Es95d Flexural Buckling II - Session 7

1
ES95D STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ES95D STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

A conversion module A conversion module for non for non- -civil civil
eengineering ngineering graduates graduates
Session 2-7: Compression members II
MSc Tunnelling and Underground Space
Option (15 credits)
eengineering ngineering graduates graduates
Slide 2-7-2
Steel Structures Steel Structures
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Session 2-7
Design Process to EC3 Design Process to EC3
Illustrative practical examples
Stocky columns fail because of the cross-section resistance (Slides 2-6-3 & 2-
6-5). For slender members the compression resistance will be governed by
the global buckling resistance (Slides 2-7-4 to 2-7-8)
where _ is the buckling reduction factor and is s 1. (see Figures 2-6-5 and 2-7-3)
Design buckling resistance of compression member = _ x Cross-
section resistance
2
Slide 2-7-3
Curve fitting to Experimental Evidence Curve fitting to Experimental Evidence
EHS minor axis buckling

0.8
1.0
1.2
c
t
o
r

Material yielding
CHS
EHS major axis buckling
FE
0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
_

EC 3
(Curve a)
Elastic buckling
AISC 360
AS 4100
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

Non-dimensional slenderness
cr
y
cr
y
N
Af
N
N
= =
Figure 2-7.3
Slide 2-7-4
Design Process to BS EN1993 Design Process to BS EN1993--11--1:2005 1:2005
6.3.1 Uniform members in compression*
6.3.1.1 Buckling resistance
(1) A i b h ld b ifi d i t b kli f ll (1) A compression member should be verified against buckling as follows:
(6.46)
where N
Ed
is the design value of the compression force and N
b,Rd
is the design
buckling resistance of the compression member.
0 1
Rd b,
Ed
.
N
N
<
(2) We shall not consider non-symmetric Class 4 sections but you need to
recognise that they require a specific design process.
* From BS EN1993-1-1:2005
3
Slide 2-7-5
(3) The design buckling resistance of a compression member should be taken
as:
for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections * (6.47)
y
Rd b,
_ f A
N =
, ( )
for Class 4 cross-sections (6.48)
Where _ is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode.
(4) In determining A and A
eff
holes for fasteners at the column ends need not
M1
M1
y eff
Rd b,
_ f A
N =
(4) In determining A and A
eff
holes for fasteners at the column ends need not
be taken in account.
* For the member check, with
M1
= 1.0.
Slide 2-7-6
6.3.1.3 Buckling curves
(1) For axial compression in members the values of _ for the appropriate
non-dimensional slenderness may be determined from
1
but _ s 1.0 (6.49)
where ,
for Class1, 2 and 3 cross-section
2 2
1
u u
_
+
=
( ) | |
2
2 0 1 5 0 o u + + = . .
cr
y
N
Af
=
o is an imperfection factor
N
cr
is the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode
based on the gross sectional properties.
cr
N
4
Slide 2-7-7
(2) The imperfection factor corresponding to the appropriate buckling
curve should be obtained from Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 (slide 2-7-8).
Table 6.1: Imperfection factors for buckling curves*
(3) Values of the reduction factor _ for the appropriate non-dimensional
slenderness may be obtained from Figure 6.4. (see Slide 2-7-9 and Page 12 of
E t t f EC3 f D i f St l St t ( il bl ith i ti ))
Buckling curve a
o
a b c d
Imperfection factor o 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
* Takes account of geometric imperfections, residual stresses,
thickness of plate, yield strength refer to Session 2-6
Extracts from EC3 for Design of Steel Structures (available with examination paper))
(4) For slenderness s 0.2 or for N
Ed
/N
cr
s 0.04 the buckling effects may be
ignored and cross-sectional checks apply. (see EC3 Figure 2-6.4 in Slide 2-7-9)
Slide 2-7-8
Table 6.2: Selection of buckling curve for a cross-section
* Extract from BS EN1993-1-1:2005
5
Slide 2-7-9
0 8
1.0
1.2
0.2 s
04 0
Ed
.
N
N
s
_
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

_
ao
a
b
c
d
cr
N
(6.3.1.2(4))
* As given on Page 59 of BS EN1993-1-1:2005
Figure 6.4: Buckling curves *
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
non-dimensional slenderness
0.2
Slide 2-7-10
6.3.1.3 Slenderness for flexural buckling *
(1) The non-dimensional slenderness is given by:
for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections (6.50)
= =
y
f A
cr
1
i
L
( )
where L
cr
is the buckling length in the buckling plane considered (see
Slides 2-7-11 to 2-7-13)
i is the radius of gyration about the relevant axis, determined
using the properties of the gross cross-section
cr
N
1
i
9 93
E 235
* From BS EN1993-1-1:2005 - This approach corresponds to
current UK practice.
and (see Slide 2-5-10 and Table 5.2 *)
(2) For flexural buckling the appropriate buckling curve should be
determined from Table 6.2. (see Slide 2-7-8)
c t 9 93
y
1
.
f
= =
y
f
= c
6
Slide 2-7-11
Buckling length Buckling length LL
cr cr
End restraint (in the plane under consideration) Buckling
length, L
cr
Effectively held in position
at both ends
Effectively restrained in direction at both
ends
0.7L
Partially restrained in direction at both ends 0.85L y
Restrained in directions at one end 0.85L
Not restrained in direction at either end 1.0L
One end Other end Buckling
length, L
cr
Effectively held in position
and restrained in direction
Not held in
position
Effectively restrained in
direction
1.2L
Partially restrained in
direction
1.5L
Not restrained in direction 2 0L Not restrained in direction 2.0L
Nominal bucklinglengths L
cr
in the bucklingplane considered for compression members.
Note: L is the systemlength and should be taken as the distance between the points of
effective restraint on each axis. L
cr
(or L
E
) is also referred to as the effective length.
* Table 22 from BS 5950-1:2000 is NOT in BS EN1993-1-1:2005
It is on Page 6 of the Extracts from EC3 for Design of Steel
Structures .
Slide 2-7-12
L
cr
as reported in Table 22 of BS 5950-1:2000 *
cr cr
Commonest
case
* This approach corresponds to current UK practice.
7
Slide 2-7-13
cr cr
L
cr
as reported in Table 22 of BS 5950-1:2000 *
* This approach corresponds to current UK practice.
Slide 2-7-14
A compression member AB of grade S235 is
simply supported about the major and minor
principal axes at each end (i.e. L
cr,y
= L
cr,z
= 6.0
m) as shown in Figure 2-7-14 Check the
y
y z
z
N
Ed
Illustrative Practical Example Illustrative Practical Example -- I I
A
m), as shown in Figure 2 7 14. Check the
adequacy of the member if the steel section is
457 191 89 UKB for a factored design axial
compression load N
Ed
of 550 kN.
y
6 m
y
y z
z
N
Ed
B
tf
b

r
z
Compression member AB
Ed
h

tw
c =cf
c

=

c
w
d

tf
z
y y
Figure 2-7-14
8
Slide 2-7-15
Dimensions and properties:
Depth of cross-section h = 463.4 mm
Width of cross-section b = 191.9 mm
Depth of straight portion of web d = 407.6 mm
Web thickness t
w
= 10.5 mm
Fl thi k t 17 7
Member 457 x 191 x 89 UKB Member 457 x 191 x 89 UKB
Flange thickness t
f
= 17.7 mm
Radius of root fillet r = 10.2 mm
Second moment of area/zz I
z
= 2089 cm
4
Minor-axis (z-z) radius of gyration i
z
= 4.29 cm
Cross-sectional area A = 114 cm
2
Modulus of elasticity E = 210000 N/mm
2
3.2.6(1)
Assessment: Same displacement boundary conditions for flexure about y-y
(major) and z-z (minor) principal axes. Because L
cr
= L
cr,y
= L
cr,z
buckling
failure for flexure about the weaker minor axis will govern design.
* See Sections Tables. Dimensions are to BS4 specification.
For section classification the coefficient depending on f
y
is
Outstand flanges: flange under uniform compression
c
f
= = = 80.5 mm
Slide 2-7-16
c
f
t
Classification of Cross Classification of Cross--section section
0 1
235
235 235
y
.
f
= = = c
( )
2
2 - -
w
r t b ( ) ( )
2
2 10 2 5 10 9 191 . . .
c
w
Width-to-thickness ratio = 4.55.
With this ratio < 9c [= 9] (Slide 2-5-11), the flange outstand in compression is Class 1.
Internal compression part: web under pure compression. Width c
w
is section dimension
d = 407.6 mm
t
f
2 2
7 17
5 80
f
f
.
.
t
c
=
5 10
6 407
w
.
t
c
=
t
w
With this ratio < 42c [= 42] the web part (Slide 2-5-10), subject
to compression, is Class 3. Class of the section is the highest class (i.e. the least
favourable between the flange and web). Section 459 x 191 x 89 UKB, S235 is Class 3. *
5 10
w
. t
* under uniform compression, the cross-section is fully
effective
9
6.2.4 Compression
(1) The design value of the compression force N
Ed
at each cross-section
should satisfy: (6.9)
Slide 2-7-17
Cross Cross--section Resistance, section Resistance, NN
c,Rd c,Rd
0 1
Rd c
Ed
.
N
N
<
Given that the section is Class 3 (Slide 2-7-16) we determine N
c,Rd
using
Equ. (6.10) (Slide 2-6-3)
= 2679 kN = =
M0
y
Rd c,
Af
N
Rd c,
1.0
235 10 114
2

550
Ed
N
Cross-section resistance is okay. 205 0
2679
550
Rd c,
Ed
.
N
N
= =
Slide 2-7-18
Design Buckling Resistance, Design Buckling Resistance, NN
b,Rd b,Rd
Step 1: Determine (for buckling about minor (z-z) axis): (Slide 2-7-10)
= = 1.49 > 0.2 (member check is required)
z
9 93
1
z
z cr,
z
. i
L
=
1 9 93
1
42.9
6000
.
Step 2: Determine _
z
: (refer to process in Slide 2-7-6 and 2-7-7 for 6.3.1.2)
For rolled sections we use
Where the imperfection factor o depends on the (geometric) ratio h/b.
For 457 x 191 x 89 UKB we have = 2.07.
Using Table 6 2* (Slide 2 7 8) we see that for h/b > 1 2 and t s 40 mm the
( ) | |
2
2 0 1 5 0 o u + + = . .
9 191
4 463
.
.
b
h
=
Using Table 6.2 (Slide 2-7-8) we see that for h/b > 1.2 and t
f
s 40 mm the
buckling curve is b, and so o = 0.34 (Table 6.1** (Slide 2-7-7)). Therefore
u
z
= = 1.828
* Page 6 and **page 5 in Extracts from EC3 for Design of Steel
Structures.
( ) | |
2
489 1 2 0 489 1 34 0 1 5 0 . . . . . + +
10
Step 2 contd.
Reduction factor for flexural buckling is given by
= = 0.346
Slide 2-7-19
Design Buckling Resistance, Design Buckling Resistance, NN
b,Rd b,Rd
2 2
z
1
u u
_
+
=
2 2
489 1 828 1 828 1
1
+
Step 3 Calculation of N
b,Rd
(
M1
= 1.0):
= = 927 kN
1 M
y z
Rd b,
_ Af
N =
2
z
2
z z
u u +
2 2
489 1 828 1 828 1 . . . +
0 1
235 11400 346 0
.
.
Check = 0.59 < 1.0, section is acceptable for
column AB.
But 927 kN is nearly twice 550 kN is not section too big?
927
550
Rd b,
Ed
=
N
N
Slide 2-7-20
For the same design values for column AB given in Slide 2-7-14 let us now
find a suitable UKC of grade S355 steel. (N
Ed
= 550 kN)
First section choose:
Illustrative Practical Example Illustrative Practical Example -- II II
First section choose:
Assume = and use N
Ed
s _Af
y
to find the cross-sectional area
A (550 10
3
) / (0.5 355) = 3099 mm
2
(31 cm
2
).
From section table, try a 152 152 x 30 UKC with geometric properties
h = 157.6 mm, b = 152.9 mm, A = 38.3 cm
2
, i
z
= 3.83 cm, t
f
= 9.4 mm.
5 0. _
z
11
Slide 2-7-21
6.2.4 Compression
(1) The design value of the compression force N
Ed
at each cross-section
should satisfy: (6.9)
c,Rd c,Rd
0 1
Rd c
Ed
.
N
N
<
Given that the section is Class 1 (using check given in Slide 2-7-16) we
determine N
c,Rd
using Equ. (6.10) (Slide 2-6-3)
= 1360 kN
Rd c,
N
1.0
355 10 3 38
2
.
= =
M0
y
Rd c,
Af
N
550
Ed
N
Cross-section resistance is okay.
61 0
900
550
Rd c,
Ed
.
N
N
= =
Slide 2-7-22
c,Rd c,Rd
z
9 93
1
z
z cr,
z
. i
L
=
814 0 9 93
1
38.3
6000
. .
Step 2: Determine _
z
For 152 152 x 30 UKC we have = 1.03.
Using Table 6 2* (Slide 2 7 8) we see that for h/b s 1 2 and t s 40 mm the
9 152
6 157
.
.
b
h
=
( ) | |
2
2 0 1 5 0 o u + + = . .
Using Table 6.2 (Slide 2-7-8) we see that for h/b s 1.2 and t
f
s 40 mm the
buckling curve is c, and so o = 0.49 (Table 6.1** (Slide 2-7-7)). Therefore
u
z
= = 3.06
( ) | |
2
05 2 2 0 05 2 49 0 1 5 0 . . . . . + +
c = (235/355)
0.5
= 0.814
12
Slide 2-7-23
c,Rd c,Rd
Step 2 contd.
= = 0.188 < 1.0
2 2
05 2 055 3 055 3
1
+
2 2
z
1
u u
_
+
=
Calculate value to _
z
is much lower than initial guess of 0.5, must not be a
good choice!
Second section choose: Let _
z
= (0.5 + 0.188)/2 = 0.344
A (550 10
3
) / (0.344 355) = 4500 mm
2
(45 cm
2
).
2 2
05 2 055 3 055 3 . . . + z z z
u u +
From section table, try a 203 203 x 46 UKC with geometric properties
h = 203.2 mm, b = 203.6 mm, A = 58.7 cm
2
, i
z
= 5.13 cm, t
f
= 11.0 mm,
t
w
= 7.2 mm, r = 10.2 mm.
Slide 2-7-24
Classification of Cross Classification of Cross--section section
For section classification the coefficient depending on f
y
is
Outstand flanges: flange under uniform compression
c
f
= = = 88 mm
814 0
335
235 235
y
.
f
= = = c
( )
2
2 - -
w
r t b ( ) ( )
2
2 10 2 2 7 6 203 . . .
Width-to-thickness ratio = 8.
With this ratio < 10c [= 8.14] (Slide 2-5-11), the flange outstand in compression is Class 2.
Internal compression part: web under pure compression. Width c
w
is section dimension
d = (h 2t
f
2r) = 203.2 2x11.0 2x10.2) = 160.8 mm
2
0 11
88
f
f
. t
c
=
8 160
w
. c
=
2
With this ratio < 33c [= 26.9] the web part (Slide 2-5-10), subject to compression, is Class
1. Class of the section is the highest class (i.e. the least favourable between the flange
and web). Section 203 x 203 x 46 UKC , S355 is Class 2. (Fully effective)
2 7
w
. t
=
13
Slide 2-7-25
c,Rd c,Rd
814 0 9 93
1
51.3
6000
. . c
9 93
1
z
z cr,
z
. i
L
=
z
Step 2: Determine _
z
For 203 x 203 x 46 UKC we have = 0.998.
Using Table 6 2 (Slide 2 7 8) we see that for h/b s 1 2 and t s 100 mm the
( ) | |
2
2 0 1 5 0 o u + + = . .
6 203
2 203
.
.
b
h
=
Using Table 6.2 (Slide 2-7-8) we see that for h/b s 1.2 and t
f
s 100 mm the
buckling curve is c, and so o = 0.49 (Table 6.1 (Slide 2-7-7)). Therefore
u
z
= = 2.0 ( ) | |
2
53 1 2 0 53 1 49 0 1 5 0 . . . . . + +
Slide 2-7-26
Step 2 contd.
= = 0.3 < 1.0
c,Rd c,Rd
2 2
z
1
u u
_
+
=
2 2
53 1 0 2 0 2
1
+
Step 3 Calculation of N
b,Rd
(
M1
= 1.0): (without clause 6.3.2.3(2))
= = 625 kN
Check = 0 88 < 1 0 OKAY
z z z
u u + 53 1 0 2 0 2 . . . +
1 M
y z
Rd b,
_ Af
N =
0 1
355 5870 3 0
.
.
550
Ed
=
N
Check = 0.88 < 1.0, OKAY
Section 203 x 203 x 46 UKC is acceptable for column AB in Slide 2-7-14.
625
Rd b,
d
=
N
14
Slide 2-7-27
Example Questions Example Questions
1(a). For a pin-ended axially loaded strut, derive from first
principles the expression for Euler buckling load, N
cr
=
2
EI/L
cr
2
where E is the modulus of elasticity, I is
the second moment of area about the relevant
y z
the second moment of area about the relevant
buckling axis and L
cr
is the buckling (effective) length
in the buckling plane considered. (9 marks)
1(b). The column shown in Figure 2-7-27 is a simply
supported pin-ended column of 4 m height. It is
subjected to a factored design axial compression
load N
Ed
of 200 kN. The column is the 152 152 30
Column
y
y z
4 m
z
y z
load N
Ed
of 200 kN. The column is the 152 152 30
UKC of grade S235. Check the adequacy of the
column in terms of section resistance and member
resistance. The section is Class 1. (8 marks)
y z
Figure 2-7-27
Slide 2-7-28
2. A 203 203 46 UKC in S275 steel is used as a column of length 5 m in a frame of
simple construction. Determine using Clause 6.3.1 of EC3 (Extracts from EC3) the
design buckling resistance N
b,Rd
given that:
there are no end moments.
the end restraints (in the plane under consideration) are effectively held in
position at both ends and partially restrained in direction at both ends.
(Ans: N
b,Rd,z
= 916 kN)
3. A circular hollow section (CHS) member is to be used as an internal column in a
multi-storey building. The column has pinned boundary conditions at each end and
the inter-storey height is 4 m. The axial force due to the effect of actions is N
Ed
=
1630 kN. Assess the suitability of a hot-rolled 244.5 19 CHS in grade S275 steel
for this column application. Section properties for this hot-rolled Class 1 section
are: diameter d = 244.5 mm, wall thickness t = 10.0 mm, W
el,y
= 425 cm
3
and W
pl,y
=
550 cm
3.
(Hints: Engineering Databook for Second Moment of Area for CHS, Ans:
Buckling resistance N
b,Rd
is acceptable.)
15
Slide 2-7-29
4. Assess the design buckling resistance of the compression member 203 203 x 52
UKC section in grade S275 steel with the following system lengths. For buckling
about the major (y-y) axis, the system length, L is 6 m while a buckling length,
L
cr y
due to end restraints has been assessed by the designer as 0.85L. For minor L
cr,y
due to end restraints has been assessed by the designer as 0.85L. For minor
(z-z) axis buckling, the member is restrained by secondary beams at mid height
and the half length assessed by the designer to be pin ended, i.e. L
cr,z
= 3 m.
(Ans: N
b,Rd,y
= 1469 kN, N
b,Rd,z
= 1356 kN; thereby N
b,Rd
= N
b,Rd,z
=1356 kN.)
Slide 2-7-30
End of Session 2 End of Session 2- -77
J. T. Mottram 2012

Es95d Flexural Buckling II - Session 7

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Es95d Flexural Buckling II - Session 7

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ES95D STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ES95D STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

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