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Easier than throwing away.

OSRAM guide for proper lamp disposal.

Introduction

We respect the environment and take responsibility for protecting it. We use resources sparingly and avoid producing waste. With our energy-saving lamps and systems, we contribute to environmental protection around the world. Quoted from the OSRAM company guideline: Global climate change through the strong increase of manmade greenhouse gas emissions, the rising consumption of limited natural resources, and energy and water shortages in some regions are already today noticeable effects for many people. Therefore, we have to push environmental protection through sustainable programs to safeguard the life of future generations. Everyone must contribute toward this goal, individuals as well as organizations or companies. OSRAMs sustainability program global care represents our commitment to social and environmental responsibility worldwide. As a leader in innovative lighting solutions, we are dedicated to products and processes that contribute to solving global sustainability challenges, address economic needs and protect the environment for today and for the future. Development, production and application of energy efcient lamps and lighting systems contribute to the reduction of

energy consumption and CO2 emissions. At the same time, it is important to align the life cycle of these energy saving solutions with our environment, from environmentally sound product designs and manufacturing processes to a more ecological disposal at the end of the product life cycle. Presently in many countries we are going through a period where inefcient light sources no longer fulll the legal requirements for energy efciency and therefore have to be replaced by energy saving lamps. OSRAM halogen lamps, compact uorescent lamps and LED-lamps are good alternatives for incandescent lamps. With regards to uorescent lamps only versions with LUMILUX tri-band phosphors are used; mercury vapor lamps HQL are being replaced with more energy efcient alternatives from product families such as POWERSTAR, POWERBALL and VIALOX NAV. To keep the environmental impact as low as possible it is essential that lamps, electronic control gear and luminaires do not contain any harmful and environmentally relevant substances or, if unavoidable, only in minimal quantities. In addition, we have to make sure that these products end up in a recycling process at the end of their life cycle. This brochure will inform you in detail about the particular steps.

CONTENTS

Which laws are applicable to lamps, luminaires and control gear?

Page 0405

What are the differences between lamp technologies?

Page 0609

What is the benet of lamp recycling?

Page 1013

Where can I nd further information?

Page 1415

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Which laws are applicable to lamps, luminaires and control gear?

To make sure that no health or environmental hazards come from products during their entire life cycle the European Union has issued a few directives over the last years which on one hand reduce or ban harmful substances and on the other hand regulate the end-of-life treatment of products. The following directives regulate the use of certain chemical substances and the disposal of lamps, electronic control gear and luminaires.

WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment) regulates the obligation to take back electric and electronic waste: The European directive 2002/96/EC regarding the obligation to take back electric and electronic waste became effective as of February 2003 and subsequently has been transformed into national law in all member states. All manufacturers and importers of electric and electronic equipment are obliged to accept returns of their products, and to take steps regarding the handling, usage or recycling. All manufacturers and importers are obliged to register themselves at national level. The member states draw up a list of manufacturers and record data on a yearly basis regarding the quantities and categories of electrical and electronic equipment that has been introduced, collected, recycled and reused. Additionally data on the already exported used equipment, which has been collected, indicating weight or, if this is not possible, the number of appliances or devices is recorded. All electrical and electronic equipment effected by WEEE must be clearly labelled with the symbol of a crossed out waste container. Inspection of the correct implementation of this directive in the member states is carried out at national level. In Germany, for example, the European directive is implemented by the so-called ElektroG, the national law regulating the introduction, collection and environmental friendly disposal of electric and electronic equipment. A list of organizations taking care of collection, recycling and reuse in the EU member states on behalf of manufacturers and importers can be found on page 14.
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RohS (Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electric and Electronic Equipment) reduces hazardous substances: The RoHS-Directive (2002/95/EC) restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment and components. The objective is to completely ban hazardous substances from products and components. Relevant substances are for example Lead for example in solder polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) as ame retardants in plastic materials and cables cadmium, to be found for example in paint and plastics hexavalent chromium in chrome plating of metals and plastics Through this directive, all manufacturers are obliged to no longer use these substances. However, as this requirement could not be realised in the production processes used and, as small quantities cannot be detected analytically, concrete limit values for hazardous substances in products have been dened in the revised directive from August 18, 2005. In addition, a number of exemptions have been made for some products such as mercury in discharge lamps at least for the time being. Step by step these exemptions will be tightened or reduced. Similar directives regarding environmental protection are also being discussed or already in effect in countries outside of the European Union, e.g. Switzerland, Norway, United States, Japan, China and South Korea.

REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulates the introduction of chemicals: Directive EC 1907/2006 came into force July 1, 2007 and regulates the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of all chemical substances in the European market. Manufacturers and importers of chemicals are held responsible for the safe handling of these substances. Only chemical substances registered with the European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki can be manufactured or imported into the European Union. The obligation to register applies to all chemical substances with an annual quantity of more than one metric ton. REACH regulates the use of chemical substances not just in electric or electronic equipment but in all goods and therefore covers a much wider application area than RoHS which only covers chemicals in electric and electronic devices.
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LAMP TECHNOLOGIES

What are the differences between lamp technologies?

Incandescent lamps

Functional principle

A tungsten lament is heated to approximately 2700 Kelvin by an electric current and as a result emits warm white light. This process is running in a glass bulb under nitrogen or an inert gas atmosphere. The average lamp life is 1000 hours.

Main application

Incandescent lamps are or have been used in almost every application except ofce and industrial lighting.

Energy efciency

Due to their low efcacy of about 10 lm/W (lumens per watt) incandescent lamps are todays light source with the least energy efciency and hence are or will be banned by law in many countries. As of September 1, 2012 the remaining wattages of 15, 25 and 40 W are no longer allowed to be marketed within the EU.

Waste disposal

Incandescent lamps can be disposed of with the general waste.

Halogen lamps

Fluorescent lamps

The functional principle equals that of incandescent lamps except that halogen added to the lling gas prevents blackening of the glass bulb. The so-called halogen cycle allows for smaller bulb shapes and results in higher efcacies, longer lamp life and brighter and more brilliant light which at 3000 K is also whiter and hence appears a little bit cooler than incandescent light.

Between two electrodes mercury atoms are charged in a low pressure gas discharge emitting predominantly ultraviolet radiation. This radiation is being converted into visible light by phosphor coatings on the inner surface of the glass tube. Depending on the composition of the phosphors all light colors can be generated, from warm white to daylight.

As a point-shaped light source halogen lamps are particularly suitable for accent lighting in shops, museums and galleries. Due to their warm, but brilliant light and the fact that they can easily be dimmed, halogen lamps are also used for general illumination of hotels, restaurants and households.

Due to their high luminous efcacy, long lamp life and laminar light distribution uorescent lamps are especially suitable for energy efcient general illumination. Therefore, they are mainly used in ofce lighting and industrial applications.

Halogen lamps last up to ve times longer than incandescent lamps. Especially HALOGEN ECO lamps are an excellent alternative for incandescent lamps in the next few years.

With luminous efcacies beyond 100 lm/W particularly T5 lamps with a diameter of 16 mm are amongst todays most efcient and long lasting light sources. When operating them with dimmable electronic control gears, daylight sensors and presence detectors energy savings of up to 80 % compared with older uorescent systems can be achieved.

Like incandescent lamps halogen lamps do not contain any harmful substances and can be disposed of with the general waste.

All uorescent lamps contain low quantities of mercury and, since 2006, must therefore be disposed of by public and private waste disposal authorities in the communities.

LAMP TECHNOLOGIES

Compact uorescent lamps

LED lamps (so-called retrots)

Functional principle

Compact uorescent lamps work exactly like linear uorescent lamps. The only difference is that their discharge tube is bent or twisted to allow for a more compact shape.

When applying a voltage between two crystalline semi-conducting layers electrons can move from one layer to the other where they recombine with atoms lacking electrons and thereby emit radiation which is characteristic of the layer material. White LED light is composed of blue LED light sent through a yellow phosphor coating. Blue and yellow spectral components generate light colors from warm white to daylight depending on the phosphor.

Main application

These lamps no matter if pin-based or screw-based with integrated control gear are used for general illumination in various applications and they are most frequently installed in recessed downlights.

LED-lamps emitting white light are the most innovative alternative for incandescent lamps. They are used for general lighting purposes as well as for spotlighting.

Energy efciency

Originally developed as an alternative for incandescent lamps compact uorescent lamps consume up to 80 % less energy than standard incandescent lamps and last up to 20 times longer.

Todays LED lamps are on the same level with screw-based compact uorescent regarding energy efciency. But it becomes already apparent that LED lamps will clearly outperform the luminous efcacies of compact uorescent lamps in the next years. The typical average LED lamp life of 25,000 hours is already much longer than that of the most long lasting compact uorescent lamps.

Waste disposal

All compact uorescent lamps contain low quantities of mercury and, since 2006, must therefore be disposed of by public and private waste disposal authorities in the communities.

Although LED lamps do not contain mercury they must be disposed of just like discharge lamps via public and private waste disposal authorities in the communities due to their electronic components.

Mercury lamps

Metal halide lamps

Sodium vapor lamps

Between two electrodes mercury atoms are charged under high pressure by electrons thereby emitting blue and green light. A phosphor coating improves the color temperature and leads to a moderate color rendering.

A mixture of mercury and metal halides is excited by electrons in a high pressure atmosphere forming a white discharge arc between two electrodes. Depending on the composition of the chemical elements used this discharge can generate light colors from warm white to daylight with excellent color rendering.

Between the electrodes sodium atoms are charged by electrons under high pressure in high pressure sodium lamps or likewise under low pressure in low pressure sodium lamps. Low pressure sodium lamps emit monochromatic yellow light making it impossible to render any color but yellow. High pressure sodium lamps allow for rendering of some primary colors.

Due to their moderate color rendering mercury lamps are almost exclusively used to illuminate streets and public places, occasionally also for industrial lighting.

As a point-shaped light source metal halide lamps are particularly suitable for spotlighting. Lamps with lower wattages are often used in shop lighting and lately also for illumination of roads and public areas. Lamps with wattages of 400 W and higher are mainly used in industrial and sports lighting.

Due to their yellow light and their insufcient color rendering properties sodium vapor lamps are almost exclusively used in outdoor lighting such as illumination of roads, public places, building facades, railway tracks and industrial facilities.

Mercury lamps achieve only a maximum luminous efcacy of 60 lm/W, the lowest of all high intensity discharge lamps. Therefore, they will be banned in the EU and as of 2015 may no longer be brought to market.

Metal halide lamps stand out due to their very high luminous efcacy of more than 100 lm/W and their excellent color rendering. Products with ceramic technology clearly outperform versions with quartz burners regarding energy efciency, color rendering and lamp life.

Sodium vapor lamps are very energy efcient. High pressure sodium lamps reach efcacies of 150 lm/W and with up to 174 lm/W low pressure versions achieve currently the highest luminous efcacies of all general lighting lamps; however their monochromatic yellow light is limited to only very few outdoor applications.

Mercury lamps contain mercury and, since 2006, must therefore be disposed of by public and private waste disposal authorities in the communities.

Metal halide lamps contain mercury and, since 2006, must therefore be disposed of via public and private waste disposal authorities in the communities.

Sodium vapor lamps contain mostly mercury and the chemical element sodium which reacts heavily with humid air. Therefore, all burned out sodium vapor lamps need to be disposed of professionally.
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RECYCLING

What is the benet of lamp recycling?

Recycling of products always targets the recovery of as many unmixed materials as possible in order to save our limited resources and to protect the environment by disposing of pollutants in an environmental-friendly way.

Lamp collection takes place either through delivery to municipal collection stations or, for larger quantities, through pick-up service of commissioned waste management companies. You can normally nd detailed information about waste management on the websites of the municipalities. The European lamp industry has organized the collection and recycling of used discharge lamps using specic companies for waste management. More information about the contractual partners is available on request from the organizations in each of the European countries. Contact addresses of Collection and Recycling Service Organizations can be found on page 14 of this brochure.

and to reuse the residual materials as much as possible. Clean glass can be used for the production of new lamps; mixed glass is used for other glass products. Metal parts are sent for metal recycling and plastics are energetically recovered. Phosphors are blown out or washed out and can be reused for industrial production as well as the separated mercury content. An impressive example is OSRAMs German recycling partner DELA (as of January 1, 2012 under the new name WEEE Service GmbH), who recycles almost all lamp components for new production. For example unmixed mercury is extracted from distillation or mercury is transformed into mercury sulphide chemically stable cinnabar by a special process developed by DELA. To prevent any danger to humans and the environment, all lamp treatment processes are conducted in vacuum-sealed systems and have special waste air purication systems. The following paragraphs describe todays most common recycling methods.

Which recycling methods are available?

Various methods have become established for the recycling of discharge lamps either in a mobile or xed system. The aim of these methods is to separate all lamp components

So far the ratio between collected uorescent lamps and other lamp types has been approximately 85 to 15 percent. However, the percentage of energy saving lamps is increasing. (Photo: Dr. Jrgen Kroll) 10

Linear uorescent lamps delivered on pallets are fed directly into the broken glass washing unit without further pre-treatment. (Photo: Dr. Jrgen Kroll)

End Cut method: This process has been developed for linear uorescent lamps and yields maximum recycling rates feeding up to 90 % of the treated glass directly into the lamp production. Shredder method: The shredder method allows all types of discharge lamps to be processed, including broken lamps and production waste. It is particularly suitable for lamps with many different forms and different types of glass. After separating phosphors, plastics and metals, the recycled glass can be used for products with lower purity requirements. Broken glass washing method: Large volumes of unsorted uorescent lamps as well as broken lamps are crushed in automatic unit. In a closed loop phosphors are washed out and mercury is removed by means of distillation. Then the remaining components are separated into different materials by means of sifting and the glass is reused for the production of new lamps. Centrifugal separation method: This method allows all compact uorescent lamps and non-linear discharge lamps to be processed. In a centrifugal separation system lamp caps, electronic components, metals and plastic materials are separated from then glass parts. The glass is reused for the production of glass products, metals are sent for metal recycling and plastics are energetically recovered. Product-specic stripping methods: Only lamps of a similar kind can be processed using this method. The advantage is that the lamp bulb is separated from the cap and mercury is separated from all other lamp components in the rst processing step. The disadvantage compared to methods described earlier is that all collected lamps rst have to be sorted manually according to their shape and size.

Washed and crushed material is separated by different sifters and metal separators. (Photo: Dr. Jrgen Kroll)

Mercury in this bottle is the yield of approximately 200,000 energy saving lamps. (Photo: Dr. Jrgen Kroll)

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RECYCLING

What happens to the components?

The unmixed extraction of lamp components such as glass or metal by means of modern recycling processes reduces the resulting residual waste by 95 %. Nevertheless it is worthwhile to keep improving recycling methods in order to reduce the remaining waste material even further.
Eu Eu Y Red Eu, Y

White Light La

In the recent past the discussion about raw materials brought attention to a group of metals, the so-called rare earth metals. These elements are used worldwide in electronic products such as permanent magnets in electric or hybrid vehicles, rechargeable batteries, mobile phones, at screens and also discharge lamps. The predominant share of phosphors and also the light of metal halide lamps are generated by rare earth metals. The demand for these chemical elements is continuously increasing, resources are limited, the extraction is becoming more expensive and prices have increased dramatically. Therefore, it makes sense to recycle these metals and reuse them increasingly as secondary raw material. Processes to extract rare earth metals from phosphors do already exist. At present, companies are investing even more in research and development to further improve recycling methods.

Blue Eu

Ce TB

Green Ce, La, Tb

Rare earths are needed to produce phosphors for uorescent and compact uorescent lamps.

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Handling broken lamps.

OSRAM: Responsible use of mercury. Most energy saving lamps contain a small amount of mercury (between 1.5 and 5 mg depending on the lamp type) which must be professionally extracted by means of recycling. The only time a consumer may be exposed to mercury is if the glass of the lamp is cracked or broken. If this happens, the following rules help to exclude the exposure: Make sure to disconnect the lamp or luminaire from any electric power Open the windows and leave the room for 10 to 15 minutes Thoroughly sweep the surface to collect all lamp parts After ventilation, gather the remaining small pieces with a disposable cloth or adhesive tape. When using a vacuum cleaner (e. g. for carpets) make sure to immediately remove the bag Collect the lamp pieces in a sealed bag or container and bring it to the next collection point for waste lamps. If you have to store it in the meantime, please do so outdoors. The majority of OSRAM energy-saving lamps contain no more than 2.5 milligrams of mercury with a volume of less than 0.2 mm3. This amount would cover the tip of a ballpoint pen. The amount of mercury contained in just one old-style medical thermometer would be enough for 300 to 1000 energy-saving lamps. OSRAM used advanced dosing techniques to reduce the mercury needed in the manufacture of lamps to an absolute minimum.

at a recycling center. OSRAM was greatly involved in setting up a functioning system for collecting and recycling the lamps. Energy-saving lamps help prevent mercury being released into the atmosphere despite the fact that they themselves contain mercury. This is because considerably more mercury is released by coal-red power stations than is used in energy-saving lamps. And because energy-saving light uses less electricity, less coal has to be burned and therefore less mercury nds its way into the environment.

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Where can I nd further information?

To ensure environment-friendly collection and recycling of discharge lamps the lighting industry in the member states of the European Union has founded the following agencies organising the collection and transportation of spent lamps for their partners.

Code AT BE CH CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LT LU LV NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK

Country Austria Belgium Switzerland Czech Republic Germany Denmark Estonia Spain Finland France United Kingdom Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Sweden Slovenia Slovakia

Agency UFH LightRec (Recupel) Stiftung Licht Recycling Schweiz (SLRS) Ekolamp Lightcycle Retourlogistik und Service GmbH Lyskildebranches WEEE Forening (LWF) Ekogaisma SIA Ambilamp FLIP Rcylum Recolight Limited Appliances Recycling S.A. Electro-Coord Kht. Recolight Ireland Ecolamp Epa Ecotrel asbl Ekogaisma SIA Lightrec El-Retur ElektroEko Amb3E Asociatia Recolamp El-Kretsen i Sverige AB Ekosij Zeos Ekolamp

Link www.ufh.at www.recupel.be www.slrs.ch www.ekolamp.cz www.lightcycle.de www.LWF.nu www.ekogaisma.ee www.ambilamp.com www.ip. www.recylum.fr www.recolight.uk www.electrocycle.gr www.electro-coord.hu www.weeeireland.ie www.ecolamp.it www.epa.lt www.ecotrel.org www.ekogaisma.lv www.lightrec.nl www.elretur.no www.elektroeko.pl www.amb3e.pt www.recolamp.ro www.el-kretsen.se www.zeos.si www.ekolamp.sk

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Additional contacts for more information www.osram.com/global-care www.lightcycle.com

ZVEI Zentralverband Elektrotechnik und Elektroindustrie e. V. www.zvei.com www.zvei.org/en/homepage

licht.de www.licht.de

ELC The European Lamp Companies Federation www.elcfed.org www.celma.org

Detailed information about the European WEEE directive, RoHS and REACH can be found under: European Commission: www.ec.europa.eu/environment RoHS compliance through the European Union: www.rohs.eu Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA): www.baua.de
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OSRAM AG
Head Ofce Hellabrunner Strasse 1 81543 Munich Germany Phone +49 (0) 89-6213-0 Fax +49 (0) 89-6213-20 20 www.osram.com

462W001GB 03/12 VO OSRAM CC & IR PAF CPM

Subject to change without notice. Errors and omission excepted.