2012

Social Responsibilities Of Engineering Students

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Mayukh Maitra (2K11/SE/038) Apoorva Mittal (2K11/SE/010) Harsh Tripathi (2K11/SE/032) Saransh Garg (2K11/SE/063) Siddharth Malhothra(2K11/SE/074)

Acknowledgement
We are extremely grateful and would remain indebted to Dr. Seema Singh who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic, Social responsibilities of engineering students, which helped us in doing a lot of research and discovering many new things.

We are very thankful to Dr. Seema singh.

Secondly we would also express our gratitude towards our parents and friends who helped us a lot in gathering information, collecting data and guiding us from time to time in making this project.

Mayukh Maitra (2K11/SE/038) Apoorva Mittal (2K11/SE/010) Harsh Tripathi (2K11/SE/032) Saransh Garg (2K11/SE/0) Siddharth Malhothra (2K11/SE/074)

Index
Serial No.
I

Topic
Engineering and technology for development
Indian enterprise Water resources Land quality management Innovation in technology Petroleum and gas technologies Nuclear power technologies Technologies for power from renewable sources Engineering and technological capability

Page No.
4 4 5 7 7 8 8 9

II

Solid waste management engineering in India-current state and future challenges

MSW Quantity Characteristics and composition of MSW Technology options Sanitary landfill Incineration Mass burning RDF burning Gasification 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13

III

Delhi technological university and innovations

Biodiesel Distribution Applications Chief rationale of biodiesel adaptation Self-reliance Biodiesel R&D at Delhi college of engineering DTUs automatic dispensing machine: ANNPURNA

14 14 15 16 17 17 17 18

IV

We as software Engineers
Software engineering as social activity Social network services Mathematical methods for social software engineering

19 19 20 21

Conclusion

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT

he Planet Earth has the unique feature of sustaining by the energy of the sun, the

marvel of biological living systems. The regions of the earth close to the equator in north and south latitudes up to the transit of the sun,particularly in the neighbourhood of the oceans have the blessings of perennial rivers and other water resources. The peoples of these territories have access to extraordinary abundance of microbes, plants and animals. They meet with ease and certainty all their simple essential needs which provide them in turn the precious freedom and leisure for exploration,experimentation, speculation, creative expressions in new knowledge, languages, literature, performing arts, craftsmanship, with a variety of natural materials and tools. The leaders and rulers in these regions guided by the wisdom of empirical observations provided patronage and resources for the bold, and imaginative ventures in arts, culture, architecture and voyages to enhance sensory perceptions and appreciation as well as to create wealth and wellbeing of their peoples for meeting the needs of water,food, housing, clothing and ensuring health, nutrition, security, justice and much joy. Rivers, deserts, forests, mountains, oceans had to be crossed for exploration. These necessitated evolution of engineering and technological capacities from scientific enquiries and laws of science. These were exchanged in trade and commerce and by aspirations for travel and quest. The richness and wealth of these regions in Southern Europe, Northern and Western Africa, West Asia, Coastal East Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, Asia Pacific and China have thus been the greatest originators of engineering and technology over five millennia.

INDIAN ENTERPRISE

ndia has witnessed many developments in the past through contacts with South Asia, China,

Japan, Korea, Mongolia, West Asia, Central Asia, Coastal Red Sea, Southern Europe and many countries of Africa. The languages, literature, architecture,cuisine, beverages, perfumery, textiles and garments,home implements, jewellery, paintings, crafts, musical instruments bear witness today of such engineering and technological exchanges.As mentioned earlier, major initiatives in India by scientists and patrons of sciences have been aimed at creating capabilities and capacities for new technologies and applications for self-reliance to meet the needs and aspirations of the people. India with a billion inhabitants perforce must promote and adopt numerous innovations in Engineering and Technology for achieving sustainable, development, recognizing the availability and limitations of its natural resources.The experience gained in meeting the needs of water, energy, food, health, housing and habitat,largely with selfgenerated and self- reliant technological advances in industry, services and human skills and for fulfilling aspirations in the next two decades are recorded.

WATER RESOURCES

ducation and training in advanced civil and hydraulic engineering has lowered dependence on seasonal monsoon rains and

melting of Himalayan snow for the rivers, through design and construction of big dams,canals and reservoirs. To a large extent floods have also been regulated. Through irrigation,arid, desert and saline lands have been greened. Remote sensing satellite technologies have been added to traditional technologies for locating ground water. New membrane technologies have enabled major chemical and petroleum industries in Chennai to flourish with only municipal waste water. Soil lining with polymer agro films of canals, storage tanks and ponds as well as cover of farm lands have curtailed seepage and evaporation losses. Brilliant hydraulic design engineers have, since Independence been responsible for building great dams and barrages all over the country. Rivers also are an important means of transport with bridges to facilitate their navigation. Dams and waterfalls provide hydropower. Abundance of such hydropower supported electrolytic hydrogen and alkali production. The potential for harnessing river and rain water resources is very high through appropriate new technologies. Development of small and micro hydropower equipment of high reliability is able to provide water and electrical energy to small isolated mountain communities.Such power is also stored in efficient batteries for night lighting and for hospital equipment,telecommunications, education and television in remote areas. Rural village communities in arid and semi arid zones in Western India have adopted new technologies for conservation of rain water to raise forests with fast-growing trees and shrubs for fodder, fire-wood and minor timber. Major advances in Ion exchange and membrane based technologies and highly reliable equipment have ensured safe drinking water supply at low cost in urban areas as well as in schools and hospitals. In the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar and in coastal areas of Kerala, introduction of salt-tolerant varieties of crops such as rice, coconut, have been successfully employed.The detection of presence of toxic arsenic in ground water in eastern India has prompted development to limit such sources for use by humans and livestock. Aspecial concern is related to water reservoir induced seismic activity in high dams especially in the light of growing knowledge of plate tectonics on the movement of Indian Peninsular Plate against the Himalayan plate. Owing to deforestation in the catchment areas, there is a heavy loss of top soil and silting of the rivers causing flash floods and decrease in the storage capacity of the reserviors.

LAND QUALITY MANAGEMENT

he vast increase in agriculture during the fifty years has been possible through very large additions in irrigation,

introduction of high-yielding varieties,use of fertilizers and pest and weed control measures.The gross irrigated land has increased from 25 to 70 million hectares. The net sown area of 142 million hectares of all types cannot be further increased. The demand from urbanization, housing and industry is converting land to non-agricultural uses. There is an important need to augment the area under forests. Fresh land addition is possible only through reclamation of mined areas and unproductive lands severely affected by salinity, alkalinity and water logging. Reclamation through appropriate technologies using a consortium of microbes and plants are being developed in a few centres (see chapter on Plant Sciences) for generating forests. Engineering efforts to reclaim land from the oceans has been done for urban purposes in a few coastal areas. Other engineering and technological efforts are in progress. Innovations in balanced use of synthetic and natural organic fertilizers, integrated pest management technologies and regulated utilization of ground water are methods being applied to ensure sustainable development. Cooperative efforts on wasteland treatments by accurate ground water surveys and computerized systems of modelling are being evolved.

ENERGY

ive decades ago the country was blessed with abundance of forests. The major domestic energy needs were met from

firewood and crop residues. The total amount of coal consumed was 30 million tonnes for power generation, industry, cement, brick and construction materials. The total annual consumption of petroleum products was one million tonnes, predominantly used by urban homes and municipalities. There has been an enormous increase in energy needs and use of non renewable sources. The future developmental goals are highly dependent on such energy. The quantum of these is discussed together with the engineering and technological innovations for ensuring high quality environment in land, water, ocean and atmosphere to meet international standards. The energy in India needs to grow at about eight per cent per annum for economic development with the yearly population increase of 1.7 per cent. The ampleness of renewable resources at the time of Independence may be illustrated by the use of forest wood in Kerala for ammonia fertilizer technology and for methanol production. Even today about 50 per cent of total energy of the country is contributed by bio-mass. Hydropower was abundant five decades ago, when energy demand was not high. Hydropower is still an important source presently with a capacity of 23,000 MW. The major increases are from thermal power from coal and lignite. There is increasing demand for petroleum, oil and gas.

TECHNOLOGIES IN THERMAL POWER GENERATION

he present installed capacity is about 100,000 MW out of which 70,000 MW are derived from

coal and lignite, the balance is mainly from oil and gas sources. The addition in the next decade is likely to be 100,000 MW with 60 per cent from coal and lignite. The current annual generation is 500 billion watts. Coal in India is largely from mines in Bihar in the North and West Bengal areas. Transportation by rail to Western coastal India involves long rail transport involving energy consumption. Indian coal has also high ash content. Lignite is mined mostly in South India, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu and power generation is located close to extraction site. There are coal reserves deep underground in the State of Gujarat. Major advances have been made in design of large size steam boilers and rotating machinery of generators. There are efficient coal especially near mine sites where mega generation plants of capacities totalling 2000 MW had been developed. Engineering perfection has been achieved by Indian design and manufacture of all plant, machinery, electronic instruments and computer based operation controls for thermal power generation. The Plant Load Factor has been increased to 73 per cent.Technologies developed relate to utilization of fly ash at a level of 10 per cent in cement and in the production of fly ash bricks and ceramic tiles and sanitary ware. The fly ash disposal continues to be a major concern and innovations in land filling and in mines are being attempted. Here again cooling tower water desalination and reuse are being practised. Emissions to atmosphere are controlled by treatments to reduce sulphur and nitrogen oxides to very small amounts.

INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY

ajor innovations are aimed at higher efficiency by operation to total design thermal capacities

and reductions in atmospheric emissions. These are based on greater efficiency in steam generation as well as in the production of gaseous forms of fuel. Success has been achieved in pilot scale gasification and in continuous operation in small size power generation plants.The technology of Fluidized Bed Combustion in boilers is a major step. The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technology developed in India, produces a totally ash-free gas which is then utilized for higher inherent energy in the coal for conversion to electrical power with a consequent enhancement of power generated with the same coal from 27 to 32 per cent. Until now IGCC has been in use in a proven manner only with natural gas and not with coal. The higher capital costs are justified by increased amount of power generated from given quantity of high ash coal and total absence of particulate emmissions. Electrostatic precipitators in the present power plants have also reduced substantial amounts of particulate matter emission. An outstanding technology has been the pilot scale demonstration of in situ deep underground coal gasification to make available gas fuel for power generation without the need to mine and lift such coal to ground level. This technology would be very valuable in the future and needs to be fully supported. The present peak load capacity utilization in thermal Power is 95,000 MW. The energy generation increase from about 200 MW, 50 years ago is a clear indicator of economic progress. Further additions in the next seven years would be 1,70,000 MW capacity in thermal power.

PETROLEUM OIL AND GAS TECHNOLOGIES

etroleum Oil and Gas have become the dominant materials in the world during the last 50 years

for the extraordinary economic growth of the Western World of Europe and North America. The discovery of oil and gas in West Asia, North Africa, Middle East and the Gulf Countries was made 25 years ago. Additional sources of oil and gas have been located in North Sea in Russia, Central and South East Asia, Bangladesh, China and in Central and South America. Petroleum and gas have become the key materials for energy for industry and infrastructure and for chemicals, fertilizers, petrochemicals,metals, new novel materials. The realization of their value to the world economy has led to generation of great wealth for several Developing Countries. Coal which served as the major source for the industrial revolution for steam, electricity has been replaced and nuclear energy growth has slowed. Coal tar, a by product in the production of coke for steel manufacture as well as alcohol from molasses in sugar making which were the major sources for chemicals, plastics and fibres have been displaced by petroleum oil and gas. Vast increases in air, ocean and land vehicle transport have resulted from increased availability of petroleum. Major international investments have been in research, new technology development and adoption of the technology. These new technologies are constantly adding to the creation of wealth and prosperity of the world in a manner unsurpassed in human civilization at a time of enormous increase in population. The great advances in chemical sciences and technologies of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the first half of the twentieth century have been the major factors. In addition, advances in physics, spectroscopy,crystallography and electronics have created techniques and scientific instruments of extraordinary sensitivity to comprehend the complexities of chemical transformations.

NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

he self reliant advances in technology for generation of Nuclear Power have been mentioned

elsewhere. The remarkable achievements are in design, fabrication, installation of equipment, production of high quality fuel materials such as Uranium 238 from Indian uranium ore sources, heavy water from ammonia fertilizer plants, especially using hydrogen sulphide utilized in the indigenously designed power reactors. Technology is being generated for large future investment in Fast Breeder Reactors, based on thorium from abundantly available Indian ores. The current Nuclear Power Generation capacity of 2720 MW is expected to double shortly. Nuclear Power will continue to be an important source of energy in the country.

ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGIES

ndia is a country of vast distances with coal resources confined to one area. Transmission losses

in electricity in the present technology are estimated at 15 per cent. A technology for more efficient transmission has been developed and demonstrated in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) in place of relatively Low Voltage Alternate Current for long distance. This innovation is of great significance in plans to evolve an efficient management through Regional Grids and eventually a National Grid.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR POWER FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES

he technological advances from renewable sources are to be found in this volume in

Chapters on the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Department of Biotechnology and Department of Ocean Development. Technologies for Solar power with Indian Amorphous Silicon Panels, as also from Indian Wind Farms have been demonstrated. An attempt to use ocean wave energy has been made. Proposals for ocean thermal energy conversion are under consideration. Community biogas generation from rural wastes from livestock has been demonstrated. In the early years, biogas generation was found to be low during winter months in north India. New genetically engineered microorganisms for higher efficiency in conversion capacity to perform at low temperatures with assurance of year-round generation are yet to be evolved.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE

ndia has had a long tradition of multifarious designs and preparation of textiles and garments by hand craft in different parts,

using local raw materials such as cotton, jute, wool, linen and other plant materials and silk. The extraction of pigments and fibres, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing techniques were innumerable and characteristic of the subregion. They were important in preserving individuality and excellence. Special textiles and garments were made for celebration of festivals, birth and marriage ceremonies, dances, performing arts and as offerings. Looms have many variations and designs and are run by notations based on complex mathematics and engineering technologies. In some instances the making of a garment or saree and weaving of carpet takes a few months. Specially light wool fabrics are woven from the under-fur of goats such as angora and pashmina native to the mountain peaks of the Himalaya. These are highly valued internationally and fetch high prices. The importance of these native for the economy of each rural center was long recognized and Mahatma Gandhi symbolized the spinning wheel for handmade cotton yarn khadi and the homespun cloth khaddar. The related products of ceramics, pottery, bamboo and cane wickerwork and of incence, honey, flavours, perfumes, bronze, stone, marble objects, musical instruments have become the core of khadi and village Industries. The crafts tradition is a vital force.

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY

ndependent India, valuing the need for economic development soon after Independence arranged

to send in 1946 and 1947, 600 engineers and scientists to Europe and North America for periods varying from 2-3 years to be specially trained in chosen fields of engineering and technology. The fields included coal, mining , metallurgy, chemical, engineering, instruments, machine tools, foods, fermentation, glass, ceramics, textiles, leather, reservoir engineering. building and road construction technology, cement, aeronautics, ports, harbours and naval architecture. These persons returned to India and became pioneers of many new technological research institutions. The foundation of Industrial research institutions with government support in partnership to industry was another major step. The process was extended to Electronics, Electrochemicals, Scientific Instruments and Petroleum. Biotechnology, Molecular Biology and Microbial Technology have been added in recent year.The Government of India has also supported the growth of technological services in Indian standrads and engineering Design and project Consultancy. These are now available for innovative areas such as software, testing for quality, Medical diagnostics. The Consultancy Development Centre with several hundred consultancy organizations has generated opportunities worldwide for services in health, medicare, technological education, environment as well as in international financia development institutions and United Nations Organizations. Technological capabilities developed in the government-owned industry and other institutions form the base for the new non- Government ventures in India and internationally in the new era of knowledge based on economic development Engineering and Technology for sustainable development of the World and especially the Third World is fundamental for the advancement of human civilization with harmony and peace while preserving the diversity of cultures.

Solid Waste Management engineering in India-Current State and Future Challenges:

ue to population growth, industrialization, urbanization and economic growth, a trend of significant increase in municipal solid

waste (MSW) generation has been recorded worldwide. MSW generation, in terms of kg/capita/day, has shown a positive correlation with economic development at world scale. Due to rapid industrial growth and migration of people from villages to cities, the urban population is increasing rapidly. Waste generation has been observed to increase annually in proportion to the rise in population and urbanization. The per capita generation of MSW has also increased tremendously with improved life style and social status of the populations in urban centres . As more land is needed for the ultimate disposal of these solid wastes, issues related to disposal have become highly challenging . India, with a population of over 1.21 billion account for 17.5% of the world population (Census of India 2011). According to the provisional figures of Census of India 2011, 377 million people live in the urban areas of the country. This is 31.16 % of the Countrys total population. Figure 1 illustrates that the growth of urban population is at a much faster rate than the growth of rural population. India has 475 Urban Agglomerations (UA), three of which has population over 10 million. Table 1 gives the top five UAs in terms of population. The very high rate of urbanisation coupled with improper planning and poor financial condition has made MSW management in Indian cities a herculean task. Generally in India, MSW is disposed of in low-lying areas without taking proper precautions or operational

MSW Quantity
The quantity of MSW generated depends on a number of factors such as food habits, standard of living, degree of commercial activities and seasons. Data on quantity variation and generation are useful in planning for collection and disposal systems. Indian cities now generate eight times more MSW than they did in 1947 because of increasing urbanization and changing life styles. The rate of increase of MSW generated per capita is estimated at 1 to 1.33% annually [15-16]. MSW generation rates in small towns are lower than those of metro cities, and the per capita generation rate of MSW in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/ day. It was also estimated that the total MSW generated by 217 million people living in urban areas was 23.86 million t/yr in 1991, and more than 39 million ton in 2001 [18-22]. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) had conducted a survey of solid waste management in 299 cities and has given the data of waste generation for different cities.

Characteristics and composition of MSW

As compare to the western countries, MSW differs greatly with regard to the composition and hazardous nature, in India .Many categories of MSW are found such as food waste, rubbish, commercial waste, institutional waste, street sweeping waste, industrial waste, construction and demolition waste, and sanitation waste. MSW contains compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste), recyclables (paper, plastic, glass, metals, etc.), toxic substances (paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines), and soiled waste (blood stained cotton, sanitary napkins, disposable syringes). MSW composition at generation sources and collection points ,determined on a wet weight basis, consists mainly of a large organic fraction (40 60%), ash and fine earth (3040%), paper (36%) and plastic, glass and metals (each less than 1%). The C/N ratio ranges between 20 and 30, and the lower calorific value ranges between 800 and 1000 kcal/kg . Compositional Changes Reported for India since 1971 Changes in the average composition of municipal solid waste for 1971-2005 suggests that MSW components like Paper, Plastic, Glass are having the increasing trend from 4.1%, 0.7% and 0.4% respectively in 1971 to 8.18%, 9.22% and 1.01 respectively in 2005, metals are also having the increasing trend during the same period while inert materials and compostable matter are having the decreasing trend from 49.2% and 41.3% respectively in 1971 to 25.16% and 40% in 2005. Increasing trend suggest that the establishment of the formal recovery and recycle facilities will be economically a viable option.

Technology options
Initially, there was a tendency to use well-proven technology such as steam turbines, using conventional boilers with MSW as feed. Subsequently,many other technologies were developed and field-tested. Many other technologies are ready for field trial following successful laboratory tests. It is worth noting here that all demonstration and full-scale plants are available in the West (Parker and Roberts 1985) and they are yet to be launched commercially under Indian conditions. Although many different types of R&D projects have been taken up in India and abroad, only commercially successful projects have been described here since description of R&D projects is beyond the scope of this paper. There are mainly the following types of technologies available on commercial scale. 1. Sanitary landfill 2. Incineration 3. Gasification 4. Anaerobic digestion 5. Other types

Sanitary landfill What is sanitary landfill?

Sanitary landfill is the scientific dumping of MSW using an engineering facility that requires detailed planning and specif ications, careful construction, and efficient operation (OLeary and Walsh 1991a). There are mainly three types of sanitary l andfills namely area method, (2) ramp method, and (3) trench method. In all the methods the site is first selected considering the following factors. 1 It should be at least 10 000 ft (3048 metres) away from the airport. 2 It should not be located in wetlands. 3 It should not be in flood- or earthquake-prone areas. 4 It should have a stable soil structure. The proper land preparation is carried out by having (1) 60-cm compacted solid liner, (2) flexible HDPE (high density poly ethylene)geo-membrane liner, (3) geo-textile liner,(4) 30-cm drainage material layer, and (5) 60-cm protective layer. The provisions for gas collection(through 1.25 cm diameter perforated poly vinyl chloride pipe) and leachate collection (15 cmdiameter slotted HDPE pipe) are made. The solid wastes are landfilled by spreading thin layers, compacted to the smallest practical volume and covering it each day or periodically with some suitable substitute material in a way that minimizes environmental problems. Successive layers are built up until a depth of 10 12 feet (304365 cm) is achieved. Finally, it has to be covered with 60 cm of soil layer for final closure (OLeary and Walsh 1991 b, c, d). During the landfill procedure, at least 40% moisture must be maintained to achieve maximum microbial degradation. Periodically the leachate collection in the bottom needs to be pumped out to drying beds specially prepared for this purpose. Due to scientific landfilling, the maturity is achieved faster and hence gas collection starts even during the landfill procedure. The gas generation and complete extraction are achieved even after closure (say up to 10 years). This is faster than the ordinary landfill where gas extraction continues even up to 50 years.

Incineration
The scientific sanitary landfills also have many problems. The main problem is the availability of land located where transportation is economically viable, and with minimum public objection. Accumulation of such a large volume of waste for long time is dangerous for the environment. Hence the best way to solve the problem is to reduce the volume by burning. Even 90% volume reduction can be achieved by burning. But uncontrolled burning causes air pollution and the heatthus generated is wasted and incineration is a practical solution. Incineration technology is the controlled combustion of waste with the recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn produces power through steam turbines.

Mass burning
This is the most common technology wherein MSW is burned without significant fuel preparation as discarded form. The MSW undergoes only limited processing to remove non-combustible and oversized items. Mass-burn technologies include water wall furnace, refractory furnace, rotary kiln furnace, water-cooled rotary combustion furnace, and controlled air furnace. Except some design changes, in all types of furnaces, the mass burning of MSW is primarily performed on a grate system that enables combustion air to be provided through the fuel bed with a variety of alternative methods of feeding fuel to the grate. MSW fuel feeder typically includes a feed hopper and hydraulic ram that pushes fuel from the bottom of the grate. Furnace wall can either be water- or air-cooled

RDF burning
This technology involves various processes to improve physical and chemical properties of solid waste. Basically, RDF systems are used to separate MSW into combustible and non-combustible fractions. The combustible material is called RDF and can be used in boilers. The MSW receiving facility includes an enclosed tipping floor called municipal waste receiving area, with a storage capacity equal to about two days of typical waste deliveries. The sorted MSW is then fed to either of the two equal capacity processing lines. Each processing line includes primary and secondary trommel screens, three stages of magnetic separation, eddy current separation, a glass recovery system, and a shredder. Due to reduction in fuel particle size and reduction in non-combustible material, RDF fuels are more homogeneous and easier to burn than the MSW feedstock. RDF has been successfully burned in a variety of stroker boilers and in suspension as a stand-alone fuel in bubbling and circulating fluidized bed combustion technology boilers. It needs lower excess air and hence works at better efficiency. Also, handling is easier since non-combustibles have been already removed. The RDF burning technology includes spreader stroker fired boiler, suspension fired boilers, fluidized bed units, and cyclone furnace units.

Gasification
The extraction of maximum heat from a given fuel depends upon the efficiency of mixing the fuel with oxygen or air. This is perfectly achieved in the case of gaseous fuels. That is why conversion of solid waste into gaseous fuel is considered one of the best options. MSW after pre-treatment is fed into the main gasification chamber wherein biomass is converted into gas, which, in turn, produces power after cooling and cleaning through gas engine connected to electric generator. A gasifier essentially carry out pyrolysis under limited air in the first stage followed by higher temperature reactions of the pyrolysis products to generate low molecular weight gases such as CO (carbon monoxide), CH 4, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. The gas known as producer gas has the calorific value of 10001200 kcal/nm3, which could be used in IC engines for direct power generation or in boilers for steam generation to produce power.

Delhi technological university and innovations

BIODIESEL
What is biodiesel? Biodiesel is a renewable fuel which is produced from vegetable oil or animal fat through a chemical process and can be used as either direct substitute, extender or as an additve to fossil diesel fuel in compresion ignition engines. The most promising feature of biodiesel is that it can be utilized in existing design of diesel engine with no or very little modifications. It has positive energy balance and it is enviornmtally benign. Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat (tallow)) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters. Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel can also be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil. The National Biodiesel Board (USA) also has a technical definition of "biodiesel" as a mono-alkyl ester.

Blends
Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix. 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100, while 20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20 5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5 2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2. Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only minor modifications, although certain manufacturers do not extend warranty coverage if equipment is damaged by these blends. The B6 to B20 blends are covered by the ASTM D7467 specification. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Blending B100 with petroleum diesel may be accomplished by: Mixing in tanks at manufacturing point prior to delivery to tanker truck Splash mixing in the tanker truck (adding specific percentages of biodiesel and petroleum diesel) In-line mixing, two components arrive at tanker truck simultaneously. Metered pump mixing, petroleum diesel and biodiesel meters are set to X total volume, transfer pump pulls from two points and mix is complete on leaving pump.

Applications
Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration in most injection pump diesel engines. New extreme high-pressure (29,000 psi) common rail engines have strict factory limits of B5 or B20, depending on manufacturer.[citation needed] Biodiesel has different solvent properties than petrodiesel, and will degrade natural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles (mostly vehicles manufactured before 1992), although these tend to wear out naturally and most likely will have already been replaced with FKM, which is nonreactive to biodiesel. Biodiesel has been known to break down deposits of residue in the fuel lines where petrodiesel has been used. As a result, may become clogged with particulates if a quick transition to pure biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended to change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly after first switching to a biodiesel blend.

Distribution
Since the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005,biodiesel use has been increasing in the United States. In the UK, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation obliges suppliers to include 5% renewable fuel in all transport fuel sold in the UK by 2010. For road diesel, this effectively means 5% biodiesel (B5).

Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance

In 2005, Chrysler (then part of DaimlerChrysler) released the Jeep Liberty CRD diesels from the factory into the American market with 5% biodiesel blends, indicating at least partial acceptance of biodiesel as an acceptable diesel fuel additive. In 2007, DaimlerChrysler indicated its intention to increase warranty coverage to 20% biodiesel blends if biofuel quality in the United States can be standardized. The Volkswagen Group has released a statement indicating that several of its vehicles are compatible with B5 and B100 made from rape seed oil and compatible with the EN 14214 standard. The use of the specified biodiesel type in its cars will not void any warranty. Mercedes Benz does not allow diesel fuels containing greater than 5% biodiesel (B5) due to concerns about "production shortcomings". Any damages caused by the use of such non-approved fuels will not be covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty. Starting in 2004, the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia decided to update its bus system to allow the fleet of city buses to run entirely on a fish-oil based biodiesel. This caused the city some initial mechanical issues, but after several years of refining, the entire fleet had successfully been converted. In 2007, McDonalds of UK announced it would start producing biodiesel from the waste oil byproduct of its restaurants. This fuel would be used to run its fleet. Railway usage British train operating company Virgin Trains claimed to have run the UK's first "biodiesel train", which was converted to run on 80% petrodiesel and 20% biodiesel. The Royal Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied by Green Fuels Ltd. His Royal Highness, The Prince of Wales, and Green Fuels managing director, James Hygate, were the first passengers on a train fueled entirely by biodiesel fuel. Since 2007, the Royal Train has operated successfully on B100 (100% biodiesel). Similarly, a state-owned short-line railroad in eastern Washington ran a test of a 25% biodiesel / 75% petrodiesel blend during the summer of 2008, purchasing fuel from a biodiesel producer sited along the railroad tracks. The train will be powered by biodiesel made in part from canola grown in agricultural regions through which the short line runs. Also in 2007, Disneyland began running the park trains on B98 (98% biodiesel). The program was discontinued in 2008 due to storage issues, but in January 2009, it was announced that the park would then be running all trains on biodiesel manufactured from its own used cooking oils. This is a change from running the trains on soy-based biodiesel.

Aircraft use
A test flight has been performed by a Czech jet aircraft completely powered on biodiesel. Other recent jet flights using biofuel, however, have been using other types of renewable fuels. On November 7, 2011 United Airlines flew the world's first commercial aviation flight on a microbially derived biofuel using Solajet, Solazymes algae-derived renewable jet fuel. The Eco-skies Boeing 737-800 plane was fueled with 40 percent Solajet and 60 percent petroleum-derived jet fuel. The commercial Eco-skies flight 1403 departed from Houston's IAH airport at 10:30 and landed at Chicago's ORD airport at 13:03.

Chief rationale of biodiesel adapation

Energy sources are the main driver of economic growth and social development of a country. Oil and gas still provide more than half of the total global energy demands. There is an ever increasing gap between the supply and demand of fossil fuels owing to rapid industrialization and urban development. In India, the interest in biodiesel has grown vividly during the last few years. The chief rationale for biodiesel in India is energy security. Better environmental performance, greening of wastelands and creation of new employment opportunities - are seen as some of the other advantages of biodiesel.

Self Reliance
The production of crude petroleum in India in 2006 was 32.19 as against its consimption of 131.6 million tonne showing a self reliance of 24.4% only . Government of India has spent 1717.02 billion rupess towards import of crude petroleum in 2005-06 causing a heavy burden on Indian foreign reserves.

Biodiesel R&D at Delhi College of EngineeringConsidering the national need, Delhi College of Engineering started its biodiesel research programme in year 2000 and has since emerged as a leading technological institute of India which has been accredited as the hub of advanced level research in propagation of petroplants, their improved agro-practices, development of indigenous biodiesel production technology, design and development of small to medium capacity biodiesel processing unit, quality assurance of biodiesel and trial of biodiesel in diesel engines and vehicles. Biodiesel from a variety of feedstocks such as Mahua, Linseed, Rice Bran, waste cooking oil from the Mc Donalds, C rude Palm, C astor, Jatropha and Karanja have already been prepared and process optimization has been completed. These biodiesel have been tested in diesel engines & vehicles. The research team has also developed technology to convert high FFA, low quality feedstocks in to biodiesel. The college developed small capacity biodiesel reactors of 5 & 10 liters in 2003. The reactor being capable of producing quality biodiesel are economically viable solution for making biodiesel for the replacement of the costly fossils in the rural areas. The college developed its 100 liter per batch biodiesel processing unit in 2004. As a part of capacity enhancement, the college developed a 600 liter per day biodiesel processing unit as a part of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India research project.

DTU's AUTOMATIC DISPENSING MACHINE: 'ANNPURNA'

Delhi Technological University has designed and developed an innovative, automatic measuring and dispensing machine 'Annpurna' with maintenance simplicity for Fair Price Shops in Delhi.With a view to promote research driven industry relevant innovations of value to the society and community, the Delhi Technological University (DTU), formerly Delhi College of Engineering, has designed and developed an innovative, automatic measuring and dispensing machine Annpurna with maintenance simplicity for Fair Price Shops in Delhi. The machine utilises the latest technology for measurements based on digital load cells with close loop in flight compensation regulated by an advanced digital signal processor and innovative positive displacement dispensing mechanism engineered to provide gentle, precise feeding of free-flowing granules utilizing a low power hybrid motor drive mechanism. The dispensing machine requires only 15- 18 watts of power supply and can even be powered by a solar panel and has little or no maintenance requirement. Such machines can be easily installed in the Fair Price Shops and in the mobile vans for disbursement in rural areas. The machine has been developed by a team of DTU headed by Dr. Vishal Verma, Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering in close association with Designinnova. Delhi Technological University (formerly known as Delhi College of Engineering) is one of the most well-known engineering institutions of India, with over 68 years of glorious tradition behind it.A non-affiliating teaching and research University, DTU is poised to create an environment of synergetic partnership between academia and industry. It aims to cause a major departure from the conventional system of education and research and aspires to imbibe a culture of scientific research in its technology disciplines and technology temper in its scientific research and education by providing a seamless environment for integration of science and engineering. The University also endeavors to provide the thrill of a corporate R&D environment with a planned focus on industrially relevant projects and technology incubation.

We as Software Engineers: Social Software Engineering

It is now commonly accepted that software programming is a social activity. Today software development is: Carried out in teams. These teams may include domain specific expert. Most of the time is spent in the division of the work among the members and in understanding the requirements that a particular component should meet. All these activities involve a strong interaction between a set of people that collaborate in order to achieve a common goal: produce an effective, efficient software following the mantra Maximum Results with Minimum Effort. This raises on the one hand the need for an effective way of sharing ideas and requirements among the group members and on the other hand the need to create tools that can support such collaboration. Sawyer mentions that the social perspective is more than just aggregation of individual software developers attributes and actions, i.e., the team has to be seen as a single unit of analysis. Studies by DeMarco and Lister suggest that on large projects typical systems developers spend about 70% of their time working with others. Jones reports that team activities account for about 85% of the costs of large software systems.Therefore, it is clear that the social activity represents a substantial part of the everyday work of programmers. This raises the question of whether a systematic adoption of methodologies studied in social and psychological disciplines could improve the productivity of a team.

Software Engineering as Social Activity

Many works in psychology and sociology disciplines have attempted to explain and classify the social behaviors of human beings. Unfortunately the software engineering community has spent little effort to integrate the outcome of these areas in the modern software development process. In this section we present a set of well-established works in disciplines like psychology and sociology that could be integrated in the software development process in order to improve the productivity of a team. One of the first promoters of software development as a social activity is Gerald M.Weinberg in 1971. Most of his work is focused on reengineering the software development processes from a people empowering point of view. In other words, he considers software development as a humancentric activity. Therefore, effective communication plays a key role in software development. Other useful results coming from the psychology communities can explain: (i)Why in a certain kind of group we have a person/partner that tends to be excluded. (ii) Why in a group we have usually a person that keeps fighting against the project leader. (iii) What kind of people should never be grouped together in order to avoid group fragmentation. (iv) Why groups usually divide themselves into subgroups and (v) What is the difference between the real chain of command and the formal one.

Social Network Services

Social Network Services (SNSs) provide a multitude of ways for users to interact. They have been promoted as central to the second generation of the Web (i.e., Web 2.0), which is characterized by mass participation and collaboratively generated Web content. The usual functionalities, which are provided by a majority of existing SNSs (e.g., Friendster2, MySpace3, LinkedIn4 and Facebook5) include: a personal profile page for the participant, a network of friends listings, private messaging, discussion forums, events management, blogging, commenting and media uploading. The SNSs have brought a new way of interconnecting online content and networked people for various social and professional purposes. People are now better connected and can easily access, reuse or comment on content that is authored by other people from the network. However, in spite of being well connected within particular social networks, the diversity of SNSs hampers the interoperability between people from social networks, which adhere to different SNSs. Current social networks act as isolated islands of connected people and their contents. One possibility to overcome this lack of network interoperability is to leverage semantics into social networks interconnecting both content and people in meaningful ways. In this section, we first outline problems with todays SNSs that prevent them from accessing the full range of available content and networked people online. Then, we briefly explain the Semantic Web technologies and how they can be leveraged into SNSs. Moreover, we discuss potential benefits of enhancing SNSs with the Semantic Web technologies as well as initial steps towards building a social networking infrastructure as a fundamental part of the Internet infrastructure.

Mathematical Methods for Social Software Engineering

In this section we present and describe some of the mathematical techniques that have been used to validate the theories presented in section 2 and 3 or that could be considered useful. In this section we will not present possible mathematical open issue. We just mention a set of models that may be useful for the evaluation of new ideas related to Social Software Engineering. The most used techniques and probably the most relevant is represented by the Social Network Methods. In a nutshell, it is commonly accepted that analyzing a social network consists of analyzing a graph, represented by a matrix. Different properties of the matrix are mapped to properties of the social network. In Social Network Analysis the attributes of individual (such as friendly, unfriendly, beginner, smart etc.) are less important than the relationship between people. The scientific community has accepted a few properties while many authors in different papers propose new metrics in order to provide a better understanding of the social network structure In random network theory, despite the random placement of links, the resulting system is deeply democratic: due to the fact that the connections between nodes are added randomly, most nodes have approximately the same number of links. In a random network,it is extremely rare to find nodes that have significantly more or fewer links than the average. In scale free networks the connection between nodes follow a power law distribution. Therefore some nodes have a high number of connections to other nodes, while most nodes have just a few. Considering that Social Networks follow a scale free model they share also the strengths and weaknesses. For example they are robust against accidental failures but vulnerable to coordinated attacks. In addition, in random networks, the propagation of the information needs to surpass a critical threshold (a number of contacted nodes) before it propagates to the entire system. Below the threshold, the information may not reach all the nodes. Above the threshold, the information spreads exponentially. In Scale Free network the threshold for the information propagation is close to zero.

Conclusions
We have examined and contrasted two different schools of ethical thinking, deontologism vs. consequentialism, and we have shown our preference for the first one, in accordance with the spirit of current codes of ethics in software engineering.The following lines summarize an outline of the argument: 1. Extreme positions are neither rational nor practical: 1.1. Deontologism cannot ignore the consequences in defining prescribed or forbidden actions. 1.2. Consequentialism cannot ignore the rules in deciding which consequences are relevant and in assessing the goodness or badness of consequences. 1.3. The contrast between extreme positions is not helpful but misleading: opposing rules to consequences is a false problem. 2. Moderate positions are both rational and practical, but not equivalent: 2.1. Both integrate rules and consequences to ethically valuate actions. 2.2. Moderate deontologism acknowledges some absolute or unconditional rules, whilst moderate consequentialism does not. 2.3. Absolute behavior rules in moderate deontologism are derived from the recognition of human dignity, which cannot enter into calculations. 3. Software systems are strongly characterized by their complexity: 3.1. Complexity and imperfection of software makes the prediction of consequences particularly difficult. 3.2. This imperfection and unpredictability of software belongs to the very nature of the profession, as we know it nowadays. 3.3. This is not an excuse to ignore at all the consequences of ones acts, but shows that a consequentialist analysis of responsibility becomes much harder and inadequate in software engineering. 4. We need a way to put limits to the consequences for which a professional will be held responsible: 4.1. Focus on direct and reasonably foreseeable consequences. 4.2. Assessing the direct consequences that can be reasonably foreseen requires a good knowledge of the profession: someone outside of the profession cannot do a good prediction, and therefore is not properly qualified to make ethical judgments about the matter. 4.3. Ethical principles cannot be used as the input to an ethical algorithm that generates ethical decisions: the agent cannot avoid her personal ethical judgment in each particular situation [1, Preamble]. 5. Current codes of ethics in software engineering provide valuable guidelines: 5.1. They adopt a moderate deontologist ethical position. 5.2. They are aware of the problems derived from software complexity and do not try to teach precise (algorithmic) mechanisms to valuate responsibility. 5.3. They strive for a good integration of rules and consequences to achieve ethical behavior and to assess moral responsibility in the profession: preeminence of human values and crucial consideration of consequences.