book reviews

state of the art

measurements and turbo generators

The books being reviewed in this issue both deal with state-ofthe-art technologies. The first book describes synchronized phasor measurement techniques and systems as well as key applications. The second book, on turbo generator operation, is a second edition and has been updated to keep the material state of the art.

Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Applications

Arun G. Phadke and James S. Thorp, Springer, 2008 Since our ancestors started measuring time, the accuracy of those measurements has been improving as well as the accuracy of synchronizing various measurements to compare events. The invention and worldwide deployment of global positioning systems (GPSs) has enabled microsecond accuracy for applications in such diverse areas as car navigation systems and electric power systems. In some places around the world every taxi driver has a GPS, and more and more people are becoming dependent on navigating their driving using GPS (making paper maps obsolete). As the electric power system is probably the most complex humanmade system that spreads across huge distances (with transmission power lines connecting generation and load hundreds of miles apart), it becomes absolute necessity to moniDigital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2008.930485

tor and analyze events by requiring very accurate data synchronization. This book is first to holistically describe synchronized phasor measurement (SPM) techniques and systems as well as key applications of this state-of-the-art technology. As measurement techniques are based on processing sampled data for computer relaying applications using voltage and current phasors, a measuring device deploying this technology is referred to as phasor measurement unit (PMU). The authors of this book were not only pioneers in realizing possibilities of using GPS in power systems but were instrumental in developing the first prototype of a PMU at Virginia Tech in 1988. Incidentally, the authors have also been pioneers in developing foundation algorithms for processing sampled data and frequency and phasor measurements that are an integral part of the majority of commercial microprocessor relays and are a base for SPM. Considering the above, it is not a surprise that this book contains fundamental information that is required reading for anybody that is serious about the SPM technology. Researchers and implementers will learn about

This book contains fundamental information that is required reading for anybody that is serious about the SPM technology.

key aspects of phasor estimation, including how to address issues such as measurements at off-nominal frequency and transient response. Key aspects of synchrophasor standard and hierarchical architecture, including phasor data concentrators, are described as well. The authors have also illustrated a very important facet of describing various applications and how to benefit from those applications. This section of the book describes both presently implemented applications and new, promising applications to be further researched or deployed. Sections on state estimation and control with phasor feedback provide an excellent theoretical base for studying and implementing those applications while addressing both present and future applications. The section on state estimation addresses improvements to existing state estimators (possible with a limited number of PMUs) as well as linear and dynamic state estimation techniques that will become possible to implement in practice as a number of PMUs in the grid increases. There is also a section on electromechanical wave propagation that brings some new insights on behavior of the power system during transient events.
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The main advantage of this book is the balance between rigorous, comprehensive theoretical information and practical implementation and application aspects. As this book contains a number of numerical examples, it could also be used as textbook for advanced graduate study courses or projects. Regardless of the readers theoretical knowledge and overall needs, this book will enable a better understanding of where technology and its applications are and what lies ahead for this yet to be fully utilized technology. Even as comprehensive as this book is, it still only scratches the surface on the possibilities and benefits for using SPM technology for various electric power system applications. Those applications are instrumental for improving wide area monitoring, protection and control (WAMPAC) in real time including early warning systems, system integrity protection scheme (SIPS), detecting and analyzing system stability, and enabling faster system restoration, faster and more accurate analysis of vast number of data and validation and development of power system models. Thanks to the vision of the authors, system-wide synchronized measurement infrastructures have now been deployed virtually all around the world. In conclusion, this book is an excellent foundation material for researchers and implementors of this promising state-ofthe art technology. Damir Novosel

Handbook of Large TurboGenerator Operation and Maintenance

Geoff Klempner and Izzy Kerszenbaum, Wiley, 2008. Geoff Klempner and Izzy Kerszenbaum have completed the second edition of the Handbook of Large Turbo-Generator Operation and Maintenance. This edition is replete with new material and additional figures to illustrate the existing as well as new material. The reviewer, being the coauthor of a text on the same subject (Monitoring and
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Diagnosis of Turbine-Driven Generators, Prentice Hall, 1995), is impressed by the thorough coverage and timeliness of the new material. The authors have met the objective of keeping their text at the state of the art. New material includes Section 4.7, Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations. The authors are ahead of the curve with this information. Renewed interest in this subject is evidenced by the creation of Working Group Four (WG4) by the IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES) reporting to the Generators Subcommittee (SC) of the Electric Machinery Committee (EMC). WG4 convened its first meeting on 27 June 2007 at the IEEE PES 2007 General Meeting. A second meeting was held at the IEEE PES 2008 General Meeting. This resurgence of interest is the successor to Dave Greens WG in the late 1970s, Switching Effects on Turbine-Generators. Two reports were issued by this earlier WG, the latter report concentrating on the torsional impact of high-speed reclosing on the large turbine-generator shaft system (IEEE Screening Guide for Planned Steady State Switching Operations to Minimize Harmful Effects on Steam Turbine GeneratorsIEEE Committee Report and Effects of Switching Network Disturbances on Turbine-Generator Shaft SystemsIEEE Working Group Interim Report). There is a plethora of new material on rotor field shorted turns. The state of the art has advanced rapidly in this area to the point where shorted turns are identifiable at the initial synchronization of the unit (i.e., they existed when the rotor field left the factory). Often they will remain stable but in cases where the number of shorted turns increases in the rotor field, the machine can develop vibration prob-

The reviewer, being the coauthor of a text on the same subject, is impressed by the thorough coverage and timeliness of the new material.

lems from thermally induced unbalance, the no-load saturation curve characteristic can shift and excitation can hit a maximum before rated MVARs are achieved. These things, coupled with reliability requirements that the machine be able to operate at rated MVARs, dictate that the shorted turns be repaired. In Section 5.5.4, the flux probe regime is discussed employing zero crossing flux density (ZCFD) at each slot to maximize the accuracy of the shorted turn identification. This technology has progressed significantly since the days when the machine was taken off line, the GSU was short circuited on the high voltage side to permit the circulation of rated current at low voltage, and the unit was restarted and a modified exciter was energized to get the flux probe display on the oscilloscope. A useful addition is Section 9.2.2, addressing the rotor field components in more detail and specifically the removal of the rotor field retaining rings. This process is necessary to resolve issues such as copper dusting and to repair things like shorted turns. This can be done in the plant and three methods are described in the text. Clearly, the best method is induction heating to minimize the impact of the heating on the rotor field and its components. Especially helpful is the formula for determining how hot the retaining ring should be to separate from and clear the interference fit with the forging body. As pointed out, this process must be done quickly. To complete the discussion, it should be pointed out that the main reason for doing this quickly is that the heat in the retaining ring, induced to cause its expansion, will escape to the end turn cavity and the forging by conduction, convection, and radiation causing the forging to expand and to re-establish
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industry news

pulse closer created

a U.S. first

INDUSTRY NEWS LISTED IN IEEE Power & Energy Magazine is restricted to information related to the science and practice of electric power generation, transmission, distribution, or utilization. This information is provided as a reader service and does not constitute endorsement by the IEEE or PES. Submit industry news information to m.olken@ieee.org.

First IntelliRupter Installed

Oncor installed the first S&C IntelliRupter PulseCloser in the United
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2008.931075

States. This device is part of Oncors initiative to develop an electric grid that will monitor, think, act, repair, and prepare itself to respond quickly to consumer needs. IntelliRupter PulseCloser was designed and built by S&C Electric Company with utility partner input. It incorporates technology that injects multiple, nondisruptive pulses into the line to check for faults before initiating closing. This technology eliminates the disruptive effects associated with conventional power restoration, reducing equipmentdamaging stresses, and extends the

life of lines, transformers, and circuit breakers. IntelliRupter advances the science of fault testing on overhead lines. It was designed from the ground up to accommodate advanced feeder automation functions and features a baseintegrated control thats accessed for configuration and operation via a secure WiFi link. This approach improves reliability, operator safety, and convenience, and significantly enhances security compared to lockand-key approaches. Further information is available at p&e www.sandc.com/iro.

book reviews (continued)

the interference fit if the retaining ring isnt removed quickly enough. The authors also make reference to the induction current being ac. Just not any ac will do. The frequency should be such that it induces eddy currents predominantly in the retaining rings and not in the forging or other places. A frequency of about 5,500 Hz is typical. Also, I would recommend that the water cooling system of the heating coils be inspected for leakage prior to approval to bring the heating coils on site. I have had one experience where I was standing in a lake about two inches deep on the turbine floor after a retaining ring removal because of cooling water leakage from the heating coils. Another topic gaining interest in the industry is generator uprating. At the time of this review, the IEEE PES
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EMC has a working group that is on draft ten of Guide for the Rewind of Synchronous Generators, 50 Hz and 60 Hz, Rated 1 MVA and Above. New material in Section 12.8 of this book provides a timely detailed analysis of what machine components will require redesign for various uprates in 5% increments up to 15%. Related issues are clearly discussed in great detail. Methods of testing to verify that the uprate has been achieved are concisely set forth. The intended audience for this book is the utility engineer who is responsible for overseeing the operation and/or maintenance of turbine-generators. The fleet is aging, and there is pressure in the industry to extend the lives of these units. The authors many years of practical experience,

documented in this text, will be very useful in achieving this goal. This is a must have reference for engineers and others dealing with turbine-generators. In fact, there is a wider possible audience. Many universities are establishing technical degree programs in electric utility technology to provide the industry with personnel for positions that now require higher skill levels than in the past such as control room operator. This book could make an excellent text for a quarter or semester course on turbine-generators. With the added material, this book will be a good reference for A/Es and consultants providing refurbishment services. Also, forensic engineers who specialize in postmortems will find this reference useful. N.E. Nilsson p&e
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