First Course on

Chapter 1

Power Electronics

Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan, www.mnpere.com

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Chapter 1 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7

Power Electronics: An Enabling Technology

Introduction to Power Electronics Applications and the Role of Power Electronics Energy and the Environment Need for High Efficiency and High Power Density Structure of Power Electronics Interface Voltage-Link Structure Recent and Potential Advancements References Problems

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Role of Power Electronics

Power Electronics Interface
Converter Source Controller Load

Figure 1-1 Power electronics interface between the source and the load.

The power electronics interface facilitates the transfer of power from the source to the load by converting voltages and currents from one form to another, in which it is possible for the source and load to reverse roles. The controller shown in Fig. 1-1 allows management of the power transfer process in which the conversion of voltages and currents should be achieved with as high energy-efficiency and high power density as possible.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Powering the Information Technology

24 V (dc)

5 V (dc)

Vin

Power Converter

Vo

Utility
3.3 V (dc)

Controller (a)

0.5 V (dc)

Vo ,ref (b)

Figure 1-2 Regulated low-voltage dc power supplies.

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Boost Converter

Battery Cell (1.5 V)

9 V (dc)

Figure 1-3 Boost dc-dc converter needed in cell operated equipment.

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Adjustable Speed Drives

Electric Drive
Power Processing Unit (PPU)
adjustable form

Motor
speed / position

Load

fixed form

Electric Source (utility)

Sensors Controller
measured speed/ position Power Signal

input command (speed / position)

Figure 1-4 Block diagram of adjustable speed drives.

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Induction Heating

Power Electronics Interface Utility

High Frequency AC

Figure 1-5 Power electronics interface required for induction heating.

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Electric Welding

Power Electronics Interface

Utility

DC

Figure 1-6 Power electronics interface required for electric welding.

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Energy and the Environment: The Percentage Energy Consumption

Lighting 19% IT 14%

HVAC 16%

Motors 51%

Figure 1-7 Percentage use of electricity in various sectors in the U.S.

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Role of adjustable speed drives in pump-driven systems

Outlet Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) utility Pump Inlet

Figure 1-8 Role of adjustable speed drives in pump-driven systems.

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10

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Power Electronics Interface Utility

CFL

Figure 1-9 Power electronics interface required for CFL.

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Transportation

Figure 1-10 Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage.

Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage light rail, fly-by-wire planes all-electric ships drive-by-wire automobiles.
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Renewable Energy
Photovoltaic Systems

DC Input

Power Electronics Interface

Utility

(b) (a)
Figure 1-11 Photovoltaic Systems.

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13

Wind-Electric Systems

Generator and Power Electronics Utility

Figure 1-12 Wind-electric systems.

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14

Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Uninterruptible Power Supply Utility Critical Load

Figure 1-13 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system.

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15

Applications in Power Systems

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16

Strategic Space and Defense Applications

More Electric Aircraft

Electric Warship

Source: James Soeder, NASA and Terry Ericsen, ONR.

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NEED FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND HIGH POWER DENSITY

=
Po Po + Ploss

Po =

Ploss

500 450 400

Power Rating

350 300 250 200 150

Pin

Power Electronics Equipment

Ploss (a )

Po

Po

Ploss = 20 W Ploss = 10 W
0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92

100 50 0 0.8

Efficiency

0.94

0.96

(b)

Figure 1-14 Power output capability as a function of efficiency.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

18

Summarizing the Role of Power Electronics

Power Electronics Interface

utility

Output to Load - Adjustable DC - Sinusoidal AC - High-frequency AC

Figure 1-15 Block diagram of power electronic interface.

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19

STRUCTURE OF POWER ELECTRONICS INTERFACE

conv1 utility

conv2 Load

controller

Figure 1-16 Voltage-link structure of power electronics interface.

Voltage-link structure of power electronics interface

Unipolar voltage handling transistors used Decoupling of two converters Immunity from momentary power interruptions
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20

 Current-Link Systems Matrix Converters

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21

Current-Link Systems

AC1

AC2

Figure 1-17 Current-link structure of power electronics interface.

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22

Matrix Converters
ia va vb daA dbA dcA vA d aB dbB dcB daC vB vC dbC dcC

vc

Figure 1-18 Matrix converter structure of power electronics interface [13].

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Voltage-link System

conv1 utility

conv2 Load

controller

Figure 1-19 Load-side converter in a voltage-source structure.

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24

SWITCH-MODE LOAD-SIDE CONVERTER

Group 1 Adjustable dc or a low-frequency sinusoidal ac output in - dc and ac motor drives - uninterruptible power supplies - regulated dc power supplies without electrical isolation High-frequency ac in - compact fluorescent lamps - induction heating - regulated dc power supplies where the dc output voltage needs to be electrically isolated from the input, and the load-side converter internally produces high-frequency ac, which is passed through a high-frequency transformer and then rectified into dc.

Group 2

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25

Switch-Mode Conversion: Switching Power-Pole as the Building Block

qA = 1

Vin
-

vv A

+ vA -

Vin

0 0
(b)

qA
(a)
Figure 1-20 Switching power-pole as the building block in converters.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

26

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) of the Switching Power-Pole

qA +

idA
d A Ts +

iA

0
Tup Ts vA Vin

dA
t

Vin
-

vA
-

q A = 1or 0
(a)

vA
(b)
t

Figure 1-21 PWM of the switching power-pole.

d A ( = Tup / Ts )
vA = Tup Ts Vin = d AVin
0 dA 1

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27

Switching Power-Pole in a Buck DC-DC Converter: An Example

qA 1

iin

0 d ATs Ts Vin

+
Vin

iL
+

vA

qA

+ 0 Vo t
iL

vA

vA

0
iin (a)

0
(b)

Figure 1-22 Switching power-pole in a Buck converter.

Vo = v A = d AVin
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

0 Vo Vin
28

Example 1-2

In the converter of Fig. 1-22a, the input voltage Vin = 20V . The output voltage Vo = 12V . Calculate the duty-ratio d A and the pulse width Tup , if the switching frequency f s = 200 kHz .

Solution

v A = Vo = 12V .

Using Eq. 1-4, d A =

Vo 12 1 = 5s . = = 0.6 and Ts = fs Vin 20

Therefore, as shown in Fig. 1-23, Tup = d ATs = 0.6 5 s = 3 s .

1
0

qA

3 s 5 s
Vin = 20V

vA

Vo = 12V

0
t Figure 1-23 Waveforms in the converter of Example 1-2.
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29

Simulations using PSpice

SwitchingWaveform.Sch

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30

Simulation Results
vA
8.0V

vo  Vo
6.0V

4.0V

2.0V

0V 450us V(vA)

460us V(vo)

470us Time

480us

490us

500us

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31

Fourier Analysis
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(vA) DC COMPONENT = 6.080000E+00 HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.000E+05 2.000E+05 3.000E+05 4.000E+05 5.000E+05 6.000E+05 7.000E+05 8.000E+05 9.000E+05 1.000E+06 3.487E+00 2.543E+00 1.310E+00 1.600E-01 6.012E-01 8.387E-01 6.193E-01 1.600E-01 2.763E-01 4.924E-01 1.000E+00 -4.860E+01 7.293E-01 -7.200E+00 3.757E-01 3.420E+01 4.589E-02 7.560E+01 1.724E-01 -6.300E+01 2.405E-01 -2.160E+01 1.776E-01 1.980E+01 4.589E-02 6.120E+01 7.923E-02 -7.740E+01 1.412E-01 -3.600E+01 0.000E+00 9.000E+01 1.800E+02 2.700E+02 1.800E+02 2.700E+02 3.600E+02 4.500E+02 3.600E+02 4.500E+02

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32

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(vo) DC COMPONENT = 6.083044E+00 HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.000E+05 2.000E+05 3.000E+05 4.000E+05 5.000E+05 6.000E+05 7.000E+05 8.000E+05 9.000E+05 1.000E+06 1.795E-02 3.400E-03 8.465E-04 1.226E-04 1.602E-04 1.718E-04 1.158E-04 5.644E-05 4.483E-05 5.570E-05 1.000E+00 1.894E-01 4.715E-02 6.826E-03 8.922E-03 9.570E-03 6.448E-03 3.143E-03 2.497E-03 3.102E-03 1.343E+02 1.746E+02 -1.489E+02 -1.492E+02 1.447E+02 1.707E+02 -1.626E+02 -1.560E+02 1.751E+02 1.789E+02 0.000E+00 -9.403E+01 -5.518E+02 -6.865E+02 -5.269E+02 -6.352E+02 -1.103E+03 -1.231E+03 -1.034E+03 -1.164E+03

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33

Currents
16A

iL

iR

10A

iC
0A -4A 450us I(L) 455us I(C) I(R) 460us 465us 470us 475us Time 480us 485us 490us 495us 500us

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34

Frequency Analysis

SwitchingWaveform_AC-Analysis.Sch

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35

Simulation Results
50

(100.000K,-45.867)

-50

-100 100Hz 1.0KHz DB(V(vo)/V(VA))

10KHz Frequency

100KHz

1.0MHz

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36

Transistor and diode forming a switching power-pole in a Buck converter

+

iL + Vo (a)
+

Vin

iL

Vin

qA = 1

+ Vo

iL + Vo (c)

Vin

(b)

qA = 0

Figure 1-24 Transistor and diode forming a switching power-pole in a Buck converter.

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37

Hardware Lab: very low-cost

Switching Power - Pole Board Magnetics Plug - In Board

Feedback Control Plug - In Board

Experiments: - Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost - Feedback Control: VoltageMode, Peak-Current-Mode - Flyback, Forward
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USERS MANUAL

www.ece.umn.edu/groups/power

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RECENT AND POTENTIAL ADVANCEMENTS

Devices that can handle voltages in kVs and currents in kAs ASICs DSPs Micro-controllers FPGA Integrated and intelligent power modules Packaging SiC-based solid-state devices High energy density capacitors

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39

CONCEPT OF PEBB
Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) [15] is a broad concept that incorporates the progressive integration of power devices, gate drives, and other components into building blocks, with clearly defined functionality that provides interface capabilities able to serve multiple applications. This building block approach results in reduced cost, losses, weight, size, and engineering effort for the application and maintenance of power electronics systems. Based on the functional specifications of PEBB and the performance requirements of the intended applications, the PEBB designer addresses the details of device stresses, stray inductances, switching speed, losses, thermal management, protection, measurements of required variables, control interfaces, and potential integration issues at all levels. It has numerous benefits such as technology insertion and upgrade via standard interfaces, reduced maintenance via plug and play modules, reduced cost via increased product development efficiency, reduced time to market, reduced commissioning cost, reduced design and development risk, and increased competition in critical technologies [14].
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40

Summary

Power Electronics an Enabling Technology Applications Need for High Efficiency and High Power Density Structure of Power Electronic Converters Switching Power-Pole as the Building Block Potential for Advancements
41

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008