer supplying predominately agricultural load has an emergency rating of 1.3*20 = 26MVA.
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Tertiary winding earthed Tertiary winding earthing resistance (physical ohms not * 3) Tertiary winding earthing reactance (physical ohms not * 3) Phasing (actual physical phases present) Primary, secondary and tertiary technology (number of phases present) Primary to secondary phase shift in degrees (divide by 30 to get 112 equivalent) Primary to tertiary phase shift in degrees (divide by 30 to get 1-12 equivalent) Name plate impedance between Primary and Secondary in % for nominal tap Positive sequence X/R ratio Primary to Secondary Name plate impedance between Secondary and Tertiary in % for nominal tap Positive sequence X/R ratio Secondary to Tertiary Name plate impedance between Primary and Tertiary in % for nominal tap Positive sequence X/R ratio Primary to Tertiary Zero sequence impedance Primary to Secondary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence ratio Primary to Secondary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence impedance Secondary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence ratio Secondary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence impedance Primary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence ratio Primary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap No-load core magnitising current as a % of the rated line current No-load core loss at rated voltage Type of cooling Equipment reliability library containing typical performance data
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Auto-transformer star point winding earthing reactance (physical ohms not * 3) Tertiary winding earthed Tertiary winding earthing reistance (physical ohms not * 3) Tertiary winding earthing reactance (physical ohms not * 3) Phasing (actual physical phases present) Primary, secondary and tertiary technology (number of phases present) Primary to secondary phase shift in degrees (divide by 30 to get 112 equivalent) Primary to tertiary phase shift in degrees (divide by 30 to get 1-12 equivalent) Name plate impedance between Primary and Secondary in % for nominal tap Positive sequence X/R ratio Primary to Secondary Name plate impedance between Secondary and Tertiary in % for nominal tap Positive sequence X/R ratio Secondary to Tertiary Name plate impedance between Primary and Tertiary in % for nominal tap Positive sequence X/R ratio Primary to Tertiary Zero sequence impedance Primary to Secondary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence ratio Primary to Secondary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence impedance Secondary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence ratio Secondary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence impedance Primary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap Zero sequence ratio Primary to Tertiary in % for nominal tap No-load core magnitising current as a % of the rated line current No-load core loss at rated voltage Type of cooling Equipment reliability library containing typical performance data
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NEC: Primary Technology (number of phases present) NEC Vector group Equipment reliability library containing typical performance data
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2 Critical points
2.1 Importance of this document. E.g. is implementation required due to safety deficiencies,
statutory requirements, technology changes, document revisions, improved service quality, improved service performance, optimised costs. Comment: Implementation is required to improve Dx Network Planning by providing network planners with the information/training to analyse and plan transformers.
2.2 If the document to be released impacts on statutory or legal compliance - this need to be
very clearly stated and so highlighted. Comment: N/A no impact on statutory or legal compliance.
2.3 Impact on stock holding and depletion of existing stock prior to switch over.
Comment: A sub-set of the standard major power transformer ratings have been flagged as preferred ratings. Planners are to utilise preferred ratings where possible. This will consolidate the number of ratings, and positively impact future stock keeping and procurement.
2.5 Has the interchangeability of the product or item been verified - i.e. when it fails is a
straight swop possible with a competitor's product? Comment: N/A no impact on products.
2.6 Identify and provide details of other critical (items required for the successful
implementation of this document) points to be considered in the implementation of this document. Comment: The Master Type Library containing default transformer attribute values for power system studies needs to be maintained and updated. This is being managed by the PSST NUG, chaired by the author of this document.
2.7 Provide details of any comments made by the Regions regarding the implementation of
this document. Comment: (N/A during commenting phase)
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3 Implementation timeframe
3.1 Time period for implementation of requirements.
Comment: Can be applied immediately via self study. Full application by all network planners will be dependent on training rollout (being managed as a separate project under the Planning Study Committee).
3.2 Deadline for changeover to new item and personnel to be informed of DX wide changeover. Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
4.3 List all assembly drawing changes that have been revised in conjunction with this
document. Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
4.4 If the implementation of this document requires assessment by CAP, provide details
under 5
4.5 Which Power Office packages have been created, modified or removed?
Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.2 If NO, provide motivation for issuing this specification before Acceptance Cycle Expiry
date. Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.3 Are ALL suppliers (currently accepted per LAP), aware of the nature of changes contained
in this document? Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.4 Is implementation of the provisions of this document required during the current supplier
qualification period? Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
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5.5 If Yes to 5.4, what date has been set for all currently accepted suppliers to comply fully?
Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.6 If Yes to 5.4, have all currently accepted suppliers been sent a prior formal notification
informing them of Eskoms expectations, including the implementation date deadline? Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.7 Can the changes made, potentially impact upon the purchase price of the
material/equipment? Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
6 Training or communication
6.1 State the level of training or communication required to implement this document. (E.g.
none, communiqus, awareness training, practical / on job, module, etc.) Comment: The guideline is suitable for self study, but training will be included as part of the Dx network planning training framework that is being driven by the TESCOD Planning Study Committee.
6.3 Is the training material available? Identify person responsible for the development of
training material. Comment: No. Training material will need to be developed via a new Research project that has been initiated within R&S for the development of Dx Network Planning training material.
6.4 If applicable, provide details of training that will take place. (E.G. sponsor, costs, trainer,
schedule of training, course material availability, training in erection / use of new equipment, maintenance training, etc). Comment: To be decided.
6.5 Was Training & Development Section consulted w.r.t training requirements?
Comment: Yes, this is being done as part of the broader Dx Network Planning training framework.
7.2 Are there stock numbers available for the new equipment?
Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
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7.3 What will be the costs of these special tools, equipment, software?
Comment: None. The guideline utilises existing tools and simply enhances there application and the interpretation of results.
8 Finances
8.1 What total costs would the Regions be required to incur in implementing this document?
Identify all cost activities associated with implementation, e.g. labour, training, tooling, stock, obsolescence Comment: The direct costs will be training costs. Application will enhance network planning decision making. Minimum criteria for transformer redundancy as specified elsewhere, and as such this guideline is not expected to impact the Distribution capital budget. Impact assessment completed by:
Designation: Chief Engineer IARC, TESCOD Network Planning Study Committee chairperson
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