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A three-dimensional (3D) continuum FE muscle model was used to study the distribution of neck muscle loads during multidirectional impacts. Peak cross-sectional forces, internal energies, and effective strains were calculated for each muscle and impact configuration. The dominant muscles identified by the model for each direction were splenius capitis, levator scapulae, and sternocleidomastoid.
A three-dimensional (3D) continuum FE muscle model was used to study the distribution of neck muscle loads during multidirectional impacts. Peak cross-sectional forces, internal energies, an…