Acetone - < 2.

0 mg/dL Etiologies of high acetone levels - Diabetic ketoacidosis, high-fat diet, low-carbohydrate diet, starvation Albumin - 3.5-5.0 g/dL high albumin levels indicate - Dehydration low albumin levels indicate - Chronic liver disease, malabsorption, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome Ammonia - 15-45 mcg N/dL 11-32 mol N/L high ammonia levels indicate - severe liver disease high amylase levels indicate - Acute and chronic pancreatitis, mumps (salivary gland disease), perforated ulcers low amylase levels indicate - Acute alcoholism, cirrhosis of liver, extensive destruction of pancreas Bicarbonate - 22-26 mEq/L high bicarbonate levels indicate - Compensated respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis low bicarbonate levels indicate - Compensated respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis b-Type natriuretic peptide (BNP) - <100 mcg/L high BNP levels indicate - Heart failure Bilirubin- Total - 0.2-1.2 mg/dL high bilirubin levels indicate - Biliary obstruction, impaired liver function, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia Arterial pH - 7.35-7.45 high aterial pH levels indicate - Alkalosis low arterial pH levels indicate - acidosis PaCO2 - 32-48 mm Hg high PaCO2 levels indicate - Compensated metabolic alkalosis low PaCO2 levels indicate - Compensated metabolic acidosis PaO2 - 80-100 mm Hg High PaO2 levels indicate - Administration of high concentration of oxygen low PaO2 levels indicate - Chronic lung disease, decreased cardiac output Calcium (total) - 9-11 high total calcium levels indicate - Acute osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D intoxication, multiple myeloma low total calcium levels indicate - Acute pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism, liver disease, malabsorption syndrome, renal failure, vitamin D deficiency Calcium (ionized) - 4.64-5.28 mg/dL 1.16-1.32 mmol/L Carbon dioxide (CO2) - 23-29 mEq/L high CO2 levels indicate - Compensated respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis Carotene - 10-85 mcg/dL high carotene levels indicate - Cystic fibrosis, hypothyroidism, pancreatic insufficiency low carotene levels indicate - Dietary deficiency, malabsorption disorders Chloride - 96-106 mEq/L high chloride levels indicate - Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, corticosteroid therapy, uremia

low chloride levels indicate - Addison's disease, diarrhea, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, vomiting Cholesterol - <200 mg/dL <5.2 mmol/L high chloesterol levels indicate - Biliary obstruction, hypothyroidism, idiopathic hypercholesterolemia, renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes low choloesterol levels indicate - Extensive liver disease, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, corticosteroid therapy High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) - Male: >40 mg/dL Female: >50 mg/dL Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) - Recommended: <100 mg/dL Near optimal: 100-129 mg/dL (2.6-3.34 mmol/L) Moderate risk for CAD: 130-159 mg/dL (3.37-4.12 mmol/L) High risk for CAD: >160 mg/dL (>4.14 mmol/L) Cortisol - 8 am: 5-23 mcg/dL8 pm: <10 mcg/dL High cortisol levels indicate - Cushing syndrome, pancreatitis low cortisol levels indicate - Adrenal insufficiency, panhypopituitary states Creatine - 0.2-1.0 mg/dL high creatine levels indicate - Active rheumatoid arthritis, biliary obstruction, hyperthyroidism, renal disorders, severe muscle disease low creatine levels indicate - Diabetes mellitus Creatine kinase (CK) - Male: 20-200 U/L Female: 20-180 U/L high creatine kinase levels indicate - Musculoskeletal injury or disease, myocardial infarction, severe myocarditis, exercise, numerous IM injections CK-MB - <4%-6% of total CK high ck-mb levels indicate - Acute myocardial infarction Creatinine - 0.6-1.3 mg/dL high creatinine levels indicate - Severe renal disease Ferritin - 10-250 ng/mL 10-250 mcg/L low ferritin levels indicate - Iron-deficiency anemia Folate (folic acid) - 5-16 ng/mL 11-36 nmol/L high folate levels indicate - Hypothyroidism low folate levels indicate - Alcoholism, hemolytic anemia, inadequate diet, malabsorption syndrome, megaloblastic anemia Glucose (fasting) - 70-99 mg/dL 3.9-5.5 mmol/L high glucose levels are present in - Acute stress, Cushing disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, pancreatic insufficiency low glucose levels are present in - Addison's disease, hepatic disease, hypothyroidism, insulin overdosage, pancreatic tumor, pituitary hypofunction

Insulin (fasting) - 4-24 U/mL 29-172 pmol/L high fasting insulin levels indicate - Acromegaly, adenoma of pancreatic islet cells, untreated mild case of type 2 diabetes low fasting insulin levels indicate - Inadequately treated type 1 diabetes mellitus Iron, total - 50-175 mcg/dL 9.0-31.3 mol/L high iron levels indicate - Excessive RBC destruction low iron levels indicate - Iron-deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease Iron-binding capacity - 250-425 mcg/dL 44.8-76.1 mol/L high levels of iron binding capacity indicate - Iron-deficient state, polycythemia low levels of iron binding capacity indicate - Cancer, chronic infections, pernicious anemia Lactic acid (L-Lactate) - 6.3-22.5 mcg/dL 0.7-2.5 mmol/L high lactic acid levels indicate - Acidosis, heart failure, shock Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) - 140-280 U/L 0.83-2.5 kat/L high Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels indicate - Heart failure, hemolytic disorders, hepatitis, metastatic cancer of liver, myocardial infarction, pernicious anemia, pulmonary embolus, skeletal muscle damage Lipase - 31-186 U/L 0.5-3.2 kat/L high lipase levels indicate - Acute pancreatitis, hepatic disorders, perforated peptic ulcer Magnesium - 1.5-2.5 mEq/L 0.75-1.25 mmol/L high magnesium levels indicate - Addison's disease, hypothyroidism, renal failure low magnesium levels indicate - Chronic alcoholism, severe malabsorption Osmolality - 275-295 high osmolarity indicates - Chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus low osmolarity indicates - Addison's disease, diuretic therapy Oxygen saturation (arterial) (SaO2) - >95% Phosphatase, acid - 0-0.6 U/L high levels of Phosphatase, acid - Advanced Paget's disease, cancer of prostate, hyperparathyroidism Phosphatase, alkaline - 38-126 U/L 0.65-2.14 kat/L high levels of Phosphatase, alkaline indicate - Bone diseases, marked hyperparathyroidism, obstruction of biliary system, rickets low levels of Phosphatase, alkaline indicate - Excessive vitamin D ingestion, hypothyroidism Phosphorus (phosphate) - 2.4-4.4 mg/dL 0.78-1.42 mmol/L high Phosphorus levels indicate - Healing fractures, hypoparathyroidism, renal disease, vitamin D intoxication

low Phosphorus levels indicate - Diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency Potassium - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L High Potassium levels indicate - Addison's disease, diabetic ketosis, massive tissue destruction, renal failure low Potassium levels indicate - Cushing syndrome, diarrhea (severe), diuretic therapy, gastrointestinal fistula, pyloric obstruction, starvation, vomiting Sodium - 135-145 mEq/L high sodium levels may be present in - Dehydration, impaired renal function, primary aldoster-onism, corticosteroid therapy low sodium levels may be present in - Addison's disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, diuretic therapy, excessive loss from GI tract, excessive perspiration, water intoxication