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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine

Direct Current (DC) Machines
Dr. Mostafa Soliman
DC Machine
Part no. 1
Basic principles and physical construction
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
Outline
Fundamentals of DC Machines.
Commutation in DC Machines.
Construction of the DC Machines.
DC Generator/Motor Equivalent Circuits.
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10/29/2011
ELCT708 DC Machine
Introduction
DC power systems are not very common in engineering practice. However,
DC motors still have many practical applications, such automobile, aircraft,
and portable electronics, in speed control applications
An advantage of DC motors is that it is easy to control their speed in a wide
diapason.
DC generators are quite rare.
Most DC machines are similar to AC machines: i.e. they have AC voltages
and current within them. DC machines have DC outputs just because they
have a mechanism converting AC voltages to DC voltages at their terminals.
This mechanism is called a commutator; therefore, DC machines are also
called commutating machines.
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
Direct Current (DC) Machines
Fundamentals
Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced in a
conductor if it moves through a magnetic field.
Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor that
has a current going through it and placed in a
magnetic field.
Any DC machine can act either as a generator or as
a motor.
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Motor
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Field
DC Generator
Mechanical
Energy
Field
Electrical
Energy
Direct Current (DC) Machines
Fundamentals
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10/29/2011
ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Generator Fundamentals
Both vand B are vectors.
is the angle between the direction in which the
conductor is moving and the flux is acting.
( v B) indicates the direction of the current
flows in the conductor, or the polarity of the emf.
If the direction of the magnetic field is fixed, the
polarity of the emf will be determined by the
direction of motion, i.e. the direction of v.
e = induced voltage, v = velocity
of the conductor, B = flux density
and l is the length of the
conductor.
Blv e
l B v e force motive electro emf
sin
) ( ) (
=
= =
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
Generated Voltage in a Loop
(a coil of one turn)
For emf to be induced, the
conductors must cut the flux
lines as they move.
Otherwise, ( v B) = 0.
e
loop
= e
ab
+ e
bc
+ e
cd
+ e
da
e
loop
= Blv + 0 + Blv + 0
e
loop
= 2 B l v
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
Generated Voltage in a Loop
(a coil of one turn)
Note: Induced voltages are always AC.
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
Commutation
Every time the voltage of the
loop switches direction, the
contacts also switch
connections, and the output
voltage at the contacts is
always built up in the same
direction.
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Machines
Real DC machine Construction
Stator: Stationary part of the machine.
The stator carries a field winding
(concentric) that is used to produce the
required magnetic field by DC
excitation. Often known as the field.
Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of
the machine. The rotor carries a
distributed winding where the emf is
induced in. Also known as the armature.
N
S
Stator with
with poles
Brush
Rotor
Field
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Machines
DC machine Construction
The picture shows the
stator of a DC machine
with 4 poles.
The iron core is supported
by a cast iron frame.
Stator construction
DC machine Construction
The picture shows the
stator of a DC machine
with 4 poles.
The iron core is supported
by a cast iron frame.
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Machines
DC machine Construction
The rotor iron core is mounted on
the shaft.
Coils are placed in the slots.
The end of the coils are bent and
tied together to assure mechanical
strength.
Note the commutator mounted on
the shaft. It consists of several
copper segments, separated by
insulation.
Rotor construction
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DC Machines
DC Machine Construction
The adjoining picture shows the
commutator of a large DC machine.
The segments are made out of
copper and mica insulation is placed
between the segments.
The end of each segment has a flag
attached. The coil endings are
welded to these flags.
An insulated ring is placed on the
coil ends to assure proper
mechanical strength.
Ring
Insulator
Copper
Flag
Commutator segment
brushe
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Generator Equivalent circuit
The magnetic field produced by the stator poles induces a voltage
in the rotor (or armature) coils when the generator rotates.
This induced voltage is represented by a voltage source.
The stator coil has resistance, which is connected in series with it.
The pole flux is produced by the DC excitation/field current, which
is magnetically coupled to the rotor.
The field circuit has resistance and a source.
The voltage drop on the brushes represented by a battery.
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc generator.
DC Generator Equivalent circuit
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
a
t brush a
a
R
V V E
I

=
n k n E
a
=
When the generator is loaded, the load current produces
a voltage drop on the rotor winding resistance.
In addition, there is a more or less constant 13 V voltage
drop on the brushes.
These two voltage drops reduce the terminal voltage of
the generator. The terminal voltage is;
brush a a t a
V R I V E + + =
f f
f
f
f
I K
R
V
I = o
DC Generator Equivalent circuit
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Motor Fundamentals
L is a vector in the direction of the flow of
the current.
(LB) direction indicates the direction of
force.
( )
F B i =
F = induced force, B = flux density, I is the current passing
in the conductor and l is the length of the conductor
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Motor Equivalent circuit
Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc motor
Equivalent circuit is similar to the generator only the current
directions are different.
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10/29/2011 ELCT708 DC Machine
DC Motor Equivalent circuit
The operation equations are:
Armature voltage equation
brush a a a t
V R I E V + + =
The induced voltage (counter emf or back emf) and
motor speed vs. angular speed
e
f a
I K E
'
= n t e 2 =
a a brush t a f
R I V V E I K = =
'
e