MARIA CAMELIA DICU

CAIET PENTRU SEMINARUL DE LIMBA ENGLEZ

pentru uzul studenilor de anul I

ARGUMENT...............................................................................................5 COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK ...........................................................6 UNIT 1......................................................................................................8 ASKING FOR HELP; CONVERSATIONS; REQUEST FORMULAS; .......................8 ROOM SERVICE; REQUESTING FOR OTHERS...............................................8 WAITER: ARE YOU READY TO ORDER?.......................................................13 UNIT 2....................................................................................................14 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS; GREETINGS; INTRODUCING YOURSELF; INTRODUCING OTHER PEOPLE................................................14 UNIT 3....................................................................................................22 STARTING A CONVERSATION; ASKING QUESTIONS; CLOSING A CONVERSATION; PRESENT CONTINUOUS; PRESENT SIMPLE.......................22 MORE PRACTICE......................................................................................28 UNIT 4....................................................................................................32 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION................................................................32 UNIT 5....................................................................................................38

NON-VERBAL-COMMUNICATION; ADJECTIVES; ADVERBS OF MANNER, MOVEMENT, FREQUENCY; PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE; SEEING VERBS..........38 UNIT 6....................................................................................................44 PERSONAL INFORMATION; CURRICULUM VITAE; .......................................44 QUESTIONS TYPES..................................................................................44 UNIT 7....................................................................................................50 INTERVIEW FOR A JOB.............................................................................50 PAST SIMPLE AND..................................................................................50 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE......................................................................50 FORME SCURTE: HASNT = HAS NOT; HAVENT = HAVE NOT. ....................57 MORE PRACTICE......................................................................................60 UNIT 8....................................................................................................64 LONDON AND NEW YORK.........................................................................64 UNIT 9....................................................................................................70 THE BRITISH AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLES..............................................70 THE BRITISH PEOPLE...............................................................................70 2. SPEAK ABOUT THE ROMANIAN PEOPLE IN ABOUT 100 WORDS (10 MINUTES)...............................................................................................72 UNIT 10..................................................................................................77 SHOPS AND SHOPPING............................................................................77 UNIT 11..................................................................................................81 INTERVIEW FOR A JOB.............................................................................81 READ THE TEXT BELOW...........................................................................81 MORE PRACTICE......................................................................................85 ENGLISH TEXTS.......................................................................................86 WHY WE WENT NUTS ABOUT THE IPHONE.................................................86 OF SOUND MIND AND BODY.....................................................................90 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................98

ARGUMENT
Manualul de fa reprezint un caiet de seminar la limba englez i se adreseaz studenilor de anul I. Acesta poate fi studiat la oricare dintre specializri, deorece cuprinde lecii de englez cu caracter general, de o mare aplicabilitate practic. De ce spun aceasta? Potrivit conceptului de multilingvism, adoptat de Uniunea European, fiecare dintre noi trebuie s cunoasc cel puin 2 limbi strine, iar limba englez este lingua franca, cel mai des utilizat oriunde te-ai duce. Prin urmare, nvaarea limbii engleze nu este numai o recomandare, ci a devenit o necesitate. Studenii de la specializrile Rela ii Interna ionale, Administra ie Public, Sociologie etc., dar nu numai, vor gsi prezentul caiet de seminar util i plcut n acelai timp. Manualul este structurat n 11 lecii, unit-uri care cuprind subiecte ca i: conversa ii, modele de a solicita ceva n mod politicos, a solicita pentru alii, modaliti att formale ct i informale de se prezenta, cum s se prezinte la un interviu, precum i cteva lec ii de civiliza ie angloamerican, etc.
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De asemenea, fiecare unit este nsoit de lecii practice de gramatic, necesare pentru a deprinde un mod de a vorbi i scrie ct mai corect n limba englez. n manual se mai gsesc multe aplicaii practice, necesare pentru a exersa structurile nvate. Tot n acest manual vei gsi texte originale n limba englez, din reviste englezeti de prestigiu, care vor contribui la dezvoltarea universului vostru de cunoatere, dragi studen i. Prin urmare, dup parcurgerea acestui manual studentul va fi capabil s: solicite ceva utiliznd formula magic I would like, s se prezinte att formal ct i informal, s prezinte dou persoane unei a treia, s solicite micul dejun la room service, s fac fa cu succes la un interviu, s explice structuri gramaticale studiate n acest manual i s le recunoasc, dar i s le utilizeze individual, de asemenea s rspund la ntrebri legate de oraele Londra i New York, despre popoarele celor dou ri, etc. Manualul se situeaz la nivelul european B1- B2, conform Cadrului Comun European pentru Limbi Strine pe care l gsii i n manualul de fa la pagina 3. Doresc succes tuturor celor care vor aprofunda manualul de fa! AUTOAREA

COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK

C2 Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarise information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of proficient meaning even in more complex situations. Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices. Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. 6

C1

B2

Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and independent disadvantages of various options. B1 Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate basic need. Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate basic need.

A2

A1

UNIT 1 ASKING FOR HELP; CONVERSATIONS; REQUEST FORMULAS; ROOM SERVICE; REQUESTING FOR OTHERS

Asking for help Here are some formulas for asking for help: Can you speak more slowly, please? I dont understand. Could you repeat that? Could you explain request? What does request mean?
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Whats () in English? How do you say () in English? How do you spell that? How do you pronounce this word? Excuse me/ Pardon (me)/ Sorry These three expressions are used: - dont understand or dont hear with rising intonation Pardon? Sorry? Pardon me? (USA) Excuse me? (USA) I beg your pardon? Formal) What? (not polite, informal) - you walk into someone in a busy place accidentally Sorry. Pardon me. Excuse me. It is an apology. Dont use rising intonation. - you want to go past someone Excuse me. / Excuse me, please. Dont use rising intonation. - before a request, interrupting someone Excuse me, can I ask you something?

Practice the intonation: A: Its fifty pounds per night. B: Can you speak more slowly, please. A: The plane takes off at 11.45 from Heathrow Airport. You will have to be there 2 hours earlier to check in. B: I dont understand. A: Wholewheat toast or white toast? B: Could you repeat that? A: Request is used when you politely or officially ask for something. B: What does request mean? Or What does request mean? A: Whats carte in English? Or How do you say carte in English? B: Book.
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A: My name is Popescu Ion. B: How do you spell that in English? A: /pi-ou-pi-i:-es-kei-ju ai-ou-en/. A: This experience was exilarating. B: How do you pronounce this word? A: /igzil..rei.ti/ A: Excuse me, may I ask you something? B: Certainly. A: What time is it? B: Pardon? A: What time is it? B: Its 12 oclock Conversations A: Would you like a drink? B: A mineral water, please. A: Still or sparkling? B: Still, please. And no ice. A: Can I help you? B: Please. Some of thatthank youand some of that, too. A: Anything else? B: Yes. One of those, and some of these. Thanks. A: Id like a film please. B: What size? A: 35 millimetre. 24 exposure. B: What make? A: One of those. B: There you go. One Agfa 35/24 Practice the intonation: (You are a guest in a hotel and you would like to have breakfast, but you dont know the words. ) A: Good morning! Can I help you?

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B: Good morning! Yes, please. I would like to have breakfast, but I dont know what is the English for the courses. A: Just point at them and I will help you. B: Alright. I would like one of these some of that. A: Anything else? B: Some of this and one of those. A: Here you are. B: Thank you. A: Youre welcome. Request formulas (not polite) Give me a coffee. I want a coffee. (neutral) Coffee, please. Id like a coffee, please Can I have a coffee, please. Can I have a coffee, please? (more polite) Could I have a coffee, please? May I have a coffee, please? (very polite) I wonder if I could have a coffee, please. Practice: (more polite) A: Are you ready to order? B: Yes, please. Could I have a coffee, please. A: Certainly. (not polite) A: Are you ready to order? B: Give me a coffee. A: Certainly.

Room service ROOM SERVICE: Good morning. Room service. This is Gary speaking. How can I help you? WOMAN: Id like to order breakfast, please.
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ROOM SERVICE: May I have your name and room number? WOMAN: Easton. Sandra Easton. Room 416. ROOM SERVICE: What would you like today, Ms Easton? WOMAN: A tomato juice. Ersome muesli and a plain yogurt. ROOM SERVICE: Any bread? WOMAN: Yes. Could I have some toast? ROOM SERVICE: White or wholewheat? WOMAN: Wholewheat, please. Then Id like some eggspoached eggs with bacon. ROOM SERVICE: Anythingelse with that? WOMAN: No, thank you. Thats fine. ROOM SERVICE: And would you like tea or coffee? WOMAN: Tea, please. ROOM SERVICE: With milk or lemon? WOMAN: Lemon. ROOM SERVICE: Is that everything? WOMAN: Yes, thats it. ROOM SERVICE: And when do want that? WOMAN: As soon as possible. ROOM SERVICE: About twenty minutes? WOMAN: Thats fine. Thank you. Practice: ROOM SERVICE: Good evening. Room service. This is Jack speaking. How can I help you? MAN: Good evening. Could you be so kind and wake me up tomorrow morning. I have a plane to catch. ROOM SERVICE: May I have your name and room number? MAN: Popescu. Dan Popescu. Room 311. ROOM SERVICE: What time would you like us to wake you up, Mr Popescu? MAN: 4 oclock a.m. My plane leaves at 7 a.m. And could you, please call a taxi to take me to the airport? ROOM SERVICE: Certainly. What time do you want to leave? MAN: At 4.30 a.m. I have to be at the airport two hours before the flight. ROOM SERVICE: Yes, you will be waken up at 4 a.m. and the taxi will wait for you at 4.30. Anything else? MAN: No, thank you. Requesting for others WAITER: Are you ready to order?
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WOMAN: Yes, please. WAITER: Would you like a starter? WOMAN: No, thanks. WAITER: And for the main course? WOMAN: Hed like the steak and shed like the fish. Thats right, isnt it? GUESTS: Yes. WOMAN: And they would both like the salad. WAITER: And what would you like, madam? WOMAN: Id like the chiken. And can you bring us a bottle of white wine? WAITER: Certainly. * WAITER: Whos the steak for? WOMAN: The steaks for him. WAITER: And the fish? WOMAN: Thats for her. WAITER: And the two salads? WOMAN: The salads are for them. And the chikens for me. WAITER: There you go. Is that everything? WOMAN: Yes, thats all. Thank you. WAITER: Youre welcome.

Practice: WAITER: Are you ready to order? WOMAN: Yes, please. WAITER: Would you like a starter? WOMAN: Yes. They would like Tuscan bread and tomato soup. And we would like baked sardines with garlic and oregano. WAITER: And for the main course? WOMAN: We would like two helpings of stuffed pork with mushrooms and garlic and two helpings of cod fillets in a cucumber sauce. WAITER: Anything else? WOMAM: Two glasses of red wine for the pork and two of white wine for the fish. * WAITER: Whos the soup for? WOMAN: The soup is for them and the sardines are for us. WAITER: Here you are.
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WOMAN: Thank you. * WAITER: Whos the pork for? WOMAN: It is for them. WAITER: And the fish? WOMAN: The fish is for us. WAITER: And the glasses of wine WOMAN: Thank you. WAITER: Youre welcome.

UNIT 2 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS; GREETINGS; INTRODUCING YOURSELF; INTRODUCING OTHER PEOPLE

Countable and uncountable nouns Din punctul de vedere al ideii de numr, n limba englez, substantivele se mpart n substantive numrabile (countable) i substantive nenumrabile (uncountable).
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Substantivele numrabile sunt variabile ca numr, pot fi precedate de numerale cardinale sau cuantificatori i se acord n nur cu verbul. e.g. a boy, two boys one book, three books The book is on the table. The apples are in the basket. La plural substantivele numrabile primesc: -s sau es, n funcie de terminaia substantivului. e.g. book, books bus, buses box, boxes watch, watches brush, brushes city, cities boy, boys knife, knives half, halves Exist de asemenea o categorie aparte de substantive cu plural neregulat. e.g. man, men woman, women foot, feet goose, geese tooth, teeth mouse, mice child, children Substantivele colective sunt i ele tot substantive numrabile. - army, class, team, committee, crowd, family, press, public, troops etc. Atunci cnd ele se refer la un tot unitar acordul cu verbul eate la singular, dac acestea ns se refer la membrii componeni, acordul este la plural. e.g. His family is larger than mine. The two footbal teams are in the field now. Substantivele nenumrabile sunt invariabile ca form. Unele se acord cu verbul la singular. e.g. advice, business, furniture, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news etc.
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His advice is always good. His knowledge of English is poor. The money is in the wallet. DAR I need a piece of information from you. Give me a piece of advice. Alte substantive nenumrabile sunt invariabile la plural. - glasses (ochelari), scissors, clothes, jeans, pants, pyjamas, shorts, trousers Where are the scissors? The trousers are too long for you. DAR I need a pair of scissors. He bought a new pair of jeans. Iat cteva substantive numrabile care se termin n s i care se acord cu verbul la singular: economics, mathematics, social studies, physics, politics. e.g. Physics was not my favourite subject in school. Nu folosim articole nehotrte i numerale cardinale naintea substantivelor invariabile. e.g. You can fiind information in the guide book. Practice 1. Write C for countable and U for uncountable. Dont forget that you cant count water but you can count bottles of water. ..water ..glasses of water ..oil liters of oil ..gold grams of gold ..meat pieces of meat ..shampoo .bottles of shampoo ..pasta .bowls of pasta 2. Choose the correct answers. a. Its a long/ long journey to USA.
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b. Travel/ a travel helps you to understand other cultures. c. We can find accommodation/ an accommodation in the next town. d. Theres a plate/ plate on the table. e. Shes got chicken. Put rice/ a rice on her plate. f. Ive got a bad/ bad news. 3. Choose the nouns that can be counted and the nouns you can put a pair in front of them. - socks, shoes, tights, trainers, trousers, jeans, shorts, pyjamas, scissors, glasses, earrings, underpants. 4. Choose the appropriate word. a. Physics is/are my favourite subject. b. The police was/ were in the street. c. The stairs is/ are made of wood. d. She has a degree in a European/ European Studies. e. There was/were a lot of people at the concert. f. The contents of the book is/ are interesting. g. The children is/ are eating lunch.

Greetings Here are some formulas to greet people with different degrees of formality: 1. Informal, very close friends A: Angie! Great to see you again. B: Great to see you. A: Howre you doing? B: OK! 2. Informal, relatives A: Hi, MarkHi, Lucy. Nice to see you. B: Nice to see you. Hows Amanda? A: Shes very well, thank you. 3. Informal, acquaintances A: Hello, Bob. How are you? B: Fine, thanks. And you? A: Fine.

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4. Formal, co-workers A: Good morning, Lisa. B: Good morning, Ms Stewart. 5. Formal, strangers A: Good evening. B: Good evening, sirmadam. Welcome to the Chelsea International Hotel.

Practice the intonation: 1. Informal, very close friends A: Maria! Great to see you again. B: Great to see you. A: How are things? B: OK! 2. Informal, relatives A: Hi, GeorgeHi, Mary. Good to see you. B: Good to see you. Hows Jane? A: Shes very well, thank you. 3. Informal, acquaintances A: Hello, Robert. How are you? B: Fine, thanks. And you, Ms Alice? A: Fine. 4. Formal, co-workers A: Good morning, children. B: Good morning, teacher. 5. Formal, strangers A: Good afternoon. B: Good afternoon, sirmadam. Welcome to Ritz Hotel. Introducing yourself Atunci cnd v prezentai unei persoane strine, procedai n felul urmtor: A: Salutai. B: V spunei numele. C: Dai informaii privind slujba, de unde suntei. D: Spunei ceva amabil.
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- Strngei mna ferm i privii persoana cealalt n ochi. Zmbii. Brbaii i dau mna. Femeile ntind mna primele, dac doresc s strng mna unui brbat. Femeile i strng minile dar nu ntotdeauna. - Spunei How do you do. Rspunsul este Pleased to meet you sau Fine, thanks, n SUA. n UK rspunsul este ntotdeauna How do you do. - Facei schimb de cri de vizit. 1. How do you do. My name is Alexander Parker. I believe you are John Smith. 2. Allow me to introduce myselfI am Alexander Parker, manager at Chelsea International Hotel. And you? 3. You must be John Smith. Its a pleasure to meet you. 4. How do you do. Im Annette Perry. Im the Sales Manager of Greystoke Inc. 5. Hello. My name is Evans. Linda Evans. Im a friend of Mrs Pickering. Its a pleasure to meet you. 6. Let me introduce myself, Im Sally Park. I work for Orange Communications. Im from Australia. Practice: 1. When you introduce yourself in a formal situation, you can choose the way you want them to address you. Hello, my name is John. John Smith. Hello, John. Hello, my name is Smith. Mrs. Smith. Hello, Mrs. Smith. Hello, my name Anna. Anna Smith. Hello, Anna. Hello, my name is Smith. Hello, Mr. Smith. 2. Advice about introductions. - When people meet on business they often exchange cards. - Women choose whether to shake hands with men or not. - Always state you name clearly. - Look the other person straight in the eye and smile. - In Britain, reply How do you do if the other person says How do you do.
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Introducing other people Cnd facei prezentri respectai ordinea urmtoare. Prezentai: - Persoane cu poziie mic celor cu poziie mai mare. - Persoane mai tinere celor mai n vrst. - Prezentai persoane de sex masculin celor de sex feminin.
1. This is Miss Claudette Cartier. She is Canadian from Montreal. She is

a student and she is my pen friend. She is 19. 2. May I introduce Mr Yoshi Suzuki to you? He is Japanese from Tokio. He is the sales Manager of Sensai computers. He is 54. 3. Id like you to meet Mrs Pamela Fraser. She is British and a teacher at Oxbridge School of English, now she is teaching at a school in Tg Jiu. She is 48. 4. Allow me to introduce Mr. Ryan Sikorski to you. He is American. He is an old friend form college He lives in Chicago. 5. A: Mr. Granger Id like you to meet Nick Thomas, from our Boston office. B: How do you do, Nick. C: Pleased to meet you, Mr. Granger. B: Please. Call me Philip. 6. A: Sarah Dean? B: Im Paul Hodges form Warner Graphics. How do you do. A: How do you do. B: Would you like to see our new catalog Practice: A: Good morning. My name is Carter. Rob Carter. B: Pleased to meet you Mr. Carter. A: Id like to introduce my colleague. This is Carmen Popescu. B: Hello, Ms. Popescu. Its good to meet you. C: Its nice to meet you, too. B: Are you going to be in England long? C: No, were going to travel to Belgium tomorrow. Formal questions Whats your name? What nationality are you? Whats your address?
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Whats your job? How old are you? Whats your date of birth? Are you married? Informal questions What do you do? Whats your age? When were you born? Whats your name? Are you single? Which country do you come from? Information about you My name is Julia Park. I come from USA. I live in Washington. Im a scientist. I work for Cook Chemicals. Im twenty-five. Im single. Countries and nationalities England English Spain Spanish Sweden Swedish Poland Polish Scotland Scottish Ireland Irish Turkey Turkish Australia Austrian Canada Canadian Brasilia - Brazilian Germany German United States American Mexico Mexican Italy Italian Japan Japanese China Chinese Vietnam Vietnamese Portugal Portuguese Pakistan Pakistani Iraq Iraqi Netherlands Dutch France French Switzerland Swiss
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UNIT 3 STARTING A CONVERSATION; ASKING QUESTIONS; CLOSING A CONVERSATION; PRESENT CONTINUOUS; PRESENT SIMPLE

Starting a conversation Meeting at the airport WOMAN: Mr. Popescu?

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MAN: Thats right WOMAN: Im Laura Parker from the London office. How do you do. MAN: Very well, thanks. Pleased to meet you, Ms. Parker. WOMAN: What was your flight like? MAN: Not bad. The take off was delayed half an hour, but we arrived on time. The plane was full, though. There wasnt an empty seat. WOMAN: Is this your first visit to London? MAN: No, I was here ten years ago. I was on vacation, not business. This is my first business trip. WOMAN: Come this way. My car is in the car park. Ill drive you to the hotel Practice: YOU: Hello. You must be Mr. Robert Parker. VISITOR: Yes, thats right. YOU: My name is Laura Popescu from Bucharest office. How do you do. VISITOR: Pleased to meet you, too. And thank you for coming to meet me. YOU: How was you flight? VISITOR: Oh, OK. I dont really enjoy flying. Im glad to be back on the ground. YOU: Is this your first visit to Romania? VISITOR: No, it isnt. I was here last year, but only for a few days. YOU: How long are you staying here? VISITOR: Seventeen days. Im flying home on the 24th. YOU: What was the weather like in your country? VISITOR: It was raining when I left! YOU: Which part of England do you come from? VISITOR: I live in Dorchester. Its in the south of England. Do you know it? YOU: I dont. What is it like? VISITOR: Its a small town in the country. No skyscrapers or anything. Its a typical old country town. There are a lot of good pubs. YOU: Come this way. Ah, this is my car. Let me take to your hotel. Asking questions Adesea iniiem o conversaie cu strini adresndu-le ntrebri. NTREBRI CU CARACTER GENERAL JOURNEY - What was your flight/ journey like? - How was you flight/ journey? WEATHER
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- What was the weather like in (England)? - How was the weather in (England)? VISITS TO YOUR COUNTRY - Is this your first visit/ time here? FOOD - Do you like (Italian) food? - What do you think of (Italian) food? HOTEL - Hows your room/ hotel? - Whats your room/ hotel like? - Is everything OK at your hotel? - Where are you staying? JOB - What do you do at (ABC Industries)? VISITORS HOME - Which part of (England) do you come from? - Where do you live in (England)? VISITORS PLANS - How long are you staying here? - What are you going to do (during this visit)? - Why are you here/ in this country? NTREBRI CU CARACTER PERSONAL: - sunt considerate stnjenitoare de ctre unele culturi - How is your family? - How old are you? - Why arent you married? - Why havent you got any children? - How much do you earn? - How much was your jacket? - How much do you weigh? - Whats your star sign? - Whats you blood group? - Which political party do you support? POT FI EVITATE RSPUNZND POLITICOS: - Sorry, thats a personal question. - I dont want to answer that. - Id rather not say/ tell you that/ answer that. - Mind your own business. Practice:
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- What was your flight/ journey like? - The flight/ journey was early/ on time/ delayed. - What was the weather like in (England)? - It was rainy/ sunny/ foggy/ fine when I left. - Is this your first visit/ time here? - I was here last year/ two yers ago. - Do you like (Italian) food? - Very much. - Hows your room/ hotel? - Not bad. - Where are you staying? - At Chelsea International Hotel. - What do you do at (ABC Industries)? - Im a sales manager. - Which part of (England) do you come from? - Dorchester - How long are you staying here? - Two weeks. - What are you going to do (during this visit)? - Im going to meet our business partners. Closing a conversation MENTION THE NEXT MEETING See you soon. See you at the (sales conference). I hope to see you next time (Im here). (I) look forward to seeing you again/ soon. THANK THE PERSON FOR HELP/ A MEAL ETC Thank you for all your help. Thank you for a wonderful meal. Thanks for everything. It was great (seeing you/ talking with you). GIVE THEM GOOD WISHES Have a nice day. Have a good weekend/ holiday/ flight. Enjoy the rest of your stay. Take care of (yourself). All the best. Mind how you go. Practice:
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Formulas for: a) a business person you have met for the first time: Goodbye. Nice to have met you. b) someone you often meet, e.g. a friend: See you later! c) a dinner guest: Thanks for coming. d) someone you have been speaking to for a few seconds: Bye! e) a colleague you see when youre leaving work on Friday evening Goodnight. Have a good week-end. f) someone you are greeting after 6 p.m. Good evening. Present continuous Prezentul continuu este utilizat pentu a exprima: - o aciune n desfurare n momentul vorbirii; e.g. Listen! He is singing in the bathroom. - o aciune cu caracter temporar e.g. Ann is attending UCB. - o aciune personal planificat n prezent; e.g. We are leaving tomorrow - pentru a descrie persoane e.g. She is wearing a two-piece suit. Present continuous se formez cu ajutorul auxiliarului la prezent to be plus verb principal la care se adaug ing. La adugarea terminaiei se observ urmtoarele modificri: To run running To lie lying To have having To refer - referring Practice: To have cu sensul a avea, a poseda nu se folosete la aspectul continuu. Excepie face cazul cnd acesta se traduce cu: to have a bath = a face baie, to have a shower = a face du, to have breakfast, lunch, dinner = a servi micul dejun, prnzul sau cina. Prezent continuu afirmativ I am (Im) having a shower now. You are (youre) having breakfast right right now. He/ she/ it is (hes/ shes/ its) having a bath now.
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We are were) having dinner now. They are (theyre) having lunch at the moment. Adverbe folosite: now, right now, at the moment Prezent continuu - interogativ: Am I watching a film now? Are you attending the Faculty of Economics? Is he/ she/ it/ is drinking water at the moment? Are we running now? Are they coming? Prezent continuu - negativ I am not leaving tomorrow. You are not (arent) going to school now. He/ she/ it is not (isnt) playing in the yard. We are not (arent) having dinner at the moment. They are not (arent) studying French this year. Present simple Presentul simple este utilizat pentru a exprima: - aciuni generale cu caracter permanent; e.g. The Earth moves round the sun. Water boils at 100 Celsius. Birds fly. - aciuni obinuite, repetate la anumite intervale de timp: on Mondays, in summer, everzy day, frequently, often, seldom, rarely, occasionaly, sometimes, once a week/ month/ year; e.g. I go to school every day. I usually watch TV in the evening. - aciuni cu valoare de viitor ce fac parte dintr-un program oficial; e.g. The plane leaves tomorrow at 7.00 a.m. The exhibition opens Monday at 8.00 p. Practice: Prezent simplu Afirmativ I go to school. You go to work. He/ she/ it goes to university. We go on a trip. They go shopping every day. Prezent simplu interogativ Do I look timid? Do you drink or coffee? Does he/ she/ it do well? Do you need help?
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Do they live in Manchester? Prezent simple negativ I do not (dont) need help. You do not (dont) eat much. He/ she/ it does not (doesnt) work every day. We do not (dont) go on a trip on 21 October. They do not (dont) help each other. - Prezentul simplu este format la afirmativ din infinitivul scurt verbului principal, la persoana aIIIa primeste s sau es. - Interogativul i negativul se formez cu ajutorul auxiliarului to do. - Ct privete terminaia persoanei aIIIa, verbele care se termin n consoan primesc s: e.g. runs; verbele care se termin n e primesc s: comes, likes; verbele dup modelul watch, brush primesc es: brushes, watches; dress-es; verbele care se termin n y precedat de consoan: cry- cries; verbele care se termin n y prcedat de vocal: play - plays etc.

MORE PRACTICE
1. Complete thspaces in these conversation. A: Id ..a video tape, please. B: .like VHS, Hi-8, or VHS-C? A: B: size 240, 180, or 60? A: I..a three hour tape. B: Thats an E180. Whatwould you like? A: Maxell.
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B: A Maxell E-180. 4.99. A: There. 2. Decide which of the following requests are formal (F) or informal (I). 1. I wonder if I could have a glass of water. 2. Can I have an apple juice? ... 3. A hot chocolate, please. 4. May I have a milk shake? ... 5. Give me a cola. . 6. Could I have an orange juice, please? 3.Put the words in the correct order to form sentences. 1. coffe./ me / a / Give. 2. please? / meniu/ the / see / we / Could 3. another / of / May / have / glass / I / please? / water / mineral 4. wonder / tea / could /if / I / more / some / please? / have / I 5. wine. / Id /some /like 6. please. / water / Sparkling 4. Use demonstratives in the following exercise. 1. Isa UFO? 2. my children, Naomi and Patrick. 3. are polar bears. 4. Look my new watch! 5. Use the following words to make up a dialogue to order breakfast to room service. - coffee, yoghurt, cornflakes, scrambled eggs, mushrooms, ham, whole wheat bread. 6. Complete the spaces with is or are. 1. there any more milk? 2. There some biled eggs over there. 3. There .. some scrambled egges over here. 4. There .. some sugar in the bowl. 5. There ..some bowls of sugar on the tables. 6. Excuse me, . there any orange juice left. 7. How many glasses. there? 8. How much jam .. there in the pot?

7. Write sentences as in the example.

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Hed like the steak. The fried steak is for him. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wed like the tomato soup. Shed like the poached fish. Id like the grapefruit juice. Theyd like the fried chicken. Hed like the scrambled egg.

8. Write the sentences as in the example. Please bring us some wine. Wed like some wine. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Please show them the menu. Bring me the bill. Pass her the paper, please. Give him some water. Can you get us some bread?

9. Choose the correct word. 1. Do / Would / May you like a drink? 2. Id like a mineral water, but not /nothing / no ice. 3. Please, pass me/ I / my the salt. 4. Could / May / Might you bring me some tea? 5. Four of this / that / these, please. 6. Id like / liking / to like the salad, please. 7. Can you bring we / our / us a menu, please? 8. The fish is for him and the meat is for she / her / hers. 9. Thank you. Please / Youre welcome. 10. Can you say that more slowly / slow / not fast? 11. How are / does / do you spell that? 12. Could you to explain / explain / explaining this word? 13. Sorry, I m not / not / dont understand. 14. What is / does / do apologize mean? 15. Coffee, please. OK, there it / you / the coffee go. 16. Would you like still and / with / or sparkling water? 17. Can I have an orange / oranges juice? 18. Could you take / have / bring me a menu? 19. Are you now / finished / ready to order? 20. I / Im / Id wonder if I could see the menu, please? 10. Choose. a. Its great see/ to see/ meet you again.
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b. How are you do/ to do/ doing? c. Shake hands strong/ firm/ firmly. d. Id like you meet/ to meet/ meeting Ms Azegami from Japan. e. Where you/ do you/ are you live? f. May/ Would/ Am I introduce Laura Pausini? g. I m not/ dont/ doesnt remember you name. h. Laura dont/ doesnt/ isnt know Mr. Costello. i. Does she like/ to like/ likes French food? j. Where does/ do/ are you come from? k. Im go/ going/ will to visit some customers. l. Where are you stay/ to stay/ staying? m. How age/ many years/ old are you? n. How are/ were/ was your flight? o. Good night. Nice to have met/ meeting/ meet you. p. Where do she/ they/ I usually have lunch? r. Doesnt/ Cant/ dont ask him. He doesnt know. 11. Make up a dialogue Meeting at the railway station. A student meet you and your friend at the railway station in London. You and your friend are going to do an English course in London. 12. Write five personal questions and answer them. 13. You have just had dinner with a business partner. Close the conversation. 14. Greet you English teacher, in the afternoon. 15. Introduce yourself formally. 16. Introduce yourself informally. 17. Introduce your girl-friend/ boy-friend to your mother. 18. You were at a Conference at Prague last year. You meet a man whom you met there. Re-introduce yourself.

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UNIT 4 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Gesture Comunicarea nonverbal este cumulul de mesaje, care nu sunt exprimate prin cuvinte si care pot fi decodificate, crend nelesuri. Aceste semnale pot repeta, contrazice, nlocui, completa sau accentua mesajul transmis prin cuvinte.
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Literatura de specialitate amintete gruparea comunicrii nonverbale in trei categorii: - limbajul semnelor incluznd gesturile; - limbajul aciunilor incluznd micrile corpului implicate in diferite activiti; - limbajul obiectelor care ncorporeaz dispunerea intenionat sau neintenionat a obiectelor in spaiu n vederea utilizrii lor. Din punctul de vedere al gesturilor exist gesturi considerate internaionale ca de exemplu: arttorul dus la buze, nseamn linite; minile ridicate la nivelul umerilor cu palmele n sus: nu tiu; minile ridicate la nivelul taliei cu palmele n sus nu am fost eu de vin. Exist gesturi care n diferite culturi au diferite nelesuri, ca de exemplu a da din cap pentru da sau nu. Romnii spun da dnd din cap de jos n sus. Bulgarii spun da dnd din cap dintr-o parte n alta. Romnii spun nu scuturnd capul, pe cnd bulgarii spun nu dnd din cap de jos n sus. Alte gesturi sunt considerate obscene de ctre unele culturi pe cnd altele le folosesc pentru a spune c totul este bine. Practice: 1. Parts of the arms Arm = bra Hand = mn Wrist = nchietura minii Elbow = cot Little finger = degetul mic Middle finger = degetul mijlociu Ring finger = inelar Index finger = arttor Palm = palm Thumb = degetul mare Fist = pumn 2. Gestures Sit down! (indicating with palms down) Stay back I dont want trouble. (hands stretched aut, palms out) You, yes you! (pointing or jabbing finger) Do you want a punch in the nose? (shaking fists) Sorry, I cant hear! (hand cupped to ear) She cant stop talking! Talk, talk! (hand gesture of mouth opening and shutting)
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No! No way! Im not going to do it! (arms swept across each other at chest level) I really dont understand at all. (scratching top of head) Who? Me? (Westerners point to their chests, Japanese to their noses) Body language n timp ce gesturile sunt sunt nvate i variaz de la o cultur la alta, studii asupra persoanelor oarbe i surde au artat c limbajul trupului i expresia feei involuntare sunt nnscute i universale. Studiile indic de asemenea c 2/3 din mesajele dintr-o convorbire fa n fa sunt nonverbale. n 1969 Mehrabian a ajuns la concluzia c numai 7% este mesaj verbal, iar 38% const n inflexiunea vocii, 55% reprezentnd comunicare non-verbal. n 1971, Birdwhistell estima c 35% reprezint comunicare verbal incluznd i intonaia, 65% comunicare non-verbal. Persoanele care lucreaz n vnzri i oamenii de afaceri nva s foloseasc i s interpreteze comunicarea non-verbal. Limbajul trupului influeneaz strile sufleteti i ne putem schimba atitudinea mental adoptnd anumite posturi. Se crede c nvatul poate fi stimulat adoptnd posturi ce exprim maxim atenie. Studiile au artat c profesorii dau note mai mari celor care adopt o atitudine pozitiv fa de nvat n timpul leciilor. Poate fi din cauz c ei sunt interesai cu adevrat sau c sunt buni actori. Practice: 1.Parts of the body Shoulders = umeri Chest = piept Body = trup Hips = olduri Legs = picioare Feet = labele picioarelor 2. Follow these instructions. - Lean back in your chair. Cross your legs. Fold your arms. Look down. Do you feel in a bad mood? This is a negative body language. - Lean forward in your chair. Put both feet on the ground about 30 cm apart. Put your hands loosely together. Look straight ahead. Smile. Do you feel in a good mood? This is a positive body language.
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- Stand up. Put your legs apart. Put your hand on your hips. Look straight ahead. Dont smile. Do you want a fight? This is an aggressive body language. Facial expression S-au fcut studii asupra expresiilor faciale ale animalelor. Zmbetul uman este interesant pentru c micrile sunt asemntoare cu ale maimuelor cnd le este foame sau sunt agresive. De fapt oamenii adesea zmbesc cnd sunt agresivi verbal poate pentru a respinge un rspuns mnios. Dac expresia facial este o parte important a comunicrii este foarte important s zmbim i la fel de important s nu ne ncruntm. Practice: 1.Parts of the face Head = cap Ears = urechi Forehead = frunte Eyebrows = sprncene Eyelids = pleoape Eyelashes = gene Eyes = ochi Cheeks = obraji Nose = nas Nostrils = nri Mouth = gur Teeth = dini Lips = buze Mouth = gur Chin = brbie Neck = gt 2. Analyze the words and see what parts of the face moves when: He looks happy. Smile mouth, cheeks, nose He looks surprised. Frown Think Wise Serious - forehead, eyes He looks sad.
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Cry Worried Scared Depressed eyes, forehead, nostrils He looks tired, bored. mouth, eyes Yawn Making the right noises Interjeciile au un neles care este specific din punst de vedere cultural. De aceea nu este recomandabil folosirea intejeciilor din propria limb atunci cnd este vorba despre limba englez. Din contr este important s folosim interjecii proprii limbii engleze. Interjeciile au destul neles care poate nsemna destul de mult ntr-o conversaie. Cele dou conversaii arat importana folosirii interjeciilor mai degrab dect a adverbului da. ntr-o convorbire la telefon interjeciile se traduc prin ascult pe cnd da arat o incuviinare. Practice: 1. Misunderstanding Client: My company needs forty million dollars for the new projects. Bank Director: OK. Client: Were going to build a new office in Singapore. Bank Director: Right. Client: We can pay back the money theres no problem with that. Bank director: OK. Client: I can have my accountants call you next week. Bank Director: Yep. Client: So, we have a deal! Bank Director: Yes! I mean I need some time. Ill get back to you. 2. Non-committal sounds Client: My company needs forty million dollars for the new project. Bank Director: Uh-huh. Client: Were going to build a new office in Singapore Bank Director: Uh-huh. Client: We can pay back the money theres no problem with that. Bank director: Uh-huh. Client: I can have my accountants call you next week. Bank Director: Uh-huh. Client: So, we have a deal? Bank Director: I need some time. Ill get back to you. Dress and appearance
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n cazul tuturor poporelor, formalitatea i statutul sunt strns legate de efortul de care este nevoie pentru ntreinerea hainelor, accesoriilor, a prului sau machiajului. n general hainele croite pe msur sunt mai formale dect hainele lejere.un machiaj sau o coafur/ frizur elaborate necesit munc i timp. Rasul necesit mai mult efort dect barba. (Dei barba i mustaa atent ngrijite arat formal). In vest culorile nchise sunt formale, dar n rile mai calde, ex. Orientul Mijliciu i Africa robele lejere albe i curate sau costumele albe exprim formalitate deoarece au nevoie de ngrijire atent. 1. Personal apearance. We use the following words to describe peoples appearance. General: attractive, casual, well-dressed, scruffy, smart Face: a beard, a moustache, glasses Hair: long, blonde, short, dark, wavy, bald Build: (quite) tall, overweight, short, medium-height, slim, average build Age: middle-aged, about 45, in her twenties 2. Describing clothes - sweater, tie, scarf, earrings, bracelet, neccklace, blouse, jeans, jewllery, wig 3.The right impression - Depends on the peoples appearance. Study the lists of casual and formal elements: - Casual: loose clothes, matt leather shoes, long loose hair, beards, bare legs, light colours. - Formal: tailored clothes, clean-shaven faces, polished shoes, dark colours, styled hair, red lipstick 4. Image and appearance Formal clothes give you authority. A casual appearance is more relaxed and friendly. Somebody may feel more comfortable wearing similar clothes to people around him/ her. Somebody may like to be different. 5. At work Apple Computers and Microsoft started free dress at work. Other companies in the US started casual on Fridays rules. In Britain, forty years ago, bank staff was expected to wear blue or grey in the week, but brown tweed jackets on Saturdays.
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In Japan there is a specific day when men can wear short sleeved shirts to work. Rules vary, e.g. Spanish bank staff may look very casual against British equivalents. Some companies dislike certain shirt colour or patterns. The sales of suits have been falling very rapidly in the USA/ UK. In Europe a smart jacket and tie often replaces a suit this is spreading to the UK/ USA. Women used to be discouraged from wearing trousers at work quite recently in the USA/ UK. Some companies still frown on them. Practice: Let us try to describe some people. Can you guess who they are? 1. He is considered handsome. He sometimes wears a moustache or beard depending on the role he prepares for. His hair is blonde, sometimes long and sometimes short.. He is quite tall. He is in his thirties. When you see him on the red carpet, he is wearing a fashionable tailored black suit, white shirt and balck tie, polished shoes. He is also clean-shaven. Who is he? 2. She is very attractive. Her lips are her trademark. Her hair is black and long. She is slim. She is of average height. She is in her thirties. On the red carpet, she is wearing smart dresses and matched jewellery. Who is she?

UNIT 5 NON-VERBAL-COMMUNICATION; ADJECTIVES; ADVERBS OF MANNER, MOVEMENT, FREQUENCY; PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE; SEEING VERBS

38

Proximity Proximity is a debatable issue from the point of view of cultures and professions. A video was taken of some business people at a cocktail party. The video playback was like a dance. An American was talking to Latin American. As the conversation warmed, the Latin American moved closer, so the American moved back. This was repeated. Over twenty minutes, the pair of them moved from one side of the room right across the other. It was completely unconscious. The specialists define five zones of proximity for UK/ USA: 1. Close intimate zone: 0 15 cm. Only lovers or relatives are expected to get this close 2. Intimate zone: 15 45. Close friends. People feel uncomfortable if this zone is invaded. 3. Personal zone: 46 120. The distance most Westerners like to be when talking socially. Further apart would seem unfriendly. 4. Social zone. 120 360 cm. This is the distance we see in shops and in the streets. It seems to be the preferred distance for business. 5. Public zone. More than 360 cm. This is the distance speakers prefer to be from an audience. Practice: Read the text and then let us answer the questions: Personal space Police officers in all societies always stand very close to people when they are interrogating them, and managers often stand close when they are trying to get information from their staff. Teachers sometimes do this with students, too! We feel uncomfortable when someone stands or sits too close to us. We think of the space near our bodies as our territory. But what is too close? All over the world, people in big cities stand closer to one another than people in small towns, and people in small towns stand closer to one another than people from the country. The idea of personal space changes in different countries. In some parts of India people stay 60 cm apart. In Britain, Australia and North America personal space for most people is about 45 cm from the body. Researchers say it is 25 cm in Japan but only 20 cm in both Denmark and Brazil.
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This difference can cause communication problems. Latin American and Asians often say that the British and American are cold and unfriendly. On the other hand, the British and Americans often see other cultures as too assertive and aggressive. In both examples, the problems are different ideas of personal space. 1. Who are the persons and in what social and professional categories that uses to stand closer to people having all kinds of reasons? - Police officers, managers and teachers. 2. Who stands closer to one another? - People in big cities. 3. Speaking of nations, what nations stand closer to one another? - Denmark and Brazil. 4. What is the point in the last paragraph? - The idea of personal space. Adjectives Adjectives dont change for number or person: e.g. a big book big books Shes smart. He is smart. They are smart. Adjectives generally come before noun. e.g. Hes got a car. Adjective like past-participle end in ed. e.g. open-necked shirt, polished shoes, coloured paper Comparison of adjectives - short adjectives Adjective Comparative quiet New Big early large young - long adjective Adjective important comfortable Less comfortable quieter newer bigger earlier larger younger Comparative more important less important more comfortable less comfortable
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Superlative quietest newest biggest earliest largest youngest Superlative the most important the least important the most comfortable the least comfortable

- irregular adjectives Adjective Comparative Superlative Good Better The best Bad/ ill Worse The worst Far Farther/ further The farthest/ furthest Many/ much More The most Little Less The least Near Nearer The nearest Old Older/ elder The oldest/ the eldest The comparative is usually used to compare two things. E.g. This one is good, but that one is better. This one is better than that one. This town is more beautiful than the other. The superlative used to compare three or more things, but now it is used to compare two things. E.g. Of the two, this one is the best. Its the least expensive car. Practice: 1. Look at this adjectives ending in ed. Charmaines a long-legged (adj.), dark-haired (adj.), blue-eyed (adj.) supermodel. Garys a warm-hearted, (adj.) square-jawed (adj.), left-footed (adj.) international striker. They were in a night club. Charmaine saw Gary and eyed him up and down, Gary shouldered his way through the crowd. He was wearing an open-necked (adj.) shirt and a double-breasted (adj.) jacket. Charmaine was wearing a low-backed (adj.) dress and high-healed (adj.) shoes. Gary gave her a gap-toothed (adj.) smile, handed her a flower and asked her to dance. She wasnt a very good dancer and accidentally kneed Gary in the leg. He backed into a table, open-mouthed (adj.) with surprise. Gary couldnt play the next Saturday and nobody believed the reason for his accident. 2. When there are two adjectives opinions (lovely, nice, boring) come before facts (old, plastic, square) a. a beautiful Italian car b. an exciting action movie c. an untidy brown beard d. smart leather shoes e. aggressive young people f. nice cotton trousers
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Adverbs of manner, movement and frequency Adverbs of manner tell us how something is done. He speaks clearly. She works quickly and efficiently. They did it very well. Some adverbs of manner are formed adding ly to the adjective. Clear clearly Bad badly Nice nicely There are also irregular adverbs: Adjective - adverb Good well Fast fast Hard hard Adverbs of movement show movement in space. Away n alt parte, poziie sau situaie Towards spre Round n jurul Through prin Up n sus Down n jos Frequency adverbs tell us how often something happens or happened. Time expressions tell us when something is happening or happened. Frequency adverbs normally go before the main verb (take, work, see), but after auxiliary verbs. Always 100% of the time Usually, generally, normally most of the time Often, frequently many times Sometimes 1-99% of the time Occasionally only a few times Seldom, rarely, hardly ever very few times, 0.1 % of the time Never 0% of the time Practice 1. I speak English slowly. English people speak quickly. I often stop when I make a mistake. You move hands frequently when you are talking.
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He sits still when he is listening. She looks at people carefully when she is listening to them. 2. Go away! Come towards me. She has a walk through the park everyday. Move round the place and you will find her. Walk up and down the street and you will feel better. 3. I always watch TV in the evenings. I never kiss friends when we meet. Im rarely tired in the morning. She generally goes to work by train. In London, temperatures are hardly ever below 0 C in March. The flight normally arrives at eleven. Prepositions of place It is difficult to know whether a word is a preposition of place or an adverb of movement. You neednt worry about it. In many books, they are put together because they have a similar idea. Above deasupra Across peste Along de-a lungul Behind n spatele Below dedesubt Beside lng Inside nuntru In front of n faa Next to lng (foarte aproape) On pe Outside nafara Under - sub Practice Under the chair there is a mouse. The striker hits the football and in the next minute it is outside the field. There is a cat on the sofa. May I sit next to you? Wait for me in front of the building. Inside the arena, the gladiators try hard to win.
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Beside the lake there are many daffodils. Below the building we can see the cars as small as if they were toys. Along Oxford Street there are a lot of fashionable shops. Across the wide boulevard the beautiful park turns yellow and red. It is autumn already. Margaret Thatchers family used to live above a Bakery shop. Seeing verbs Students often confuse the verbs: see, watch and look at. See tells us about ability either you can see or you cant see. It is almost never used with a continuous tense (except when it means to meet). We watch something that is moving: a TV programme, a game, children playing. We look at something that is still: a painting, a beautiful view, a magazine. Practice Yesterday I had a walk through the park but I didnt see you. I usually watch TV in the evenings, especially if there is an interesting film. May I have a look at this book? It seems interesting.

UNIT 6 PERSONAL INFORMATION; CURRICULUM VITAE; QUESTIONS TYPES

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Here is some personal information about two people. HAMISH: Rosalita? Thats a nice name. Is it Spanish? ROSALITA: Yes my parents are Mexican. HAMISH: Really? ROSALITA: They are from Tampico. They got married there, but they moved to Texas before I was born. HAMISH: Where were you born? ROSALITA: I was born in Houston. Then my father got a job with General Motors and we moved to Los Angeles when I was about a year old. So I grew up in California. ROSALITA: Your names Scottish, isnt it? HAMISH: Yes, it is. My fathers Scottish and my mother is Irish. She comes from Dublin. My parents met in England. ROSALITA: So where were you born. Hamish? HAMISH: London. I went to school in Westminster. Then I went to university in Liverpool. And at the moment Im looking for a job. Practice Here are some questions to help you find out personal information on Rosalita and Hamish. Rosalita a. Where are her parents from? b. Where did they get married? c. When did they move in Texas? d. Where was she born? e. Why did they move to Los Angeles? f. How old was she then? g. Where did she grow up? Hamish a. Where is his father from? b. Where is his mother from? c. Where did they meet? d. Where was he born? e. Where did he go to school? f. Where did he go to university? Curriculum Vitae (Your life and skills)

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CurriculumVitae [lat] or Resume [Fr.] is a summary of personal information. The optimum length is two sides of A4, but generally it depends on the job. Here is a model. CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Anthony David Crawford Date of Birth: 19 February 1971 Present address: Flat 4, Bleak House. 61 Corporation Street. Poole, Dorset BH 13 3NG Telephone: 01 202- 176334 Education: 1991-1994 University of Blandford B.Sc. in Biochemistry 1987-1989 St. Basils School, Swanage Work experience 1996-present Fastgro Fertilizers plc. Poole. Research assistant 1994-1996 Sunshine Detergents plc. Swindon. Trainee manager 1993 (summer vacation) Teaching Volleyball at Camp Granada New Jersey, USA (childrens summer camp) Languages: B2 level: French , Latin (in conformity with EFL there are six levels, from A1 to C2 A1 elementary, C2 proficient user) Other skills: Voluntary work: Save the whales campaign, 1992-present (area secretary) Sports: Captain of volleyball team at university References available on request. Practice Now these questions will help you to write your CV. Personal details name address telephone number (in some countries date of birth, sex and marital status) Work experience What is/was your job/ job title?
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Where do/ did you work? When did you work there? (... from to) What do/ did you do in your job? (begin the list with recent job) Personal qualities Which of these things are you good at doing? - communicating with people - using machines - working with hands - selling things - thinking of new ideas - organizing yourself/ other people/ information - working by yourself/ in a team - learning languages Special skills/ interests Do you have any special skills or training? (e.g. word processing/ first aid/ sports) Do you do any voluntary work or community service? Do you have any certificates? Where did you get them? (e.g. during military service, at an evening class) Can you drive? Can you play a musical instrument? Do you have any hobbies? What do you like doing in your free time? Education What qualifications do you have? What subjects are you studying? Which schools/ colleges did you attend/ are you attending? When were you there? (begin with recent qualifications) Languages Which languages can you speak? What level are you (EFL)? Questions types Question formation Questions with is/ are am/ was/ were Statement Question She is tired. Is she tired? They were early. Were they early?
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Questions with modals Statement They would like one. He must go. They can swim. It will rain.

Question Would they like one? Must he go? Can they swim? Will it rain?

Questions with the auxiliaries do/ do/ did Statement Question He likes tennis. Does he like tennis? They live there. Do they live there? She went home. Did she go home? Question tags Questions tags are used when we expect the listener to agree with us or confirm the correctness of what we are saying. Question tags agree grammatically with the main part of the sentence. Its a nice day, isnt it? She knew him, didnt she? It wasnt right, was it? You dont study French, do you? Closed questions Purpose of question: checking information Type of response: Yes/ No response Short closed question: Did you work in France? Tag question: You worked in France, didnt you? Statement with question intonation: You worked in France? Statement with So/ I see: So/ I see you worked in France. Information questions Purpose of questions: asking for specific information Type of response: Yes/ No response: limited response Short closed questions: Did you work in France? Long closed question: Did you work in France or (did you work) in Germany? Wh question: Where did you work last year? Indirect questions:
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Can you tell me where you worked last year? Open questions Purpose of question: communication Type of response: open response/ free response Open Wh- question: How did you feel about working in France? What did you think of France? What things did you like about working in France? Totally open questions: Can you tell me about yourself? What is the meaning of life? Practice The following questions may be used to ask anything about any object. External appearance What is it? What does it look like? What colour is it? What does it feel/ smell/ sound like? Size/ weight How long is it? How wide is it? How big is it? How much does it weigh? Construction Whats it made of? Is it made of natural or synthetic materials? Who made it? Was it made by hand? Was it made by machine? Function Whats it for? What do we do with it? Age Is it new/ modern/ old? How old is it? When was it made? Origin Where does it come from? Wheres it from?
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Who does it belong to? Whose is it? Where was it made? Where did the materials come from? Value Is it valuable? How much does /did it cost? What is it worth? Design Is it well designed? Is it decorated or plain? How can you make it better? Opinion Do you like it? Would you like one of these? Is this example a good (one) or a bad one)

UNIT 7 INTERVIEW FOR A JOB PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

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An interview Saying the wrong thing 1. Ms Driscoll Lets get straight to the point. Why do you want this job? Interviewee 1 Well, I read the advertisement and the salary is much better than Im earning now. Ms. Driscoll Is the money important to you? Interviewee 1 Oh, yeah! Its important to everyone, isnt it? But its not just that. I believe you have a lot of hotels in the Caribbean and the far East, and that employees can get cheap holidays there 2. Ms. Driscoll Ah, I see from your resume that youve won several gold medals for ballroom dancing. Interviewee 2 Yes, thats right. Ms Driscoll And youve been to several countries for competitions, including Japan. Interviewee 2 Yes I have. Ms Driscoll Mm. What did you think of Japan? Interviewee 2 It was very nice. Ms Driscoll Would you like to work abroad? Interviewee2 Uh... I dont know. 3. Ms Driscoll Are you still working at the Whitbury Hotel? Interviewee 3 Yes, I am. But I want to leave. Ms Driscoll Why is that? Interviewee 3 The hotel isnt doing very well, and there are a lot of problems. Business is down. Ms Driscoll What are the problems? Interviewee 3 The restaurant manger is absolutely useless. There have been so many complaints from guests! Last Saturday, this woman came into reception and she told me 4. Ms Driscoll Do you enjoy meeting people? Interviewee 4 Mm. Yeah, its very interesting to umyou knowI enjoy meeting, um, different peopleyou know what I mean. They are all kind of, uh, solikeumwell, uminteresting
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5. Ms Driscoll Youve worked in a bank for two years. Why are you interested in hotel reception work? Interviewee 5 Well, I like meeting people and I have a lot of friends who work in the tourist industry. In fact, my friend Michael has just come back from Spain. He has a tour guide in Granada. Hes told me so much about the tourist industry. Granada is getting very popular now. You can fly there from Barcelona and Madrid Ms Driscoll Do you speak any foreign languages? Interviewee 5 No, but Michael speaks brilliant Spanish and hes going to teach me.

Practice 6. Ms Driscoll Why have you had five different jobs during the last year? Interviewee 6 Ive had a lot of bad luck recently. Stupid things, really. One of the jobs was a long way from home, and my car broke down. Things like that you know. Ms Driscoll Oh I see Interviewee 6 Yeah, and then I was training to be a flight attendant, but I had motion sickness 7. Ms Driscoll and there are any questions youd like to ask me? Interviewee 7 Uh, no. I cant think of anything. Ms Driscoll Would you enjoy working in reception? Interviewee 7 I dont know. I think so. I dont know much about it.

PAST SIMPLE - Timpul trecut simplu (Past simple) exprim o actiune trecut i terminat ntr-un anumit moment din trecut, bine definit. e.g. When I was sixteen, I married Hubert. Yesterday I was at home. - Momentul trecut, bine definit poate fi exprimat fie printr-un adverb de timp, fie printr-o propozitie ce face referire la trecut. e.g. I worked from 6.00 a.m. until 10.00 p.m.
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-yesterday -last year -when I was young -in 1940 Alte expresii: -last night -last Saturday -last week -last month -last year -yesterday morning -yesterday afternoon -yesterday evening - Timpul Trecut simplu se folosete pentru a povesti ceva: e.g. Once upon a time there lived a king who had eleven sons and one daughter. - Din punctul de vedere al formelor lor de baz, verbele se impart in dou categorii: verbe regulate (a) si verbe neregulate (b) regular, irregular verbs. a. Verbele regulate formeaza Trecutul simplu prin adaugarea terminaiei ed: e.g. work + ed; want + ed; help + ed; wash + ed. bake + d ; like + d ; use + d. - Verbele alctuite dintr-o singur silab, si care au ca terminaie o consoan, dubleaz consoana : e.g. stop + ped ; plan + ned ; grab + bed. -Verbele bisilabice, dubleaz consoana dac accentul cade pe a doua silab: e.g. pre `fer +red; ad` mit + ted. - Dar nu se dubleaz dac accentul cade pe prima silab: e.g. enter +ed ; visit +ed - Verbele care au terminaia -y, precedat de o consoana, -y -i+ed e.g. carri + ed ; cri + ed ; tri + ed ; studi + ed - dar y nu se schimb dac este precedat de vocal: e.g. play + ed b.Forma de Trecut simplu ale verbelor neregulate o gsim intr-un tabel: IRREGULAR VERBS BASE FORM be become begin PAST SIMPLE was/were became began PAST PARTICIPLE Been Become Begun
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TRANSLATI ON a fi a deveni a ncepe

break bring build buy can catch choose come cost cut do drink drive eat fall feel fight find fly forget get give go grow have hear hit keep know learn

broke brought built bought could caught chose came cost cut did drank drove ate fell felt fought found flew forget got gave went grew had heard hit kept knew learnt/learne d leave left lose lost make made pay paid put put read[ri : d] read [red] ride rode run ran say said see saw sell sold send sent

Broken brought Built Bought been able Caught Chosen Come Cost Cut Done Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Felt Fought Found Flown forgotten, forgot Got Given Gone Grown Had Heard Hit Kept Known learnt/learned Left Lost Made Paid Put read [red] ridden Run Said Seen Sold Sent
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a sparge a aduce a construi a cumpra a fi capabil a prinde a alege a veni a costa a taia a face a bea a conduce a mnca a cdea a simi a lupta a gsi a zbura a uita a ajunge a obine, a pleca a crete a avea a auzi a lovi a pstra a ti, a nvaa a pleca, a pierde a face a plti a pune a citi a clri a alerga a spune a vedea a vinde a trimite

a nchide a cnta a se aeza a dormi a vorbi a cheltui, a petrece stand stood stood a sta n picioare steal stole stolen a fura swim swam swum a innota take took taken a lua tell told Told a spune, a povesti think thought thought a gndi, a crede understand understood understood a nelege wake woke woken a se trezi wear wore worn a purta win won Won a ctiga write wrote written a scrie - La timpul trecut verbele au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele, general vorbind :

shut sing sit sleep speak spend

shut sang sat slept spoke spent

Shut sung Sat slept spoken spent

Affirmative (Afirmativ) I worked You worked He/she/it worked We/you/they worked Negative (Negativ) I did not work. You did not work. He / she /it did not work. We / you / they did not work.

Question (Interogativ) Did I work ? Did you work ? Did he/she/it work ? Did we/you/they work ?

Forma scurt didnt se folosete cu precdere n vorbire i n stilul familiar (informal style). Verbul auxiliar To be are dou forme:

Affirmative I was
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Question Was I ?

You were He / she / it was We / you / they were Negative I was not You were not He / she / it was not We / you / they were not

Were you ? Was he/she/it ? Were we/you/they ?

Formele scurte (contrase) se folosesc in vorbire si in stilul familiar. Were not - werent Was not - wasnt Rspunsuri scurte (short answers) Did you do your homework yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Were you at school yesterday? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE e.g. Ive worked here for ten years. Have you ever been to America? Cei care studiaz limba englez gsesc acest timp extrem de dificil. Forma lui seamn cu cea a multor timpuri din limbile romanice, dar ceea ce exprim este cu totul diferit. Alegerea ntre Present Perfect sau Past Simple, Present Perfect sau Present Simple nu se refer la timp. e.g. Ive worked as a barman. I worked as a barman. Ambele propoziii se refer la aceeai aciune din trecut. Alegerea se refer ns la aspect, adic, la modul n care vorbitorul percepe aciunea. Astfel prima propoziie se refer la experiena de via a cuiva, prin urmare momentul cnd s-a petrecut aciunea nu este important. Present Perfect leag trecutul de prezent. In cea de-a doua propoziie, ne ateptm ca o expresie de timp s ne precizeze cnd exact se petrece aciunea. e.g. I worked as a barman when I was in France. 1. Care este forma? - subiect + have + participiu trecut (past participle) POSITIVE ( AFIRMATIV) I have seen the queen.
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You have seen the queen. We have seen the queen. They have seen the queen. Forma scurt: ve = have He has worked before. She has worked before. It has worked before. Forma scurt: s = has Question (interogativ) Where have I worked before? Where have you worked before? Where have we worked before? Where have they worked before? Where has he worked before? Where has she worked before? Negative (negativ) I have not finished yet. You have not finished yet. We have not finished yet. They have not finished yet. He has not finished yet. She has not finished yet. It has not finished yet. Forme scurte: hasnt = has not; havent = have not. Rspunsuri scurte: A: Have you done your homework? B: Yes, I have. A: Has he arrived yet? B: No, he hasnt? 2. Cnd utilizm Present Perfect Simple? A.Unifinished Past (trecut neterminat): Present Perfect Simple se folosete pentru o aciune care a nceput n trecut i mai continu nc. e.g. I have been a teacher for ten years. He has had a car since he was 18. Expresii de timp: - for (ten years, two weeks, half an hour, ages) + perioada; - since (August, last year, Christmas, 8.00) + momentul. B. Experience (experiena): Present Perfect Simple se folosete pentru o aciune care s-a petrecut n trecut i este ncheiat, dar pe noi nu ne intereseaz cnd, ci ne intereseaz experiena de via a cuiva. De notat este
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faptul c dac sunt date mai multe detalii, atunci timpul se schimb n Past Tense. e.g. Have you ever been in a car crash? I have never been to Paris. dar A: Have you ever had a car accident? B: Yes, I have. A: When did it happen? B: In 1979. I was driving down a road when a car came out in front of me. C. Present Result (rezultat prezent): Present Perfect Simple se refer la o aciune trecut, dar al crei rezultat are loc n prezent. e.g. The taxi has arrived. (It is outside the house now.) She has broken her leg. (That is why she cannot walk.) 3. Cu ce alte expresii de timp se mai folosete? - already (deja): e.g. We have already talked about Present Perfect Simple. - just (tocmai): e.g. The teacher has just entered the classroom. - yet (nc): e.g. Havent you finished eating yet? - recently (recent): e.g. They have recently moved into a new house. - lately (n ultima vreme): e.g. Have you seen him lately? 4. Cum se formeaz Past Participle (participiu trecut)? n cazul verbelor regulate (regular verbs), participiul se formeaz la fel ca i trecutul (Past Simple), adugnd ed. e.g.-to work; worked n cazul verbelor neregulate (irregular verbs), participiul trecut este forma a treia din tabelul verbelor neregulate. PRESENT PERFECT VERSUS SIMPLE PAST When we say that something has happened, we are thinking about the present and the past at the same time. The action started in the past, but there is a result or consequence in the present: Ive lost my purse. (Present perfect) We know that the action losing the purse was in the past, but there is a consequence in the present (you dont have the purse now). If you say I lost my purse (past simple) we dont know that the consequence is now. Maybe you dont have the purse, maybe you found it later and you have it now; the sentence gives us no information about now.
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Practice Questions with Present Perfect - How many jobs have you had/ schools have you been to? - How long have you had your present job/ been at your present school? - How many job interviews have you had? - Have you ever worked in a hotel? - Have you ever used your English at work? - Have you ever been abroad? - Have you ever been to an English-speaking country? Questions with Past Simple Assessing an interview questionnaire Which of the expressions did the applicant have during the interview? Always the same Shy Nervous Bored Friendly Interested Unhappy Worried How confident was the applicant? Over-confident Confident Quite confident Not al all confident How often did the applicant smile during the interview? All the time Often Hardly ever Not at all How was the applicant sitting during the interview? Still Moving a lot Leaning forward Leaning back Did the applicant do any of these things? Touching hair or clothes Folding arms Crossing legs Waving hands
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Showing the palms of the hands Avoiding eye contact Mirroring the interviewers body language How did the applicant speak? You can tick more than one box. Spoke clearly Didnt speak too loudly or too quietly Didnt speak too quickly or too slowly Answered questions well Used good vocabulary Sounded interested and enthusiastic How often did the applicant say err or uh or um (or similar things)? Frequently Quite often Occasionally Hardly ever

MORE PRACTICE
1. Complete the text with the verbs: look, feel, taste, smell. a. Her perfumelike summer flowers. b. Put a shell to your ear. It..like the sea. c. Ergh! The water from the kitchen tap.like water from a swimming pool! d. That woman is very good-looking. She..like Princess Diana. e. The cardigans very soft. It..like 100% wool, but it isnt. its acrylic.

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2. Choose the right word. a. You should read this book. Its very interested/ interesting. a. I always feel very relaxing/ relaxed after a hot bath. b. She is very depressed/ depressing after she failed her exams. c. The journey was very long and tiring/ tired. d. His behaviour is very embarrassing/ embarrassed when hes drunk. e. She was surprised/ surprising when she won 10,000 in the lottery. f. Their parents were very annoying/ annoyed with them. 3. Complete the spaces: a. A man with long hair is a long-haired man. b. A carpet that someone fits into a room is a c. An egg that someone has boiled is a .. d. A programme that someone has recorded is a . e. A woman with blue eyes is a . f. A car that someone designed well is .. 4. Complete the spaces with adverbs: a. Shes a good singer. She sings. b. They work They are hard workers. c. Hes a bad driver. He drives . d. I walk .Im a fast walker. e. Theyre a loud band. They play . 5. Write a list of five things that you and your partner have. Compare them. E.g. My pen is less expensive than her pen, but its newer. 6. Put appropriate frequency adverbs into the correct places in the sentences below. a. The sun rises in the east. b. Ive been to Antarctica. c. It rains in England. d. It rains in the Sahara Desert. e. TV programmes are violent. f. I am late for work. g. I drink tea. 7. Underline the verbs of perception in this text, then circle the adjectives after each of them. Big Muddy River are a rock group. Their new album sounds great! They look good, too. I feel relaxed when I listen to them. My favourite musician is the guitarist. He seems very shy, and he looks young.
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8. Object pronouns are: me/ you/ her/ him/ it/ us/ them. Put object pronouns into the spaces. a. Thats my pen! Give it to .. b. Mr. and Mrs Gray? I dont know c. Shes very nice. I like d. Jenny and I will be in the coffee shop at 11 oclock. Can you meet there? e. I cant find my book. I put over there somewhere. f. Id like to phone later. Are you going to be at home? 9. Choose the correct verbs. a. can you see/ watch/ look at my car? Theres something wrong with the engine. b. Its very dark in here. I cant see/ watch/ look at anything! c. Sorry, can I phone you later? Im seeing/ looking at/ watching the news on TV. d. Please see/ watch/ look at the board, said the teacher. e. Ow! Theres something in my eye. Can you see/ watch/ look at what it is? 10. Answer the following questions about the text Keep your distance. 1. Who stand close when theyre asking question? 2. How do we feel when somebody stands or sits too close? 3. Who stands closer people in big cities or people in small towns? 4. Who stands the closest? 5. How far do people in India stand or sit? 6. What about Britain, Australia and North America? 7. And Japan, Denmark and Brazil? 8. Can you explain why some cultures say about others that they are cold and unfriendly, while other cultures say there are assertive and aggressive cultures? 11. Use the suitable gesture. Sit down! Stay back I dont want trouble. You, yes you! Do you want a punch in the nose? Sorry, I cant hear! She cant stop talking! Talk, talk! No! No way! Im not going to do it! I really dont understand at all. Who? Me?
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12.Choose the correct form of the verb. a. She buys/ bought a CD yesterday. b. They see/saw seen the film last night. c. We come/ came to school early today. d. He washes/ washed his hair before he went to the party. e. I fly/ flew/ flown to New York last year. f. We finish/ finished work an hour ago. g. My test mark was 83% because I know/ known/ knew a lot of the answers. 13. Choose the correct form of the verb. a. Have you ever been/ went/ go to Texas? b. He have/ has never been to Canada. c. Have/ Has/ Had they finished yet? d. Shes lived in China for/ since five years. e. Weve yet/ just heard the news. f. Ive often see/ saw/ seen it on TV. g. Ive already/ yet eaten it. h. They hasnt / havent done it yet. i. Have you do/ done / did everything yet? 14. Complete already, ever, never, yet. a. We havent finished unit three b. Have you .been to Canada? c. Shes only fourteen, and shes .studied five languages. d. No, hes.been to France e. Has your company.exported goods to Britain? f. Ive ..applied for three jobs, but no one has replied. 15Put the words in the correct order. a. journey?/ you/ Did/ good/ a /have b. long/ company?/ your/ How/ you/ for/ have/ worked/ present c. you/ speak? many/ languages/ do/ How d. operate/ you/ computer?/ Can/ a Macintosh e. processing?/ word/ Have/ studied/ you f. college?/ you did/ When/ leave g. us/ you/ Would/ to/ any/ like/ questions?/ ask 16Choose the correct word. a. Paul McCartney and John Lennon was/ were/ are born in Liverpool. b. Her parents got/ get/ are married in Scotland. c. When did you leave/ to leave/ left school? d. Which schools have/ are/ did you attend? e. He didnt/ wasnt/ dont go to university.
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f. Are you good at working with/ by/ at yourself? g. Shes got a diploma in computer studies, has/ hasnt/ isnt she? h. You didnt learn to type, did/ isnt/ didnt you? i. Have you ever go/ been/ went to England? j. How many jobs has/ did/ have he had? k. Ive never/always/ never been to New Zeeland. l. What do you do by/ for/ during your free time? m. She spoke quietly but confidently/ confident/ confiding. n. How often/ long/ much time have you had your present job? o. John F. Kennedy has died/ died/ dying in 1963. p. Kennedys ancestors were fro an Irishman/ Ireland/ Irish. q. Can you spell/ spelling/ to spell your last name, please? r. Walk is regular/ irregular/ a verb in the past tense. s. Done is the past simple/ past participle/ present perfect of do. 17. Write your CV. 18. Make 10 questions about personal information and then answer them.

UNIT 8 LONDON AND NEW YORK

Read the following text: London The capital city of England and the United Kingdom lies on the River Thames, which winds through the city. Its many bridges are a famous sight. The oldest is London Bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in stone in 1217. The most distincitve is Tower Bridge, which was designed to blend in with the nearby Tower of London. The Tower which is guarded by the Yeoman Warders, was built in the 11th century. In the medieval period London grew rapidly in size and importance. Westminster Abbey and the Guildhall date from this time, and the Palace of Westminster became the meeting place of Parliament. In 1666 many buildings were destroyed in the
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Fire of London. This provided an oportunity for architects like Cristopher Wren to redesign much of the city. As Londons population increased, new streets, squares and parks were added, and many public buildings. London was heavily bombed in World War II, after which a new cycle of rebuiding began. London is a busy commercial and cultural centre. Many important financial organizations, including the Bank of England and the Stock Exchange, are located in the area called the City. Part of the old port in east London has been redeveloped as a business centre, called Docklands. In the West End there are theatres, cinemas, museums and shops. Many people who work in London commute by train or bus from the suburbs because buying a house or flat near the centre is very expensive. Differents parts of the city are linked by the famous red London buses, black taxi cabs and the London Underground, often called the Tube. People from all over the world have been attracted to London and it is now a cosmopolitan, multicultural city. People from other parts of Britain sometimes think that it is very noisy and dirty. Many go there only for the bright lights the theatres round Shaftesbury Avenue or the shops of Oxford Street. Others take their children to see the sights, such as Buckingham Palace, where the Queen lives, and the clock tower from which Big Ben sounds the hours. Young people are attracted to the bars and comedy clubs of Covent Garden, to live music concerts, and to live music concerts, and to the stalls of Camden market. Ever since 2000 many people have been visiting the Millennium Dome, a very large structure with a round roof designed for exibitions, built on the occasion of the 21st century, opened to the public on 1st January 2000 until 31st December 2000. It is now the O2, a large entertainment district including an indoor arena, a music club, a cinema, an exhibition space, pizzas and bars and restaurants. Practice: 1. Find the answers for these questions. 1. Where does London lie? . 2. Name two of its most famous bridges. . 3. When was the Tower of London built? . 4. What other old buildings can you name?
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 5. Name two financial organizations that are located in the City? 6. What is the name of the business centre? .. 7. Why people working in London commute by train or by bus from the suburbs? 8. What sights are the different categories of visitors interested in? 9. What is Millennium Dome? 10. When was it built and why? 2. In no more than 100 words (10 minutes) speak about our capital city including information like facts about its important sights, its history, something which in your opinion is worth visiting. 3. Summarize the text about London in no more than 150 words. Read the following text: NEW YORK There is a great sense of excitement in New York and it has a reputation for being the city that never sleeps. The Big Apple, as it is sometimes called, feels alive, fast and at the centre of everything, with cars hooting, yellow taxis weaving through the traffic, brightly lit theatres and restaurants busy late into the night. The city offers enormous contrasts. Some of the most expensive homes in the world are in New York City, but on the pavements outside are poor people without a home. It is possible to pay hundreds of dollars for a meal in a restaurant or eat good filling food for a couple of dollars from a street vendor. Many Americans have never been to New York, but everyone knows something about the city. They are familiar with the tall Manhattan skyline, Times Square with its brightly lit advertisements, Madison Square Garden, where many sports events take place, Wall Street, its financial heart, the Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island where many of their ancestors first arrived in the US.
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New York was founded in 1624 by the Dutch who called it New Amsterdam. Its Dutch origins can be seen in the names of old New York families like Stuyvesant and Vanderbilt, and in the place names such as Brooklyn (originally Breukelen) and Harlem. In 1664 the English gained control and changed the name to New York. In 1898 several towns were combined to make Greater New York City, which became the second largest city in the world after London, though at the time part of it consisted of farms. Soon after, many buildings were constructed, and in 1904 the New York subway was opened. Many immigrants to the US stayed in New York, giving the city the variety of cultures it has today. During the 1920s New York had many speakeasies (= bars serving alcohol), which were illegal but very popular. This was also the time of the Harlem Renaissance, when Harlem became a centre for African American arts and culture. In the latter half of the century wealthier people began moving out to the suburbs. Today there are about 7 million people in the city and 18 million in the area around it. New Yorkers speak in a very direct way which can seem rude to people from other parts of the US. Some have little patience with visitors who are not used to the fast pace of the city. But for many visitors, meeting real, rude New Yorkers is part of the attraction of going to the city. Practice (1): 1. Make questions for the following answers. 1..? Other names used to call New York are the city that never sleeps and Big Apple. 2. ? It is called like this because it feels alive, fast and it is the centre of everything. 3...? It is the city of contrasts because here you can find the most expensive homes in the world and poor people on the pavements, you can pay hundreds of dollars for a meal in a restaurant or eat good, filling food for a couple of dollars from a street vendor. 4.? Some of the well-known places in New York are: Manhattan skyline, Times Square, Madison Square Gardens, Wall Street, Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island.
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5? The city was founded by the Dutch in 1624 who called it New Amsterdam. 6. ..? We can see the Dutch origins of the city in the names of old families in New York, Stuyvesant and Vanderbilt and also in place names, Brooklyn and Harlem. 7? The English called it New York in 1664. 8.? In 1898 it became Greater New York City, the second largest city in the world after London and the New York subway was opened in1904. 9. ..? New York has 7 million inhabitants in the city and 18 million in the suburbs. 10...? New Yorkers are direct, even rude but for the visitors they are part of the attraction of going to the city. 2. In no more than 150 words speak about the Big Apple. 3. Have you ever visited a city in another country? Write about it or about a city in Romania in no more than 100 words (10 minutes). Try to include information like: important places to visit, things connected to its history, things connected to the people and others. 4. Match the words and their definitions. 1. hoot To go or make a path by moving quickly and changing direction often, especially to avoid things road for people to walk on the fast rate or speed of something (of people or their behaviour) showing no respect or consideration to sound the horn of a vehicle a person who sells food or
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3. pavement 4. street vendor 5. ancestor

6. subway 7. suburb

small items from a stall in the open air 8. rude 9. pace 10. filling food (US) an underground railway in a city any of the people from whom somebody is descended a district away from the centre of a town or city

5. Match the words with their definitions. Wind collection of things shown publicly Yeoman places of interests in a town or city Yeomen Warder travel regularly by bus, train or car between ones home and ones work Commute containing or influenced by people all over the world Suburb situated, done or used inside a building Sights to follow a curving or twisting course Stall British kings or queens bodyguards Cosmopolitan a farmer that owned and worked his own land indoor a district away from the centre of a city or town exhibition small shop with an open front from which things are sold in a market

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UNIT 9 THE BRITISH AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLES

Read the following text: THE BRITISH PEOPLE The United Kingdom consists of four nations, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, each with its own special character. Welsh and Scottish people feel their national identity very strongly, and value their cultural heritage. In Wales the Welsh language is used alongside English, and in Scotland over 75 000 people speak Gaelic. There are also many people of Asian, West Indian and African origin living in Britain, who retain some of their formal loyalties and cultural traditions. Until recently, British politics tended to be dominated by England, but both Wales and Scotland now have their own political assemblies, as well as continued representation in the British parliament. In Ireland nationalism has been complicated by religious and political loyalties. Pressure for Irish independence grew during the 19th century and finally led to independence for the south of Ireland in 1921. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, a cause of the recent Troubles. After many years of violence a Northern Ireland Assembly was set up in 1998.
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Although people move around the country to study or find work, national and regional rivalries based on traditional stereotypes can still be found. The most significant division in England is the North-South Divide. It is primarily an economic division between the richer south, particularly the area around London, and the poorer north. Some Londoners dismiss the whole of England north of London as the provinces where, they believe, there is little culture. The south likes to think that it is more sophisticated and more outward-looking. But the north can claim many positive things such as beautiful countryside, a less pressured lifestyle and often cheaper housing. Northerners are also said to be more cheerful and friendly than the southerners. Rural north Wales tends to be more traditional than the industrial south, where English influence is stronger. In Scotland, Highland people traditionally regarded form Lowlands as untrustworthy and weak. Lowlanders believed Highlanders were more aggressive and less civilized. Perhaps the greatest unifying factor between the two has been a dislike of Sassenachs (= English people). For many British people the ideal place to live is a village set in attractive countryside. To those living in towns, villages conjure up images of peace, a slow pace of life, pretty cottages and a country pub. But living in a village may be inconvenient, especially for people without a car, as many village shops have been forced to close and public transport services are limited. Most people now live in towns, in city suburbs or in larger villages which have become dormitory communities for nearby towns. Some cities, such as Bath, Chester, York and London, are very old. New Castle, Manchester and Birmingham are industrial towns which have good and bad times according to the changing patterns of industry. New towns like Milton Keynes were built to relieve overcrowding in older cities. Aberdeen, Glasgow, Swansea, Bristol and Liverpool all developed as ports. Important industries in Britain today include gas and oil production from the North Sea, engineering, pharmaceuticals, textile manufacture, food processing, electronics, tourism and insurance. Along the coasts fishing is an important source of income. Coal mining is now much less widespread than before. Much of the coal produced is used in power stations to generate electricity. The main centres of the steel industry are in south Wales, northern England and the Midlands. Factories are often located together on an industrial estate on the edge of a town. Many service industries are still based in or near London, but modern telecommunications have allowed companies to move to places where rents are cheaper and there are people needing jobs. Practice 1. Find the questions for these answers.
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1.? The United Kingdom consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 2. ? The Welsh people speak Welsh alongside with English whereas the Scots speak Gaelic alongside English. 3? Politically speaking, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own assemblies and the south of Ireland gained its freedom in 1921. 4..? Nowadays there are still rivalries between north and south, principally based on economic reasons. 5. ..? The southerners think they are more sophisticated and more outward-looking whereas the northerners are said to be more cheerful and friendly. 6. ? The southerners are more industrial and the northerners are more traditional. 7? The greatest unifying factor between Lowlanders and Highlanders is that they dislike English people. 8. .? Most of the British people prefer living in a village, but living in a country may sometimes be inconvenient especially for people without a car. 9? Some important industries in Britain are gas and oil production, from the North Sea, engineering, pharmaceuticals, textile manufacture, food processing, electronics, tourism and insurance or fishing along the coasts. 10.? Many service industries are based in or near London, but the telecommunications allowed companies to move to places where the rent is cheaper. 2. Speak about the Romanian people in about 100 words (10 minutes). 3. Now write about the Romanian people under the same coordinates 100 words. Read the following text: AMERICAN HOMES In the US there is plenty of space, except in big cities, so many houses are large and have a lot of garden around them. Most are detached (= not joined to another house), but there are also duplexes, which are similar to
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British semi-detached houses. Ranch-style houses are built on one floor only. Mansions are very large houses where rich people live. Some types of houses are associated with certain parts of the country. New York City, for instance, is famous for its brownstones, tall, narrow buildings named after the material used to build them. New England has clapboard houses, and in some cities there are row houses, similar to British terraces. In the Midwest there are many wooden frame houses with pointed roofs. The South has large wooden houses built before the Civil War in the antebellum style. Many Americans prefer to live in suburbs rather than in a city centre, in order to have a pleasant environment and plenty of space. They often live on housing developments, areas where all the houses were built at the same time and are similar in style. Most of the 97 million households in the US have a home with at least five rooms and more than one bathroom. Most also have a front yard (= garden) and a back yard. In the cities many people rent an apartment in an apartment building. Apartments usually have no more than three bedrooms, and are often rented furnished. An apartment with only one room may be called a studio or a loft. A building in which the apartments are owned by the people who live in them is called a condominium or, in some places, a co-op. Poor people may live in apartments in tenements (= large old buildings) in the downtown area of a city, in small, very basic houses or in mobile homes. Despite the name, many people keep their mobile home in a trailer park and never move it. A typical US house has two storeys or floors. Upstairs there are several bedrooms and at least one bathroom. The parents share the master bedroom, which may have its own bathroom attached. Children often have their own bedrooms. Extra rooms are used as a study or playroom or as guest bedrooms. Downstairs there is a kitchen, a living room and a dining room. There is usually also a bathroom or a half bath, which has only a toilet and sink (BrE washbasin). Many houses have a porch (= covered area outside the house) where people sit when the weather is hot. Americans take pride in their homes and like to show visitors round. Bedrooms are usually considered the private space of the people who sleep in them, and children are allowed a great deal of freedom in their bedrooms. Parents usually knock before entering. Children are given the responsibility of cleaning their rooms, and the right to decide when that is necessary. This often leads to disagreement between parents and children. In summer screens are put in doorways and windows, which allow fresh air to come in but keep insects out. Most houses have air-conditioning. In winter screens are replaced with glass storm doors and storm windows to

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keep the cold out. Central heating is standard, but many houses have also fireplaces where wood can be burned. Americans often move home from one city to another. Finding a new place to live is not difficult, except when moving to a very large city. It is usually possible to find an apartment to rent one day and to move into it the next. About 65% of US homes are owned by the people who live in them. The costs of buying and selling are relatively low. People thinking of buying a house ask a real estate agent or realtor, to show them several houses. When they decide on one, they discuss the price with the people who are selling it, and then arrange a mortgage (= loan) with a bank. People look different kinds of homes at different points in their lives. Students and young professional people tend to live in apartments near city centres. When people get married and have children they often move out of the city and buy a house in a suburb. In most suburbs it is possible to tell how much money people have by the size of their houses and yards. In some parts of the US it is also possible to guess the racial background of the person living in a house. Although it is illegal to practise racial discrimination, there is still segregation in many cities since white people tend to live in some areas and black people in others. Practice: 1. Find the answers to these questions. 1. Describe the houses in US and enumerate some types of houses. 2. There are types of houses associated with certain parts of the country. Enumerate some of them. 3. Why do some Americans prefer living in the suburbs? 4. What do people do in the cities? 5. How do the poor people live? 6. How does a typical American house look like? 7. What is a porch? 8. What is childrens responsibility and their right regarding their bedroom?
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9. Do the Americans find difficult to move in another home or city? 10. What kind of homes do people look for? 2. Speak about Romanian houses. 4. Write a paragraph to describe your house or flat. 5. Find the suitable explanation for these words. duplex room or space directly under the roof clapboard - US a large building with apartments or rooms rented cheaply suburb a buiding divided into two homes loft a fixed or movable structure used for dividing a room, concealing sth., protecting sb., smth condominium BE - weatherboard, each of a series of boards fixed so that they overlap on the side of a building to protect it from wind and rain tenement the action of segregating isolating people or things screen person whose job is to sell houses or land for others fireplace an open space for a fire in a room real estate agent/ realtor block of flats, each of which is owned by the person who lives in it segregation a district away from the centre of a city or town 6. Match the words with their definitions: consist in contrast to ones feelings (about expressions and actions) loyalty a fixed idea, image, etc. that many people have of a particular type of thing, but which is often not true in reality rivalry to consider sb/ sth not worth thinking or talking about stereotype found or distributed over a large area or number of people
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dismiss sophisticated outward untrustworthy overcrowding Widespread

to be composed of something the quality of being true and faithful in ones support of sb/ sth. the state of being rival having or showing a lot of experience of the world and social situations the state of having too many people in one place that cannot be trusted; not reliable

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UNIT 10 SHOPS AND SHOPPING

Read this text to find out information on shopping.

SHOPS AND SHOPPING For many people in both Britain and the US shopping is a popular leisure activity. Women, especially, may let a shopping trip fill an entire day. People often go window shopping without intending to buy anything, and may be tempted into buying goods that they do not really need. Other people, especially men, consider shopping tedious. Two expressions, the customer is king and the customer is always right, show how Americans, and to a lesser extent British people, expect to be treated when they shop. People like to look around freely, touch things and try clothes on. Book stores have comfortable chairs where people can sit and read, and often also have a caf. People expect to have a wide choice of goods, and most stores have several different makes and brands of each item. Price is also important. People look for special offers or wait to buy something is a sale, when the prices of most goods are reduced. Some people cut coupons out of newspapers and magazines to get money off products. Most stores give a high priority to customers comfort and convenience, because they want to make it easy and fun for them to spend their time and money in the store. Years ago, every British town had a range of small shops, including a grocer, a butcher, a greengrocer and a newsagent. Many of these specialist shops have gone out of business because large supermarkets or superstores, such as Sainsburys and Tesco, can change lower prices. Many supermarkets are on the edge of town and people need a car to get them. People who do not own a car may find shopping difficult. Some villages still have a post
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office and general store, and in towns there are usually several corner shops and mini-markets selling food and other items. Petrol stations often have a small shop selling food. In the US people may drive half an hour or more to a supermarket, and so buy food to last them a long time. Between trips, they buy food at small grocery stores or convenience stores close to where they live. Some are a part of big chains, some are mom-and-pop stores, run by a family, and others sell oriental or other foreign foods. Convenience stores are more expensive than supermarkets. In the US many food stores are open 24 hours, every day of the week. Others are open until at least 11 p.m. in Britain supermarkets may stay open for 24 hours on some days, but most food shops close at 9 p.m. or earlier. Many British people buy fruit and vegetables at a market because they are cheaper than in the supermarket. By contrast, food sold in markets in the US is usually more expensive. Many markets also sell clothes and household goods. In Britain, town centre shops are busiest at weekday lunchtimes and on Saturdays. Most of the shops are chain stores or department stores which sell clothes, shoes and things for the home. Prices are fixed, and most items have a price tag attached. Many towns have a covered shopping arcade or precinct, or an out-of-town shopping centre with branches of all the major stores. Americans used formerly to shop in the downtown areas of cities. In places like New York and Philadelphia there is still plenty of choice in downtown shopping, but elsewhere downtown shops have lost business to shopping malls, which people go to by car. A typical mall has one or more anchor stores, well-known stores which attract people in. The Mall of America in Minnesota is one of the largest, with 400 stores on four levels. Outlet malls have stores selling products at lower prices than in ordinary stores. The goods may be seconds (items with a slight fault), or have failed to sell during the previous season. In Britain outlet stores can usually be found in out-of-town shopping villages. Many people buy second-hand books, clothes, toys and households goods. Most towns have at lest one second-hand shop run by a charity, to which people give things they no longer want so that they can be sold to raise money for the charity. Other second-hand shops sell things on behalf of people and give them part of the sale price. People also buy and sell things through the classified advertisements columns in newspapers. In the US garage sales and yard sales also enable people to sell things they no longer want. Many people make a hobby out of going to garage sales to look for bargains. In Britain car boot sales are equally popular. Sometimes people organize a jumble sale (Am E rummage sale) to raise money for a school or charity.
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Mail-order shopping has a long tradition in the US. In the days when people were moving west many people lived a long way from any shops. The solution was the Sears and Roebuck catalogue, a thick book giving descriptions of every kind of product. People sent in their order by mail and the goods arrived the same way. Although Sears stopped producing its catalogue in the 1990s, mail-order shopping is still popular. People can now also browse the products of many companies on the Internet, place an order and pay by credit card. There are several mail-order services in Britain, and shopping on-line, especially for books, is becoming increasingly popular. Practice: 1. Provide suitable answers for these questions. 1. What does shopping represent for the Americans and British? . 2. What are different opinions about shopping? . 3. Which are the two opinions that show how the Americans want to be treated when they shop? 4. What choices do the Americans have when going shopping? 5. Name a few shops where the British used to do shopping some time ago? 6. What other shops still exist in some villages? 7. What time do the food shops stay open in US? 8. What is a shopping mall? 9. What is a second hand shop? What can you buy at a second hand shop? 10. How can you buy things when you live in a far away place? 2. Do you like going shopping? Where do you prefer going shopping? Speak about this leisure activity. 3. Write a dialogue of at least ten lines At the greengrocers. 4. Match the words and their definitions. window shopping a shop that sells food, household
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Tempt Tedious make/brand on the edge convenience store mom-and-pop store price tag anchor store outlet mall

items and stays open more than other stores a store that is run by a family a label showing the price of something well known store that attract people store that sells products cheaper than others persuade or try to persuade sb. to do sth. especially sth wrong or unwise the activity of looking at goods displayed in shop windows too long, slow or dull the name or origin of manufacture of a product the outside limit of an area

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UNIT 11 INTERVIEW FOR A JOB

Read the text below. INTERVIEW FOR A JOB Before you start looking for a job, it is a good idea to know what you would like to do not always easy as it sounds. If your English is good and youd like to work in Great Britain but youre not sure what you could do, visit the London University careers service facility, which has a very large number of books and publications. If you pay 4 pounds you can use the facilities for one day. If you want to go more deeply into finding a future career, then for 45 pounds you will be given a 5-day card to use the facilities and can have a one-hour interview with a career adviser. This person will interview you to find out about your qualifications, experience, likes, dislikes, your potential and aspirations, and then indicate which career path would be most suitable for you, as well as tell you how to start looking for work in the profession he or she indicates. After your CV has been read and appreciated as interesting enough, the manager responsible with human resources department is likely to invite you to an interview. In this respect there are few things you should know. DRESS SENSE Unless you are going for a job that highly values your personal creativity, you should forget your personal dress style and dress for the job you want. It isnt a bad idea to go to your prospective place of work some time before the day of your interview to see how people are dressed. To project a professional image, it is important to try to match the best of what you see and make sure you look clean and tidy. Most employers think that the more people care about themselves, the more they will care about their work. WHAT TO CARRY Dont go to an interview carrying a bulging briefcase, heavy overcoat or any other unprofessional paraphernalia. If you must bring these things to the interview, ask the secretary to keep them in her office or find another safe place to store them for the duration of your interview. You should bring a slim briefcase with a hair brush, some mints or breath freshners (pop one into your mouth a few minutes before going in), a handkerchief (to wipe your hands with if you find that youre sweating before that crucial first handshake which should be firm, but not a real finger crusher!) and some
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shoe polish and clothes brush if youve travelled a long distance. None of these items should be seen by your interviewer, of course. WHERE TO SIT The most common layout for interviews is across the table the classic negotiation style, eyeball to eyeball. When invited to take a sit, it is advisable to turn the chair 45 degrees. This displays considerable selfconfidence because you have moved the interviewers chair. (Practice doing it first, though, in the privacy of your own home!) Now you can turn your trunk, head and shoulders towards the interviewer as a sign of friendliness and interest. Whatever you do, dont sit on the edge of your chair, and dont make yourself too comfortable by stretching and leaning back, giving the impression that you own the chair and the office. WHERE TO LOOK Eye to eye contact is essential for this all-important moment. It makes the other person feel you are self-confident and interested in the conversation taking place. If you find it difficult to look people in the eye, practice beforehand, or if you find yourself more than one metre away, just look at your interviewers ear. Whatever you do, dont study the photographs on the desk, or look at the ceiling, your fingernails or your shoes.

FACE AND HEAD What we do with our face and head are also strong NVC (non-verbal clues). So smile and nod your head occasionally when the interviewer is talking to you. Lean forward a bit when listening to particularly important information or questions, and when replying. Obviously, dont overdo it, otherwise you create the impression that you only want to please. Again, practice makes perfect. HANDS AND LEGS What you do with your hands and legs is particularly important if you are interviewed across open space. Cross your legs at the foot or lower leg, not at the knee avoid the defensive high cross. Or place one foot firmly on the floor in front of the chair and the other foot tucked away under the chair with only the toe of the shoe touching the floor. If you tend to fidget, try interlacing your fingers and keeping your hands in you lap. The less people move their hands and arms, the more powerful they appear, as they dont have to gesticulate to communicate their message. So try to maintain LPM low peripheral movement to help you look relaxed and selfconfident. Practice:
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1. After you have read the text attentively answer the following questions. 1. What is the first thing you should do before start looking for a job? 2. Which is the next step after your CV has been read? 3. What clothes should you wear when going to an interview for a job? 4. What is the employers opinion regarding this aspect? 5. Which are the things you should carry at the interview? 6. Describe the position which the interviewee should adopt when invited to sit down. 7. Where it is advisable for the interviewee to look during the interview? 8. What do you do with your face and head? 9. What do you do with your hands and legs? 10. Do you think that gesticulating is important to communicate your message? 2. Now imagine you are interviewed for a job. Answer the following questions, posed in this respect. 1. Tell me about your family. 2. How do you spend your holidays? 3. What are your strengths and weaknesses? 4. What decisions do you find easy/ difficult to make? 5. How do you react to stress? 6. How do you work in a team? 7. Why did you choose to study this subject? 8. What is your ideal work environment? 9. When do you work best? 10.Why did you apply for this job? 11.How would you approach to this job? 12.Have you got any questions for your potential interviewer? 13.What sort of salary are you expecting? 14.What could you offer your organisation? 15.How did you learn English? 3. Write your CV. Do not forget to mention facts about you education, professional experience, other qualifications and skills, interests and also the name and address of someone who has known you personally.

4.Choose from the list to complete the sentences: good track record, dynamic, PC literate, good communication skills, highly motivated, good command, good career prospects, and mother tongue.
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1 You are ambitious and want to gain a promotion. You want a job with 2. You use the language well and are good at expressing yourself and communicating your ideas. You have 3. You are able to use a personal computer, so you are. 4. You are enthusiastic and very interested in the job. You are 5. You have been successful in your work up to now. You have. 6. You have lots of energy. You are.. 7. You were born and brought up in Italy. Italian is your. 8. You speak English well. You haveof English.

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MORE PRACTICE
1. In no more than 150 words speak about the Big Apple. 2. Have you ever visited a city in another country? Write about it or about a city in Romania in no more than 100 words (10 minutes). Try to include information like: important places to visit, things connected to its history, things connected to the people and others. 3. Speak about the Romanian people in about 100 words (10 minutes). 4. Now write about the Romanian people under the same coordinates 100 words. 5. Speak about Romanian houses. 6. Write a paragraph to describe your house or flat. 7. Now imagine you are interviewed for a job. Answer the following questions, posed in this respect. 1. Tell me about your family. 2. How do you spend your holidays? 3. What are your strengths and weaknesses? 4. What decisions do you find easy/ difficult to make? 5. How do you react to stress? 6. How do you work in a team? 7. Why did you choose to study this subject? 8. What is your ideal work environment? 9. When do you work best? 10.Why did you apply for this job? 11.How would you approach to this job? 12.Have you got any questions for your potential interviewer? 13.What sort of salary are you expecting? 14.What could you offer your organisation? 15.How did you learn English?

8. Write your CV. Do not forget to mention facts about you education, professional experience, other qualifications and skills, interests and also the name and address of someone who has known you personally.

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ENGLISH TEXTS
Why we went nuts about the iPhone Its hard to determine the wackiest aspect of iPhone craziness leading up to the launch of Apples eagerly (to say the least) awaited venture into the cellphone world on June 29. was it the relentless media attention? Or was it the lunacy of the people dying to get those phones at the earliest possible moment? Standing outside new Yorks Fifth Avenue Apple store on launch day, with dozens of reporters interviewing the masses who braved days of heat and rain to snare their palm-size prize, there was a sense of being in the middle of a Zeitgeist hurricane. When people got wind that I was in possession of an actual iPhone, I was mobbed by rubberneckers. Since then, Ive been suffering nightmares where I find myself gripping my iPhone for dear life, pursued, a la Hard Days Night, by a pack of rabid fanboys. The iPhone itself is off to a ring-a-ding start, selling an estimated 500,000 to 700,000 units the first weekend. (Apple and exclusive carrier AT&T arent announcing figures, but the latter did say it moved more iPhones that weekend than any previous cell phone sold in a month.) And the reviews are uniformly positive. (My own take, after three weeks of iPhoning, still holds: though theres still work to be done, the beautiful screen, the clever multitouch navigation and the well-designed applications make this gizmo a genuine breakthrough.) But sales figures and reviews dont speak to the unprecedented hoopla. What was it that made a 142-gram slab of silicon, aluminium and glass so important to us? In part, you can chalk it up to the iPod factor. Before 2001, Apple was a company that made cool computers that only a small fraction of the public cared to buy. But the next few years, 100 million customers discovered Apples tiny music player, and bonded with it as they had with no previous gadget. The same crowd welcomed the news that apple was going mobile. Everyone we talk to hates their phones, Steve Jobs told me the week before the launch. People wondered if Apple could do for cell phones what it did for MP3 players. When something comes along that promises to fulfill our ambitions, we pay attention. And when that something also promises to perform its duties with beauty and pizzazz- Apples trademarks we get a visceral buzz thats as much artistic enthusiasm as consumerism.
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In 1967, it was All You Need is Love. In 2007, its All You Need Is AT&T Activation. Welcome to the summer of technolust.

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U. of Europe? The partisans of a United Europe like to hail its most famous successes like the creation of a central bank, a single currency and a common moarket. For some reason, though an achivement that is perhaps no less important gets almost no attention: the common university system. Begun eight years ago, and it is largely complete. Who knew? Not long ago, moving students and staff between Europes largely state-controlled universities was next to impossible; U.K. admissions officers, for example, were baffled when confronted by Portuguese transcripts, which graded students on a 20-point scale. And the Portuguese were equally confused by what exactly differentiated a British first-class degree from an upper second. National funding systems across Europe discouraged mobility, rewarding institutions that retained students and providing no incentives to study away from home. Now finally much of that is changing. Degrees have become much easier to translate, thanks to the introduction of a uniform academic transcript the Diploma Supplement. And the length of time it takes to complete a bachelors degree or a masters degree is also being unified. The continents students hoping to study abroad wont be the only beneficiaries. The better Europe gets at moving its own students and academic staff around and the less idiosyncratic its famously eccentric schools become the more competitive it will be on the global education market. In this sense, the changes are well timed. Around the planet, more and more students are starting to act like picky global consumers. Europe has little choice but to make its academic menu as appealing an easy to read as possible. To that end, 45 nations have been working since 1999 through the so-called Bologna process to make comparing courses and transferring students and staff easier. Already the changes have produced a quiet revolution. A full 82 percent of European universities have ditched their old five- to six-year undergraduate program, which tended to be expensive for both the taxpayers and students. Teaching requirements on various subjects are also being aligned, and 75 percent of institutions now use a common system for bestowing and transferring academic credits. The new European Higher Education Area (as the Bologna process is properly known) should have fully standardized its member states by 2010, as planned. That represents an extraordinary successs for advocates of a unified Europe. Lesley Wilson, secretary-general of the European University
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Association, says the new system should entice more students to travel across the wider European area, producing the kind of flexible, cosmopolitan grades whom employers are looking for and raising the overall competitiveness of Europe and its schools. Of course, on a continent with so many languages and cultures, the process has been far from simple. Bologna promises to raise quality by imposing baseline controls; for their degrees to be recongnized, universities must meet minimum requirements on hour spent in the classroom and coursework submitted. But comparing university quality is notoriously difficult, particularly across borders. Predictably, the speed and reliability of the process have lagged: the new systems credit-accumulation and -transfer program has even been abused in some places, according to a European University Association study released this year. And than half of participating schools issue a Diploma Supplement to all graduating students (theyve all supposed to). There seems to be little chance that the renegades will be brought into line. European officials have stressed that the Bologna process should be voluntary. To be fair, the system has created awkward dilemmas for many universities, forcing them to choose between autonomy on one hand and Bologna transparent accountability on the other. But in the end, market forces should prevail; each institution will ultimately get to decide for itself to what extent it wants to cooperate and therefore compete. Unsurprisingly, universities that could benefit most from the added legitimacy Bologna will confer mostly those in Eastern Europe and Russia have been eager to adjust. Even Australia has voiced interest in aligning with the Bologna model. But universities in Britain, which already have sterling reputations worldwide, have felt little incentive to change. Britain does not yet automatically give standardized transcripts to its graduates. And this will disadvantage the students when seeking employment in mainland Europe. Another problem that arises is the confusion concerning the fact that in Braitain a three-year degree is called bachelors , whereas in Scotland it takes four years and is called masters. Nevertheless, despite all these so-called problems, what is really important is that the student mobility should spill over into new research and business collaboration, making the whole European economy more dynamic and efficient. In other words, if Bologna makes it easier for students to move around while learning and to get better jobs after graduating abroad than much of the continent should profit from i
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Of sound mind and body I wish I had read your articles about exercise and the brain 30 years. I spent most of my adult years living a sedentary life and fighting overweight, high cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure. A few years ago I changed my lifestyle and began to jog and work out daily. The results came almost immediately. Ever day after jogging and working out, I feel great. That is my daily dose of virtual Prosac in action. I lost 40 pounds in a period of six months and everything else adjusted into their proper levels with no pills and no magic, just exercise. (a reader from Brazil) Your article is what Ive been waiting for a long time. Im 60 years old and, continuing with my exercise, I have found the key to good health. Twice a week I swim 1,500 meters in 43 minutes. Exercise is the best thing we can do for our life, health, mind and body. For me, it has become a habit. With all my problems, I do not think I could cope with depression: Im sure now that exercise has been helping by controlling this problem. (a reader from Finland) If exercise are so beneficial to ones health, I fail to understand why we all take it so lightly. It is better to exercise hard and stay fit rather than be lethargic and keep falling sick. Your cover story was a real prescription to make us lazy types exercise regularly! (a reader from India) You write that no one really understands why stretching, weight lifting, etc., have little to no effect on cognition. I find this very hard to believe since earlier in the same article, you write that blood volume increases with exercise, and you specify that blood volume to the brain, the dentate gyrus, increases with exercise. Stretching and weight lifting do little to increase heart rate or oxygen uptake so it would seem that, according to the logic in the article overall, there should be a clear reason that these types of exercise have little to no effect on congnition. I would be very surprised if none of the researchers have thought of this. (a reader from Japan) Finally, an article about the relationship between exercise and mood my fitness buddis and I have discussed this for years. I was not an athletic youth and began a workout regimen solely to get in shape for my 10-year high-school reunion. Almost 20 years and scores of endorphin highs later. Im still hooked and love the benefits of regular exercise. When my children were young, I joined a gym for pregnant and nursing women, and discovered the correlation between exercise and stress relief. When I went back to work full time, I was concerned about how to squeeze in my exercise routine. I
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now get at 5 a.m. each weekday and take a spin class at the YMCA. After that kind of workout, I can face anything, including the hectic ritual of getting the kids ready for school. Show me a medication that can do that! (a reader from Pennsylvania, USA) My oldest brother has been an exercise enthusiast and practitioner since his day of high-school football, running, jogging, brisk-walking and lifting weights for more than 50 years. About two years ago he was diagnosed with a particularly brain disease. He is now in an Alzheimers care unit, unable to recognize family, friends or even to speak effectively. My conclusions? Exercise is good. Fitness is good. Communicating intelligently and intelligibly is even better. Living a life of loyalty and service to ones family, friends and others is the best. Fortunately, my brother was able to do this, but not as long as he wanted. Exercise does have its limits. (a reader from Texas, USA) As a registered nurse with years of experience as a diabetes educator and cardiac-rehabilitation specialist, I applaud your informative and timely article on the health benefits of exercise. However your choice of cover model is oh so unrealistic for 99,9 percent of us! Most people will react to her Pilates-perfect abs, sculpted biceps and yogic flexibility with a mental No way, never, not me! and stay on their couches. A far more attainable picture of fitness would be a fiftyish, somewhat soft, curvy lady in sweatpants, faded T shirt and floppy hat, walking briskly in her neighbouhood. Might I volunteer myself? (a reader from California, USA) Im proud to be a phisical educator. Ive spent my life attempting to dispel the stereotypt of the dumb jock. While teaching middle-school PE in the 70s, I observed that academic grouping and PE skills ran hand in hand. The academic elite were always the best athletes. Your article reinforces my observations and my passion for aerobically based PE. Its time we all start to understand the important link between exercise and academic performance. (a reader from Pennsylvania, USA)

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DITAL BOOKS VERSUS REAL BOOKS As an avid reader, I applaud the idea of being able to package multiple books in Amazons small, user-friendly e-reader, the Kindle, but Im not entirely convinced that the Kindle could take me down the rabbit hole. However, as a highschool teacher, I think the Kindle could be the answer to a prayer for students, parents and staff. In the vast majority of schools there is a lack of money and storage space for adequate numbers of appropriate texts. Everyday students struggle to carry upwards of 50 pounds of books from home and around campus; many texts are lost, damaged or out of date. Imagine if students had all textbooks at their fingertips and instant Internet capability to look up references. If school texts could be downloaded onto a Kindle, it would revolutionize the lives of millions. (a reader from New Mexico) I am 19 and a product of the digital age: I have gone through seven computers, four cell phones, two digital cameras, a Walkman, a Discman and an ipod. But I refuse to see a book digitized. Amazonns Jeff Bezos is wrong in assuming that we fanatical readers love only the words and ideas; reading a book is an entire process. Pointing and clicking will never hold the same satisfaction as browsing the shelves at a library or bookstore, nor will the Kindle be able to capture the feeling you get as the pages dwindle and you dont know whether to hurry up to find out how it ends or slow down and savor every word. (a reader from Ohio) To create a parallel to the divine book is akin to asking people to wear plastic attire technically improved to control temperature, change colours and others instead of clothes. Amazons Kindle might succeed in subsuming one consciousness as a book does, but it robs you of the feel of a book, the smell of paper and ink, and you cannot treasure your gems on your bookshelves. You will simply not be able to go down memory lane looking at your beloved collection. (a reader from India) Would I take a Kindle to the bath-tub to read? No. If I dropped it, the spash would cost $399. Ill stick to the durable, dependable, no-battery books. (a reader from Japan) It has become one of the most paradoxical qustions of modern times: are books dead on paper? Or are they simply becoming much more accessible to the masses since they are also now in digital form? Todays books have been the beneficiary of astounding state-of-the-art technology. For instance, they are being read every day by millions of book lovers
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around the world on the web. The future of books is absolutely rosy. They are just going through a transition, which will benefit all the book addicts authors and readers alike. This is a global phenomenon. So I say fear not, bookworms: our books shall live forever. (a reader from Canada)

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I now realise relationships need hard work The list of actors whove made Hamlet their own reads like a whos who of thespian greats Olivier, Gielgud, Burton, McKellen, Branaghand more recently, David Tennant. Cracking the turbulent Dane remains the ultimate test pulling on the hose is far easier than pulling off the role. To this illustrious roster we can now add Jude Law. For too long branded a movie pretty boy I have three names. Im called Hunk Jude Law or Heartthrob Jude Law, he grumbles his recent award-winning turn as the Prince of Denmark has proved what most of us have known for ages: that when it comes to British actors, hes up there with the very best. Born in Lewisham, southeast London, to teacher parents whose love of Thomas Hardy was manifestly evident, David Jude Heyworth Law grew up in Blackheath. Keen theatregoers, his parents would take along their son and daughter, Natasha (now a noted illustrator), whenever possible. Judes interest was thus sparked early. Signed up by the National Youth Theatre, aged 12, he was soon headlining Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. The focus on his craft was unswerving. I was angry as a kid, he remembers, because I knew what I wanted to do and I didnt see why I couldnt be out doing it. School was just slowing things up. At 17, he left education to work in the Granada Television soap Families. Theatre remained his first love. Sure enough in The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), Minghella granted Jude a show-stealing turn as the dazzling Riviera playboy Dickie Greenleaf object of affection of both Gwyneth Paltrow and Matt Damon. It propelled Law to a Bafta award, an Oscar nomination and major recognition by Hollywood. He was soon wooing Nicole Kidman in Minghellas Civil War epic Cold Mountain, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award again. With films like Sam Mendes Road to Perdition and Steven Spielbergs A.I.: Artificial Intelligence to his name, Jude was confirmed on the A-list. Married in 1997, Jude found himself on an accelerated path through life. By his thirtieth birthday he had fathered three kids Rafferty, Iris and Rudy, now 13, nine and seven to go with his stepfather role to Finley, now 19, Frosts son from her marriage to Spandau Ballet guitarist Gary Kemp. Without question, he relishes parenthood. Being a daddy is what counts. My daughter made me realize that if theres anything thats going to make a man of you, its having your will broken by a little girl. But, despite Judes proclamation that all that was missing was the white picket fence, trouble came creeping into paradise.
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Jude had bemoaned how screen storytelling was often too neat; everything tied up in a neat bow: Life I feel isnt like that, relationship arent like that. If theres one thing about him, its that despite his various indiscretions, he has never come across the proverbial love rat, rather something of a poor unfortunate with his nearest and dearest tending to rally round. His life woes led him into a cathartic and relentless period of work he appeared in no less than six films in 2004, including the rather timely love-sucks drama Closer. Another outlet has been his charitable ventures, a response, he says, to being a wishy-washy middle-class Londoner. He has worked with Aids orphans in South Africa, taken part in Soccer Aid (hes a big Spurs fan) and the Make Poverty History campaign. Closer to home, he has been the patron of the Young Vic Theatre, helping to develop young acting talent. More recently, Jude has been the Afghanistan, working with Unicef and WHO, involved in a polio immunization programme. His documentary about it, The Day after Peace, was shown at Cannes. Workwise, Jude has a few things in the pipeline, most immediately the action-thriller Repo Men. And as for life? I think women like bad boys. Thats been my experience. I just think its kind of a given. You know, at a certain age you figure out what works for you and being a good boy never worked for me. But, eventually, you have to grow up and realize relationships are hard work. Its like cultivating anything. They need attention.

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FRANCIS FOR COPPOLA RETURNS Francis Ford Coppola was always the Norman Mailer1 of cinema: brilliant and grand, risky and chaotic. As a storyteller, he can make characters and periods beautifully and he is never afraid to load his work with his big ideas about power, violence and the family. His instinct is to push material to the point where it becomes misshapen, which can work spectacularly well and at other times can bloat the narrative. Tetro tells the story of a young American, Bennie (Aiden Ehrenreich), who works on a cruise ship. At the start of the film he gets off his boat in Buenos Aires and heads to the apartment of his old brother, Tetro, a sulky artist-type played by Vincent Gallo, who has been out of touch with the family for years. Tetro is one of those refusenicks who invest their lives in creativity and cigarettes, and the sweet-faced Bennie initially fails to ignite the old brotherly love. He stays for a while, and forms a friendship with Tetros Argentinean girlfriend, Miranda (Maribel Verdu), but the young one is haunted by a promise, made years before, that Tetro would come back for him and look after him. It turns out that the boys are obsessed with their father, Carlo Tetrochini, a famous conductor played with routine campness by Klaus Maria Brandauer. The father is celebrated to the cost of the sons, it is felt, and Tetro has been writing a play about him in secret, using the kind of code that would make the enigma code look something written in plain English on a T-shirt. Young Bennie works it out, though, with the use of a mirror, and is soon cramping his older brothers creative style, forcing him to meet head-on the troubles of their past. Coppola has form, of course, when it comes to the old Cain and Abel problem. The brothers in The Godfather were no slouches when it came to pursuing the full operatics of sibling rivalry; Rumblefish (1983), too. Who can forget the Motorcycle Boy played by Mickey Rourke, in the days when he still had a face, and Matt Dillon as his young brother Rusty James? Its true the Rumbefish id the closest of Coppolas films to this one, not only showing two brothers struggling to cope with a dominant father but presenting the story as a kind of homage to classic film. Tetro, like that earlier film, has a beautiful, monochrome look, and the pictures are composed and shot with a sometimes breathtaking fitness of visual style. There are moments when you realise that Coppola has Fellini very much on his mind. But most of the time, as the plot turns out of joint, you realise he is fixated on the circus-like emotional and sexual worlds of Pedro Almodovar. It might seem a big jump from La Dolce Vita to All About My
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Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 November 10, 2007) was an American novelist, journalist, essayist, poet, playwright, screenwriter and film director. 96

Mother but there is a shared vision there, of lusty decadence and latent tragedy in European-accented places, and Coppola is smitten with it. As it goes on, Tetro becomes more and more camp, more carnivalesque, more circus-like indeed, moving towards its finale less like a B-movie, which it is at its best, and more like a masterpiece of Grand Guignol. Coppola, in fairness, has always been interested in getting movie history into his movies. He has always been interested in steering them towards recognition of their own confected-ness. Think of his 1982 film One From the Heart, which made the fake-ness of the set very apparent, and which idled, as Tetro does, with the notion that strong emotion can survive the directors attempt to show you the wires that suspend disbelief. That would be fine, but the Almodovar strain becomes too much here when the brothers get mixed up with troupe who are mounting an all-female Faust, which Bennie commandeers to perform his brothers secret play, now completed by himself. A famous critic turns up, hilariously named Alone, and she is played by none other than Carmen Maura, one of the actresses closely associated with our friend Almodovar. For all its mysteries of plot and influence, Tetro is compelling to watch. The story becomes pretentious, but the visuals never do, despite risking everything, and you will find images here more original than anything on film this year. I love Coppolas fierce artistry and his pursuit of beauty. Even when you feel the scene is getting it wrong about human nature, it is always getting it right about aesthetic nature, finding revelatory and always fresh ways of looking at things. Since early in his career, Coppola has shown a magical ability to find great actors with memorable faces. Once upon a time he found Al Pacino and Tom Cruise, and in Tetro he finds the young Aiden Ehrenreich, who has a natural, likeable way with the camera and the making of stardom. Vincent Gallos prowling style is always a bit self-advertisingly menacing for me, but he succeeds in lifting the part of Tetro into the arena of proper pain. When the film threatens, as it often does, to lose control of itself, there are always Gallos mocking eyes to keep things keen. The brothers actually move towards something I wouldnt call it understanding but its powerful nonetheless. Francis Ford Coppola is now 71, and hes a one-off, a hit-andmiss guy like the best of them, but someone who can never forget the magic of cinema and the hunt for authority. (Andrew OHagan, Evening Standard, Friday 25 June 2010, standard.co.uk)

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Peter Viney & Karen Viney: Handshake, A Course in Communication, Students Book, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996 2. Peter Viney & Karen Viney: Handshake, A Course in Communication, WorkBook, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996 3. Leon Levichi, Andrei Banta, Adrian Nicolescu: Dicionar Englez-Romn, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 2004 4. Georgiana Gleanu Frnoag, Ecaterina Comiel: Gramatica limbii Engleze, Editura Omega Press, Editura Lucman, Bucureti,1996 5. Ioana Maria Turai: Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Editua Corint, Bucureti, 2005 6. Speak Up Magazine, Supplement to n 11/ 128 November 1995 7. Newsweek Magazine, June 18, 2007 8. Newsweek Magazine, July 23, 200 Newsweek Magazine, August 20, 20Newsweek Magazine, January 21, 2008 9. *** Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Oxford University Press, 1999 10. NatWest Sense London, U.K., cover story I now realise relationships need hard work, pp 24 27 11. Andrew OHagan, Evening Standard, Friday 25 June 2010, standard.co.uk
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