CONTENTS :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ABSTRACT REVIEW OF LITERATURE INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE CONSTRUCTION WORKING ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT: In recent years ,an increasing concern of environmental issues of emissions ,in particular global warming and the limitations of energy resources has resulted in extensive research into novel technologies of generating electrical power . Thermoelectric power

Canada but in our project besides generating power from the waste heat refrigeration can be attained using the generated electricity from the heat of waste gases and so the project is named as THERMO ELECTRIC POWER

GENERATION. In our project we have made a maiden venture by combining the two thought(i.e by generating power and thus utilizing the power for refrigeration phenomena).Also the project mainly concentrates on the control of air temperature and human comfort INTRODUCTION: With the rapid increase in power consumption in each and every sector and the source of production of electricity is still at ground level the time has come for everyone to search and find an alternative of generating power and to store it. Though there are many ways of power generation generating power using the heat from the exhaust gases has two benefits of generating power and also a (alternative green technology)which can reduce pollution from the exhaust gases. Thermo electric refrigeration is a pretty recent development in the field of refrigeration. The importance of thermo electricity was realized much later compared with its merits. The development of semiconductors 2

generation has emerged as a promising alternative green technology due to their distinct advantages thermoelectric power

generation offer a potential application in direct conversion of waste heat energy into electrical power where it is unnecessarily to consider the cost of thermal energy input .The application of this alternative green technology in converting waste heat energy directly into electrical power can also improve overall efficiency of energy conversion system. ( In addition to this , thermoelectric refrigeration can be done using the electricity)The new technological advantages and the needs of people have made think everyone Our project is a maiden venture in the field of air temperarture controlling and also deals with human comfort. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: The concept of thermo electric power generation using waste heat energy as an alternative green technology was based on the technical papers of I.Ismail,Wael.h.Ahmed at

technology enhanced the feasibility of thermo electric coolers to a great extent. WORKING PRINCIPLE: A Thermo electric power generator is a solid state device that provides direct energy conversion from thermal energy (heat) due to a temperature gradient into electric energy based on seebeck effect. The thermo electric power cycle, with charge carriers (electrons) serving as a working fluid ,follows fundamental laws of thermodynamics and intivately resembles the power cycle of conventional heat engine. Thermo electric power generators offer several distinct advantages over other technologies. SEEBECK EFFECT: For small temperature difference efficient

ab = peltier coI = direct current in amperes This stands as a basis for thermo electric refrigeration . Thermo electric modules are constructed from a series of tiny metal cubes of dissimilar exotic metals which are physically bonded together and connected electrically . When electrical current passes through the cube junctions, heat is transferred from one metal to the other solid state thermo electric modules are capable of transferring large quantities of heat when connected to a heat absorbing device on one side and heat dissipating device on the other . The koolatrons internal aluminum cold plate fins absorb heat from contents (food and bevarages )and the thermoelectric modules transfer it to heat dissipating fins under the control panel. CONSRUCTION:

between two junctions of materials A and B, the open-circuit voltage developed is proportional to the temperature difference and is given by V Where AV = open circuit voltage developed ab = seebeck co-efficient for materials A & B T = Temperature difference between junctions of materials A & B PELTIER EFFECT : When an electric current is applied across the junction of two dissimilar metals, the heat evolved (or) absorbed in unit time is proportional to the current and is given by QP = heat evolved (or) absorbed in unit

The main parts of our project (thermo electric power generation and generation and refregeiration are ): 1 Exhaust pipe of an automobile are heat source 2 3 4 5 6 Thermo electric generator (TEG) Circuit for current amplification 12V battery Thermo electric coolers (TEC) Refrigeration chamber 3

EXHAUST PIPE: The exhaust pipe of an automobile acts as

made from alumina (al2o3), but when large lateral het transfer is required . materials with higher thermal conductivity (e.g. berrilyum and alluminium nitride) are desined . The semi conductor thermo elements (e.g. silicon

a heat source for the power generation using the principle of SEEBECK EFFECT. The gases which are left un burnt in the combustion chamber have extreme temperatures flow along the exhaust pipe and thus the heat is dissipated from the pipe.

germanium lead-telluride based alloys ) that are sand witched between the ceramic plates are connected thermally in parallel and electrically in series to form a thermo electric devise (modules) . More than one pair of thermoelements is called thermo couple . The size of TEGS vary from 3mm2 by 4mmthick to 75mm2 by 5mm thick . Most of the modules are not longer

Fig:( exhaust pipe acting as a heat source) 2 THERMO ELECTRIC GENERATORS(TEGs): The below figure shows a schematic diagram illustrating components and

than 50mm in length due to mechanical consideration . The height ranges from 1to5mm . The modules contain from

3to127thermocouples.

arrangement of a conventional single stage thermo electric power generator . It is composed two ceramic plates (substrates) that serve as a foundation, providing mechanical integrity ,and electrical insulation for n-type (heavy doped to creat excess electrons) and ptype (heavily doped to create excess holes) semi conductor thermo elements . In thermo electric materials , and holes operate as both change carriers and energy carriers . There are very few modules with out ceramic plates which could eliminate the thermal resistance associated with ceramic plates are commenly 4 Fig:( single stage thermo electric module)

Thermoelectric coolers are solid-state heat pumps that have no moving parts and do not require the use of harmful chemicals.The ability to use the TECs to heat as well as cool benefits applications that require the temperarange,such as laser diode,portable temperature chambers and requiring both heating and Fig:( three stage thermo electric module) cooling.The TEC requires a smooth DC current for optimum operation.A ripple factor results in degradation is delta T. 3 CIRCUIT FOR CURRENT AMPLIFICATION:

As the TEG modules generate low current which cannot be used for any household appliances and purpose the voltage must be needed to be amplified. So the terminals from the TEG module is connected to the circuit for its amplification with a gain of 15 amps 4 12v BATTERY: Fig: (a simple thermo electric cooler module) 5 REFRIGERATION CHAMBER: A Refrigerating chamber setup is arranged by facing the cold surface of TEC into the chambered.The walls of the chamber are well insulated to prevent the cool air to flow to The current thus amplified is stored in the battery and the terminals from the battery can be connected for any household appliances and purposes. In our project we utilize the current which is stored in the battery for the refrigeration phenomena 5 THERMOELECTRIC COOLERS(TECs): the surroundings.A fan or a (blower) is arranged adjacent to the cold surface to supply the cool air to the four walls of the Refrigeration chamber WORKING:

 When an Automobile(heat source in this project) is said to be in motion , gases burns in the combustion chamber releasing exhaust gases which have high temperatures along the exhaust pipe and then into the surroundings. Thermoelectric Generator(TEG) of size 9cm*3cm consisting of p-type

Here, in our project , we use the same power from the battery to cool and not air temperature. The terminals from the battery are to the Thermoelectric

connected

coolers (TECs). TECs work on the principle of PELTIER EFFECT . So, one surface gets heated up and the other surface gets cooled. The heat dissipated at the hot side is dissipated continuously using a blower. To compensate this , heat is absorbed from the cold side of TEC to maintain equilibrium is temperatures on either of surfaces. This reduces the temperature on cold surface and even the temperatures can be attained below 0 c. A 12v fan is arranged on top of Refrigeration chamber to supply the cool air to the walls of chamber. Thus Refrigeration can be done using these TECs. ADVANTAGES: COMPACT SIZE: Very little space is required by the cooling system .The Thermoelectric module is of size of Matchbook. LIGHTWEIGHT: A 36 qt. capacity unit weights only 17 lbs. 6

semiconductors is brought into contact with TEG the surface of the heat

source(Exhaust pipe). absorb the heat then

produced ,and emf is generated by the principle of SEEBECK EFFECT. The current thus generated is carried at the two terminals between its ends. As the TEGs are not 100% efficient, all the heat absorbed cannot be converted into electricity. As the generated electricity is not upto the mark, it needs to be amplified. The terminals are so connected to the amplification circuit. Here the current gets amplified with a gain of 15% amps, and the amount of current generated is shown in the digital display. A maximum current of 12v can be amplified using the circuit .Then the amplified current is stored in the battery and can be used to any home hold purposes.

PORTABLE: o Can be carried with one hand and it is unaffected by motion (or) tilting. o It can take overload simply by increasing power input. o These units being static are mere reliable than rotating (or) reciprocating equipments.

A greater advantage of such Thermoelectric air conditioning system is that it can be used for heating the room in winter merely by reversing the direction of current.Such heating is more

effective than would be the case if the current is passed through ordinary resistance heater wires because in this case, system acts as a heat pump. DISADVANTAGES:

LOWER PRICED: 20% to 40% less expensive than

The first serious disadvantages of this system is low C.O.P and it decreases with increase in (Th-Tc). The system requires more power. APPLICATIONS: Thermo electric refrigerators are

compressor (or) absorption units. LOW BATTERY: Averages approximately 4.,5 amps less than your headlights. Infinite life is expected. The weight per unit Refrigeration is considerably lower than the

gaining prominence and new widely used in several western countries. These refrigerators are very compact form on a moving trolley are used in some international airlines to provide cool drinks and hot snacks as it can be

conventional refrigeration systems. Test by reversing the polarity results is an inter change of heating and cooling process. The important advantage is of the

used for heating and cooling also just by changing terminal knob of generator.

Thermoelectric

refrigeration C.O.P

independence of

on size of CONCLUSION: Research is being done to improve the efficiency and durability of these thermo electric modules thus can improve the cop of this thermo 7

Thermo electric refrigerator and this makes it particularly attractive to use peltier coling when coling capacity required is high.

electric refrigeration. Thus we hope these Non conventional method of refrigeration will create a revolution

replacing the Domestic refrigeration system