HomeNetworking 0212

Home Networking
Technologies and Standards
鄭瑞光
台灣科技大學電子系
課程相關資料
課程名稱
中：家庭網路傳輸技術與標準
英：Home Networking Technologies and
Standards
Broadband Multimedia Wireless

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課程宗旨
本課程之主要目標是教導學生現今家庭
網路之相關標準及概念，並透過實習課
程讓學生會使用部份較熱門之家庭網路
標準產品。透過本課程，學生可了解家
庭網路之應用環境以及針對不同應用的
備選傳輸標準方案，以建立學生在家庭
網路之基本背景知識，讓學生在未來規
劃與設計數位家庭的應用上，能做出最
佳的取捨。
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課程中文大綱
Part I: 簡介
Chapter 1：數位家庭的應用
Chapter 2：端對端網路參考架構
Chapter 3：有線家庭接取網路
Chapter 4：無線家庭接取網路

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課程中文大綱
Part II: 家庭網路無線傳輸技術與標準
Chapter 5：無線家庭網路技術
Chapter 6：新興無線技術

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課程中文大綱
Part III: 家庭網路有線傳輸技術與標準
Chapter 7：有線家庭網路技術
電話線傳輸
電力線傳輸
Chapter 8：重新佈線可考慮之技術

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Outline
Part I: Overview
Chapter 1：Digital Home Applications
Chapter 2：End-to-End Reference
Architecture
Chapter 3：Wireline Home Access
Network Alternatives
Chapter 4：Wireless Home Access
Network Alternatives

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Outline
Part II: Wireless Transmission

Technology and Standards
Chapter 5：Wireless In-home
Technologies
Chapter 6：Emerging Wireless
Technologies

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Outline
Part III: Wired Transmission Technology

and Standards
Chapter 7: Technologies that Reuse
Existing Home Wiring
Phone line communication
Power line communication
Chapter 8: Technologies with New Wiring
Requirement

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Text Book
Theodore B. Zahariadis, “Home Networking

Technologies and Standards,” Artech House
Telecommunications Library, 2003

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Existing wired networks
家庭網路傳輸技術與標準
HomePlug
UPA
HomePNA
AV
ICT Devices Phone
Wireless Networks
IEEE 802.11
Networking
Technologies Bluetooth
IrDA
Camera
New wired networks

VCR IP
TV
Camera
Ethernet
IEEE 1394
USB
實驗規劃
實驗目的：
架設及使用不同的網路傳輸設備
藉由實地測試，瞭解不同的傳輸技術之優缺
點
規劃選用合適的網路傳輸技術 (根據環境、
經費、應用以及建置複雜度等需求)

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實驗規劃
網路測試
家庭無線網路建置與測試
IEEE 802.11
家庭電力線網路建置與測試
HomePlug/UPA
家庭電話線網路建置與測試
HomePNA

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實驗設備需求 (基本配備)
網路設備
RF
IEEE 802.11
PLC
HomePlug
UPA
Phone line/Coaxial
HomePNA

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實驗設備需求 (選用配備)
視聽設備
TV 設備
AV 設備
資通訊設備
監控設備

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Reference
HomePlug
http://www.homeplug.org/products/whitepapers/
HomePNA
http://www.homepna.org/en/index.asp
http://mic.iii.org.tw/intelligence/reports/pop_Doc_pr
omote.asp?docid=CDOC19990816003
http://www.manly.com.tw/products/homepna.htm

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Digital Home Applications
Magic Boxes
1st wish:
I wish I could watch cinema in my home!
The 1st magic box: TV
2nd wish:
I wish I could select what I’ll watch in my TV set
and watch whenever I want to!
The 2nd magic box: video cassette recorder (VCR)

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Magic Boxes
More wishes:
I wish I could
select the film or the program that I want to watch just before I
watch it, and
without having to move from my couch.
I wish I could
watch the episode of my favorite TV program, which I did not
have the chance to record.

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Magic Boxes
More wishes (Conti.) :

I wish I could
read my cooperate e-mail from my kitchen, while
my wife is having a videophone conference in the living room ,
my daughter is speaking on the phone, and
my son is playing an interactive video game.

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Magic Boxes
More wishes (Conti.):

I wish I could
control my home’s security system and
monitor the babysitter’s behavior while I’m at work
I wish I could
communicate from my mobile PDA with my house automation
system and
Turn on the heating system, the coffee machine, and the water
heater

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Magic Boxes
More wishes (Conti.):

I wish my refrigerator could
keep track of the stored goodies and
automatically place all weekly grocery orders with the
supermarket!

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Magic Boxes
What do we have now?

access network:
broadband and low-cost connectivity
smart devices:
Intelligent home-electronic devices
PC, modern security and automation system, and
network-aware devices
in-home networks that connects the devices:
wireless or wire networks
voice and data networks

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Magic Boxes
The 3rd magic box

Residential Gateway (RG):
A network device that
interconnects the home PCs and smart devices,
control and supervise consumer-electronic devices,
and
provide broadband home access

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Follow Me TV (Motorola)
First presents in CES 2007.

Functions
pause a live show, push a button, and pick up that
show in a different room.
Any recorded show is aggregated and made
available on any TV on the network.
Music/photos can also follow to any TV, and the
content can also be sent to portable devices.
source: reviews.cnet.com

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Network AQUOS (Sharp)
First presents in CES 2007.

Functions:
stream two simultaneous HD feeds and Internet
content over the existing power lines (HomePlug
AV)
source: reviews.cnet.com

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Reference House
source: HGI

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Digital Home
More and more appliance within home

These appliances are
more and more connected
between themselves (via wireless/wire technologies)
and,
with the outside world (through home gateway)
more and more interoperable (within home platform)

All these provide more and more attractive
services to customers

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source: ??
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Digital Home
Appliances may be divided into categories called

"white goods" and "brown goods" in British English.
Brown goods are typically small household electrical
entertainment appliances such as:
CD and DVD players, TV, camcorders, cameras, Video
game consoles, HiFi and home cinema, telephones,
answering machines
White goods comprise major household appliances
and may include:
air conditioner, dishwasher, clothes dryer, freezer and
refrigerator, stove (also known as range, cooker, oven,
cooking plate, or cooktop), water heater, washing machine

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Digital Home
Some types of brown goods were traditionally

finished with or looked like wood or bakelite (電木).
This is now rather rare. … White goods were typically
painted or enamelled (瓷漆的 ) white, and many of
them still are.
This division is also noticeable in the service area of
these kinds of products. Brown goods usually require
high technical knowledge and skills, … while white
goods need more practical skills and "brute force" to
manipulate the devices and heavy tools required to
repair them.
source: Wikipedia
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Digital Home Applications
source: devolo, HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007

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User’s Requirement
2008+ Bandwidth Requirements of a Multimedia Home Network
source: devolo, HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007

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HW#1
請描述你心目中的數位家庭
設備
應用服務

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Home Networking Technologies and Standards
In the area of indoor networking, more than

50 candidate technologies over multiple
existing or emerging network architecture and
physical media aim to provide multimedia
home-system (inter) communication.

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Physical media for home networking

Wireless
Wired
Power line
Phone line
Coaxial cable
Ethernet

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The technologies can be classified as

Existing wired networking technologies
Wireless networking technologies
New wired networking technologies
High-layer technologies (out of the scope
of this course)

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source: Home Networking Technologies and Standards

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Supporting Organization
source: 2007 Homega Research

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1394 Trade Association (TA)

founded in 1994,
aims to support the development of computer and
consumer electronics systems that interconnected
via IEEE 1394.

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HomePlug Alliance
an industrial organization founded in 2000
aims to promote rapid availability, adoption and
implementation of cost effective, interoperable and
standards-based home powerline networks and
products.

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Universal Powerline Association (UPA)

promote among government and industry
leaders the tremendous potential of PLC
technologies to build a global
communication society

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Consumer Electronics Powerline

Communication Alliance (CEPCA)
founded in 2005, aims to promote and advance
high speed PLC technology to utilize and
implement a new generation of consumer
electronics products.

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Intelligent Grouping and Resource Sharing

Group (IGRS) 闪联联盟
致力于在不同通信方式上，实现不同品牌的消费电
子、通信及计算设备能够智能互联、资源共享、协
同服务的标准组织

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HomePNA Alliance
an association of companies,
aims to develop universal home networking
solutions based on open and interoperable
standards
aims to provide worldwide distribution of triple-
play services, such as IPTV, voice and Internet
data by leveraging existing telephone wires and
coax cable.

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KNX Association
a profit making organization, aims to promote the
KNX standard, a system for Home and Building
Controls

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Belgian Centre for Domotics and Immotics

(BCDI)
founded by three institutions representing some of
the major sectors of Belgian economy: the
construction, metalworking and energy providing
industries.

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CABA (Continental Automated Building

Association)
a not-for-profit industry association that promotes
advanced technologies for the automation of
homes and buildings in North America.

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Requirements for Digital Home Link
No new wire
Coverage
High throughput
Good QoS for entertainment applications

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New Technology for Digital Home Link
HomePNA
¾ HomePNA 3.0
¾ Over Phone Line initially, but also be used over
coaxial environment.
¾ Interference with VDSLmodem in phone line
environment
¾ Interference with upstream band of cable modem
band in cable environment
Broadband Multimedia Wireless 50

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MoCA : Multimedia over Coax Alliance

¾ MoCA 1.0
¾ Over Coaxial cable.
¾ Operate over 850MHz to avoid interference with
cable TV and cable modem

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HomePlug AV
¾ HomePlug AV 1.0
¾ Over power line initially, but also be used over coaxial
environment.
¾ Interference with upstream band of cable modem band
in cable environment

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Giga Ethernet
¾ 802.3ab for twisted pair environment
¾ Ethernet AV for guaranteed QOS in future

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UWB : Ultra Wide Band

¾ Wimedia Alliance
¾ Operate in 3.1GHz ~10.6GHz environment with
524MHz bandwidth
¾ 480Mbps PHY rate
¾ Winet for IP base environment.
¾ Mesh network for range extension

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802.11n
¾ 802.11n Draft 1.0
¾ MIMO technology up to 600Mbps PHY rate.
¾ WMM-SA for guaranteed QOS in future

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End-to-End Reference Architecture
Residential Service
Today
TV, telephone, and radio
Future Home Services Grouping
Home communication services
Small office home office (SOHO) services
Home entertainment services
Home automation services
Home security services

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Future Home Service Grouping

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Service Requirements
Major requirements
Bandwidth requirements
Quality of service requirements
Delay, delay jitter, packet error rate
User friendliness and reliability requirements
Reasonable cost requirement
Low installation-cost requirement
Standard and interoperability requirements
Simplicity and affordability are the key!

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Service Requirements

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End-to-end Reference Architecture

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ED: End Device
source: HGI

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Content/Service provider
Preparing, storing, and manipulating the
multimedia content

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Central office
Authentication and authorization
Billing

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Access network
Wired
Fiber
Hybrid fiber coaxial
DSL
Power line
Wireless
RF
Satellite

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Home network
Solution with “no-new-wires”
Phone line communication
Power line communication (PLC)
RF technologies

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Home network
Solutions that require new cabling
Ethernet
IEEE 1394

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Wireline Home Access Network Alternatives
Access Network Architecture
Decreasing loop length,

increasing bandwidth
source: ERG (07) 16

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Introduction
The major barrier to the digital networked

house is the access network.
Last-mile problem
hindered broadband access in the home
which is resulted from
Inadequate network infrastructure
Huge cost of new installations

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Introduction
Evolution of existing access network

technologies
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
Hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC)
Wireless local loop (WLL)
Passive optical networks (PON)

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Analog Public Switched Telephone Network
The sole access solution to the home

networking is the legacy public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
Circuit switched
Designed for voice communication

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Analog Public Switched Telephone Network
Data traffic can be transmitted over PSTN by

using analog modems
ITU V.90: asymmetry
Downstream: 56 Kbps
Upstream: 28.8 to 33.3 Kbps
ITU V.92: symmetry
Downstream: 56 Kbps
Upstream: 56 Kbps
Actual throughput depends on the quality of
network line

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Integrated Service Digital Network
Dedicated networks provide services of a

different nature and with different transmission
characteristics
Plain old telephone services (POTS)
Packet service
Telex
Data service

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Drawbacks
High cost
Low efficiency
inconvenience

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ISDN
An alternative technology that provides integrated
voice and digital services over regular phone lines
switched service, requires external power

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ISDN support two types of communication

paths
B-Channel (Bearer Channel)
64 Kbps channel
transfer voice, data, video, or multimedia traffic
D-Channel (Delta Channel)
a 16 Kbps or 64 Kbps channel
Transfer signaling and control data between IDSN seitches and
ISDN terminal equipment

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Two configurations
Basic-rate interface (BRI)
Carry 2 B-channel (2x64 Kbps) + 1 D channel (16 Kbps)
Total bandwidth is 144 Kbps
Multiple BRI lines can be combined into a single faster connection
Primary-rate interface (PRI)
Europe: PRI is carried over E1 line, which carries 32 channels, 30 B-
channels , 1 64-Kbps Data channel (30B +D), and 1 64-Kbps control
channel
USA: PRI is carried over DS1(or T1) line, which carries 23 B-channels , 1
64-Kbps D-channel (control channel)

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ISDN Basic-rate Network Architecture
TE1
TE2

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xDSL
According to Shannon capacity theorem, a channel

with a bandwidth of 3,000 Hz and a SNR of 30 dB will
have a theoretical capacity of 30 Kbps
In real condition, this modem would not provide more than
28.8 Kbps
Digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies are the
evolution of the telephone network.
Allows existing unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) copper local
loops to carry digital data up to 52 Mbps
PtP service, carries its own power on the line

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xDSL
Transmission challenges
Propagation loss
Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)
Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT)
Mismatch impedance
Noise

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xDSL
Propagation loss depends on

transmission frequency
Distance
Physical characteristics of the copper line

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xDSL
Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)

Two or more signals transmitted in the same
direction on different UTP pairs having overlapped
spectra
Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT)
Two or more signals transmitted in opposite
directions on different UTP pairs having
overlapped spectra
Should be avoided if possible

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UDP Crosstalk Impairments

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xDSL
Mismatch impedance
Occurs at all connecting points in the
communication link
Most damaging mismatches tend to occur at the
connecting point between the twisted pair and the
drop wire, with almost double characteristic
impedance

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xDSL
Noise
Radio frequency interference (RFI)
Generated by signals emananting from broadcast
systems
Impulse noise
generated by telephone signals and indoor light

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xDSL
Two modulation schemes are implemented to

deal with the transmission challenges
Single-carrier modulation
e.g., V.32 and V.34
Multicarrier modulation
requires more complex filters but achieve better
performance
e.g., xDSL

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Channel Effects in a Multicarrier Signal

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ADSL
Asymmetric DSL
Transmitted over plain twisted-pair line
Distance < 10,000 ft (3.3 km)
Downstream: 8~12 Mbps
Upstream: 1.5 Mbps
Distance < 18,000 ft (5.5 km)
Downstream: 1.5 Mbps
Upstream: 64 Kbps

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ADSL Network Architecture

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ADSL Spectrum Allocation
POTS
ISDN

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ADSL
Two modulation schemes

Carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) modulation
Single-carrier approach
Deployed earlier, but without interoperability
Discrete multitone modulation (DMT)
Multicarrier approach with 256 subcarriers
Adopted as G.992.1 or G.dmt specification
Both CAP and DMT uses QAM

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Splitterless ADSL Network Architecture

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VDSL
Very High Bit-rate DSL (VDSL)

Transmission range:
1000 ft (0.3 km) ~ 4,500 ft (1.3 km)
Data rate
13 Mbps symmetric, or
52 Mbps downstream and 2.3 Mbps upstream
Challenge
Frequency band of 1 MHz introduces very large
impairments and high impulse noise
Solution: Zipper
assign channels to dowmstream and upstream in pairs

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VDSL Network Topologies
Passive NT
Active NT

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Potential VDSL Spectrum Allocation

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Zipped Spectrum Allocation

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Hybrid Fiber Coaxial
Data over Cable Service Interface

Specification (DOCSIS)
a de factor industry standard for cable modem
More than 50% of the cable Internet
subscribers worldwide are using DOCSIS-
based cable modem.

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HFC/CATV Network Architecture

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DOCSIS Spectrum Allocation

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DOCSIS
PHY
Downstream
is divided into channels of 6 MHz
64QAM or 256 QAM modulated
up to 500 users share the same channel
Upstream
is divided into channels of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 MHz
QPSK or 16 QAM modulated
DOCSIS hub
controls the frequency, data rate, timing, equalization,
and output power of each subcarrier

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DOCSIS
MAC
Point-to-multipoint (PtMP) communication
Bandwidth is centralized controlled by Cable
model termination system (CMTS)
CMTS assigns to each CM one channel and
allocates dedicated time slots based on CM’s
request
also used by multichannel multipoint distribution
system (MMDS)

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Fiber Optics Network Hierarchy

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FTTx
Wide area fiber-optic networks

PtP connections
offers up to 3~10 TB bandwidth
Metropolitan core network and access
networks
ring topologies, interconnected via optical add-
drop multiplexers (ADMs)
Access and consumer-premises networks
Optical ring, optical link, HFC, or hybrid fiber
copper links to cabinet/building/home
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FTTx
FTTC
Fiber to the cabinet or curb
Last mile selection may be
Ethernet: 100 Mbps
VDSL: 50 Mbps
FTTB
Fiber to the building
FTTH
Fiber to the home

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FTTx
ODF: Optical distribution frame
source: ERG (07) 16

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PON
Passive Optical Network (PON)

Optical line termination (OLT)
Optical networking unit (ONU)
Optical network termination (ONT)
ONU + NT
One OLT serves several ONU in a TDMA manner
OLT is responsible for scheduling the uplink and
downlink transmissions

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PON

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Wireless Home Access Network Alternatives
Introduction
Deployment of fiber and cable is particularly

difficult in certain area.
Wireless local loop (WLL) provides a simple,
fast, flexible, and cost-effective solution to set
up new communication links for new
customers.

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Introduction
Two fix-wireless technologies are

introduced
MMDS
TV broadcasting services
Covers longer distances
Local multipoint distribution service
(LMDS)
Provides two-way communications across
shorter distances

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MMDS
MMDS
Also referred as wireless cable
A fixed-wireless technology that has been
primarily used for analog TV broadcasting
Line-of-site technology
Cell radius: 25~35 mile (up to 50 km)

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MMDS
MMDS
Frequency band:
2.500-2.686 GHz: 186 MHZ
2.150-2.162 GHz: 12 MHz
MMDS is capable of transmitting
up to 33 analog video channels (6 MHz/channel), or
200 digital video channels
MMDS frequency bands can be used to offer two-
way services since 1998 (in US)
A terrestrial wired network is required to enable
bidirectional communications

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MMDS Network Architecture

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MMDS
Limitations
Line-of-sight transmission results in
additional transmitters and repeaters
Cochannel interference may affect its
performance
Minimum 35 mile protection zone between
MMDS operators is defined by FCC

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LMDS
LMDS
also referred as the local multipoint
communication system (LMCS)
a broadband, fixed-wireless access system
allow for two-way digital communications
for voice, broadcast video, VoD, and high-
speed data communication, withuot the
need for terrestrial wired networks

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LMDS
LMDS
Frequency band: 28-31 GHz
Data rate: 1-2 Gbps
Line-of-sight transmission
PtP or PtMP configuration

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LMDS
PtMP configuration
Central station (CS) is connected to the
backbone network
Each CS serves multiple terminal stations
(TSs)
Reflector station (RS) is required if there is
no line-of-sight link between CS and TS
Coverage: 3 mile (up to 5 km)
Used for service provisioning
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LMDS
PtP configuration
Used to connect two locations
Coverage: up to 10 mile (16 km)
Mainly constitute the LMDS backbone
network

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LMDS Network Architecture

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LMDS
Limitations
Line-of-sight transmission results in
additional transmitters and repeaters
Careful planning is required
LMDS signal strength is greatly reduced by
the presence of moisture (rain fade)

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Satellite
Communication satellites can be

categorized into three groups
Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO)
Medium Earth orbit (MEO)
Low Earth orbit (LEO)

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Satellite
Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO)

Fixed position with reference to the ground
~36,000 km away from Earth
75。S to 75。N
Useful for broadcasting services

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Satellite
Medium Earth orbit (MEO)

Do not have fixed position with reference to
the ground
~10,000 km away from Earth
MEO satellites rotate at different angular
velocities
Ex. GPS

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Satellite
Low Earth orbit (LEO)

Maximum communication time is about 20
mins.
acceptable for store-and-forward
communication
500~2,000 km away from Earth
Good end-to-end delay
Low power consumption
preferred for mobile communication
Ex. IRIDIUM (uses 66+6 satellites)
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Satellite
Direct Broadcast Satellite

Home access via GEO satellite
Satellite operates as a microwave reflector
that can deliver multimedia data to the
home at speed of 45 Mbps
A terrestrial connection is required to
provide interactive communication

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Satellite Network Architecture

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Satellite
Advantage
Wide coverage
Large shared downstream bandwidth (up
to 9 Gpbs)
Disadvantage
Large initial cost
Lack of real interactivity
Long round-trip delay

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Wireless In-home Technologies
Wireless - IrDA
IrDA
Infrared Data Association,1993 Founded as a
non-profit organization
IrDA is a very short-range example of free-space
optical communication.
used in palmtop computers, mobile phones, and
laptop computers

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IrDA 1.0 Viewing-angle Specification

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Wireless - IrDA
IrDA Data Protocols consist of a mandatory

set of protocols and a set of optional
protocols
Mandatory protocols
PHY (Physical Signaling Layer)
IrLAP (Link Access Protocol)
IrLMP (Link Management Protocol and
Information Access Service (IAS))

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IrDA Software Architecture

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Wireless - IrDA
Broadband Multimedia Wireless IrDA Data Standard protocol stack

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DECT Network Architecture

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DECT Time-frame Structure

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Intra-cell Handover

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Inter-cell Handover

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Wireless - Bluetooth
Features
Based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology
Low Power Consumption
Short Distance Transmission
Operates in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM Band
FHSS (Frequency hopping spread spectrum communication)

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Bluetooth Network Architecture

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Bluetooth FSS TDD Slot Structure

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Bluetooth Packet Structure

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Bluetooth Software Architecture

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Wireless - Bluetooth(Protocol Stack)
vCard WAE
OBEX WAP
TCS-BIN SDP
TCP UDP
IP
PPP Audio
RFCOMM
Logical Link Controller And Adaptation Protocol
Host Controller Interface Link Manager Protocol
Baseband
Bluetooth Radio
PS:
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
TCS-BIN: Telephony Control protocol Specification using bit-Oriented protocol
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IEEE 802.15.1 Tutorial
Reference:
01046r1P802-15_WG-802-15-1-TG1-Tutorial.ppt
By Chatschik Bisdikian
Topics
•What does Bluetooth do
•Bluetooth Positioning: PAN, LAN and WAN.
•How does it work: piconets, scatternets,

security, protocols, and profiles.

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What does Bluetooth do for
me?
Landline
Cable
Replacement
Data/Voice
Access Points
Personal Ad-hoc
Connectivity
Broadband Multimedia Wireless January 2001 Tom Siep, Texas Instruments
Research Laboratory Sli
d
Usage scenarios: Headset
User benefits
Multiple device access
Cordless phone benefits
Hand’s free operation
Wireless Freedom…
d
Usage scenarios:
Synchronization
User benefits
Proximity synchronization
Easily maintained database
Common information database
Sharing Common Data…

d
Usage scenarios: Data access
points
PSTN, ISDN,
LAN, WAN,
xDSL
User benefits
No more connectors
Easy internet access
Common connection experience
Remote Connections...
d
Wireless Positioning
Wireless Bluetooth
LAN Person Space: Office,
On-campus: Office,
Room, Briefcase, Pocket,
School, Airport,
Car
Hotel, Home
Short Range/Low Power
Voice AND Data
Low-cost
Cellular Small form factor

Off-Campus Global
Coverage Many Co-located Nets
Universal Bridge
d
Characteristics
•Operates in the 2.4 GHz band at a data rate of 720Kb/s.
•Uses Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum,

which divides the frequency band into a number of
channels (2.402 - 2.480 GHz yielding 79 channels).
•Radio transceivers hop from one channel to another in a

pseudo-random fashion, determined by the master.
•Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (1 master and 7

slaves).
•Piconets can combine to form scatternets.

d
What is a Piconet?
•A collection of devices connected in an ad hoc
fashion.
•One unit will act as a master and the others as

slaves for the duration of the piconet connection. S M
P
•Master sets the clock and hopping pattern.
S SB S
•Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern/ID
P
•Each master can connect to 7 simultaneous or
M=Master P=Parked
200+ inactive (parked) slaves per piconet S=Slave SB=Standby

d
What is a Scatternet?
•A Scatternet is the linking of multiple co- S M
located piconets through the sharing of P
common master or slave devices.
S SB S
•A device can be both a master and a slave.
•Radios are symmetric (same radio can be P

master or slave) P
SB
•High capacity system, each piconet has M
maximum capacity (720 Kbps)
S
M=Master P=Parked
S=Slave SB=Standby

d
Bluetooth Architecture
Applications
Other TCS RFCOMM SDP Application Framework
and Support
ol
ntr
Data Co Host Controller
Interface
L2CAP
Audio Link Manager and L2CAP
Link Manager
Baseband Radio & Baseband

RF
d
The Bluetooth “lower” layers
Radio (RF)
The Bluetooth radio front-end
2.4GHz ISM band; 1Mbps
1,600hops/sec; 0dBm (1mW) radio (up to 20dBm)
Baseband (BB)
Piconet/Channel definition
“Low-level” packet definition
Channel sharing
Link Management (LM)

Definition of link properties
encryption/authentication
polling intervals set-up
SCO link set-up
low power mode set-up

d
Baseband link types
Polling-based (TDD) packet transmissions
1 slot: 0.625msec (max 1600 slots/sec)
master/slave slots (even-/odd-numbered slots) M S
Synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link

“circuit-switched”, periodic single-slot packet assignment
symmetric 64Kbps full-duplex M S
Asynchronous connection-less (ACL) link

packet switching
asymmetric bandwidth, variable packet size (1,3, or 5 slots)
max. 721 kbps (57.6 kbps return channel)
108.8 - 432.6 kbps (symmetric)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
d
Security: Key generation and
usage
PIN PIN User Input
(Initialization)
E2 E2
Authentication (possibly)
Link Key Link Key Permanent
Storage
E3 E3
Encryption
Temporary
Encryption Key Encryption Key
Storage

d
Bluetooth protocols
Host Controller Interface (HCI)
Provides a common interface between the Bluetooth
host and a Bluetooth module
Interfaces in spec 1.0: USB; UART; RS-232
Link Layer Control & Adaptation (L2CAP)

A simple data link protocol on top of the baseband
connection-oriented & connectionless
protocol multiplexing
segmentation & reassembly
QoS flow specification per connection (channel)
group abstraction

d
Bluetooth protocols
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
Defines an inquiry/response protocol for discovering services
RFCOMM (based on GSM TS07.10)
emulates a serial-port to support a large base of legacy (serial-port-
based) applications
Telephony Control Protocol Spec (TCS)
call control (setup & release)
group management for gateway serving multiple devices
Legacy protocol reuse
reuse existing protocols, e.g., IrDA’s OBEX, or WAP for
interacting with applications on phones

d
Profiles
Represents default Applications
solution for a usage
model
Protocols
Vertical slice through
the protocol stack
Basis for
interoperability and
logo requirements
Profiles
Each Bluetooth device
supports one or more
profiles
d
Profiles
Generic Access Profile
Service Discovery Application Profile
Serial Port Profile
Dial-up Networking Profile
Fax Profile
Headset Profile
LAN Access Profile (using PPP)
Generic Object Exchange Profile
File Transfer Profile
Object Push Profile
Synchronization Profile
TCS_BIN-based profiles
Cordless Telephony Profile
Intercom Profile

d
Summary
Bluetooth is a global, RF-based (ISM band:
2.4GHz), short-range, connectivity solution for
portable, personal devices
it is not just a radio, it is an end-to-end solution
The Bluetooth spec comprises
a HW & SW protocol specification
usage case scenario profiles and interoperability requirements
IEEE 802.15 is working on standardizing the PHY
and MAC layers in Bluetooth
To learn more: http://www.bluetooth.com

d
Wireless – Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi stands for "Wireless Fidelity”, a wireless
technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance
Also known as IEEE802.11, uses radio waves to
send information at speeds of up to 11 Mbps over
a range of up to 300 ft.

Research Laboratory
Wireless – Wi-Fi
Combined with a Wireless Access Point or Wireless
Router to provides users with wireless high-speed internet
access
IEEE 802.11 is comprised of more than 20 different
standards

Research Laboratory
Wireless – Wi-Fi
Comparison of standards
Data Transfer
Standard Frequency Rate Range (indoor)
Typical (Max)
802.11a 5 GHz 25 (50) Mb/sec about 10 m (30 ft)
802.11b 2.4GHz 6.5 (11) Mb/sec 30 m (90 ft)
802.11g 2.4 GHz 25 (54) Mb/sec 30+ m (90+ ft)
802.11n * 2.4 GHz 200 (540) Mb/sec 50m (150ft)

Research Laboratory
IEEE 802.11 Structured Network Architecture

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IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Network Architecture

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IEEE 802.11 Protocol Stacks

Research Laboratory
IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA Algorithm

Research Laboratory
HomeRF Structured Network Architecture

Research Laboratory
HomeRF Protocol Stacks

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SWAP Frame Structure

Research Laboratory
HyperLAN Protocol Stacks

Research Laboratory
Wireless - RadioRA
RadioRA™
As the Egyptian god RA controlled the sunlight,
RadioRA controls the lighting system in your home.
RadioRA is considered the premier wireless
lighting control system.
Operates at a regulated frequency of 418 MHz
and is immune to noise from power lines, cordless
phones and other wireless products.

Research Laboratory
Wireless - RadioRA

Research Laboratory
Research Laboratory
Emerging Wireless Technologies
Reference
IEEE 802.15 Family

IEEE 802.15.1: Bluetooth
IEEE 802.15.3: high data rate WPAN
IEEE 802.15.4: low data rate WPAN
Reference website:
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/pub/Tutorials.html

Research Laboratory
Wireless - UWB
Ultra-Wideband
What’s UWB
WiMedia Alliance Members
Features
UWB protocol stack
References

Research Laboratory
Wireless - UWB
What’s UWB
Based on WiMedia Standard
Designed for WPANs (Wireless personal area
networks) with
Short Range radio
Low Power Consumption
Applications
Wireless PC connectivity
Wireless Multimedia connectivity
Cable replacement

Research Laboratory
Wireless - UWB
WiMAX
Technology Range Throughput Power Cost Interference
(m) (Mbps) (mW/Mbps)
WPAN
Requirement <10 >100 1 Low Low
802.11g >50 20-30 15-20 Low High
802.11n >50 >100 6-7 High High
UWB <10 >100 1 Low None
Referenced from UWB whitepaper of www.wimedia.org

Research Laboratory
Wireless - UWB
Protocols running over the platform
Wireless
IEEE1394 Bluetooth UPnP USB
USB
Convergence Layer
WiMedia UWB MAC Layer
WiMedia UWB PHY Layer

(802.15.3a)
WiMedia UWB Radio Platform

Research Laboratory
802.15.3
Motivation
the need to distribute video and audio that
requires much more bandwidth than IEEE
802.15.1 can sustain.
Proposed radio solution
single carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM) with Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM)
working in the 2.4 GHz band.
Selectable speeds: 11, 22, 33, 44, and 55 Mbps
UWB
100 Mbps (<10 meter) and 400 Mbps (< 5 meter)

Research Laboratory
Terms
Data devices (DEVs)

Piconet Coordinator (PNC)
Broadcast Beacon to
Provide timing information (for network synchronization)
Provide channel access information
Control the channel access
Manage the QoS requirements
Perform admission control
Assign time slots for connections between DEVs.
Piconet: radius of 10m~70m

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Network Topology

Research Laboratory
Parent/Child/Neighbor Piconets
Several piconets can coexist by sharing

the same channel frequency.

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Parent/Child/Neighbor Piconets

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Protocol Stacks

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2.4 GHz Channel Assignment

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Superframe Structure

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CAP Structure in the Superframe

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CSMA/CA in CAP

Research Laboratory
CTA

Research Laboratory
Dynamic GTS and Pseudostatic GTS

Research Laboratory
MTS Channel Access

Research Laboratory
Superframe Relationship

Research Laboratory
Connection Establishment Process
CTR: Channel Time Request

Research Laboratory
Wireless - ZigBee
ZigBee
Technological standard based on the IEEE
802.15.4 for control and sensor networks
Created by ZigBee Alliance
Targets the application domain of low power, low
duty cycle and low data rate requirement devices

Research Laboratory
Wireless - ZigBee
Operates in Unlicensed Bands
ISM 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps
868 MHz European Band at 20kbps
915 MHz North American Band at 40kbps

Research Laboratory
Wireless - ZigBee
Operates in Personal Area Networks (PAN’s) and
device-to-device networks
Connectivity between small packet devices
Control of lights, switches, thermostats,
appliances, etc.

Research Laboratory
Wireless - ZigBee

Research Laboratory
802.15.4
Two types of devices

Full function device (FFD)
Can be a network node or a network
coordinator
Can use star, peer-to-peer, or cluster tree
topology
Reduced function device (RFD)
Can only be a network node
Limited to star topology only

Research Laboratory
IEEE 802.15.4 Tutorial
source:
03036r0P802-15_WG-802-15-4-TG4-Tutorial.ppt
By José A. Gutierrez
802.15.4 Applications Space
• Home Networking
• Automotive Networks
• Industrial Networks
• Interactive Toys
• Remote Metering
January - 2003 José A. Gutierrez

802.15.4 Applications
Topology
Cable replacement - Last meter connectivity
Virtual Wire
Mobility
Wireless Hub
Ease of installation
Stick-On Sensor

Some needs in the sensor
networks
Thousands of sensors in a small space → Wireless
but wireless implies Low Power!
and low power implies Limited Range.
Of course all of these is viable if a Low Cost

transceiver is required

Solution:
LR-WPAN Technology!
By means of
IEEE 802.15.4

802.15.4 General Characteristics
Data rates of 250 kb/s, 40 kb/s and 20 kb/s.

Star or Peer-to-Peer operation.
Support for low latency devices.
CSMA-CA channel access.
Dynamic device addressing.
Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability.
Low power consumption.

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 General Characteristics
Frequency Bands of Operation
16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band
10 channels in the 915MHz ISM band
1 channel in the European 868MHz band.
Simple but flexible MAC protocol

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 Protocol Architecture
Upper Layers
IEEE 802.2 LLC Other LLC
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4

868/915 MHz 2400 MHz
PHY PHY

Research Laboratory
Operating Frequency Bands
Channel 0 Channels 1-10 2 MHz

868MHz / 915MHz
PHY
868.3 MHz 902 MHz 928 MHz
2.4 GHz
PHY Channels 11-26 5 MHz
2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 PHY
Transmit Power
Capable of at least 1 mW
Transmit Center Frequency Tolerance
± 40 ppm
Receiver Sensitivity (Packet Error Rate <1%)
-85 dBm @ 2.4 GHz band
-92 dBm @ 868/915 MHz band
RSSI Measurements
Packet strength indication
Clear channel assessment
Dynamic channel selection

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 PHY
2.4 GHz PHY

Symbol rate: 250 kb/s (4 bits/symbol, 62.5 kBaud)
Data modulation is 16-ary orthogonal modulation
Chip modulation is MSK at 2.0 Mchips/s

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 PHY
868MHz/915MHz PHY
Symbol Rate
868 MHz Band: 20 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 20 kBaud)
915 MHz Band: 40 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 40 kBaud)
Data modulation is BPSK with differential encoding
Chip modulation is BPSK at
868 MHz Band: 300 kchips/s
915 MHz Band: 600 kchips/s

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 Devices
Full function device (FFD)

Any topology
Network coordinator capable
Talks to any other device
Reduced function device (RFD)

Limited to star topology
Cannot become a network coordinator
Talks only to a network coordinator
Very simple implementation

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Star Topology
PAN
Coordinator
Master/slave
Full function device Communications flow
Reduced function device

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P2P Topology
Point to point Cluster tree
Full function device Communications flow

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Combined Topology
Clustered stars - for example,

cluster nodes exist between rooms
of a hotel and each room has a
star network for control.
Communications flow
Full function device
Reduced function device

Research Laboratory
Addressing
All devices have IEEE addresses

Short addresses can be allocated
Addressing modes:
Network + device identifier (star)
Source/destination identifier (peer-peer)

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 Traffic Types
Three type of traffic
Periodic data
Low data rate
Ex.: sensor traffic
Intermittent data
Generated once in a while
Ex.: light switch
Repetitive low-latency data
Generated continuously and requires low-latency data
transfer
Requires GTSs
Negotiation process is accomplished through upper
layers and GTS primitives
Ex. mouse

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 Frame Format
PHY Packet Fields

• Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization
• Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits)
• PHY Header (8 bits) – PSDU length
• PSDU (0 to 1016 bits) – Data field
Start of PHY PHY Service

Preamble Packet Header Data Unit (PSDU)
Delimiter
6 Octets 0-127 Octets

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 Frame Format
Payload
Layer
MAC
MAC Header MAC Service Data Unit MAC Footer
(MHR) (MSDU) (MFR)
PHY Layer
MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)

Synch. Header PHY Header
(SHR) (PHR)
PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)
4 Types of MAC Frames:

• Data Frame
• Beacon Frame
• Acknowledgment Frame
• MAC Command Frame

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 MAC
Sophisticated functions (i.e., QoS

mechanisms) reside in upper layers
Three packet structure
Beacon packet
Data packet
Handshake packet (ACK packet)
Channel access
CSMA/CA: best effort service
TDMA: quantitative service

Research Laboratory
Frame Structure
GTS 2 GTS 1
Contention Contention Free

Access Period Period
15ms * 2n
where 0 ≥ n ≥ 14
Network beacon Transmitted by network coordinator. Contains network information,

frame structure and notification of pending node messages.
Beacon extension
Space reserved for beacon growth due to pending node messages
period
Contention period Access by any node using CSMA-CA
Guaranteed
Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth [n = 0].
Time Slot

Research Laboratory
802.15.4 Signaling Flow
Originator Recipient
MAC MAC
MCPS-DATA.request
Channel
access
Originator
Recipient
Data frame
Acknowledgement
(if requested)
MCPS-DATA.indication
MCPS-DATA.confirm

Research Laboratory
Wireless – Z-Wave
Z-Wave™
History Evolution
Z-Wave Alliance Members
Features
Z-Wave Protocol Stack
References

Research Laboratory
Wireless – Z-Wave
History Evolution
Based on X10
Z-Wave Versus X10
Transport Method
X10: Via power line and RF adapter (optional)
Z-Wave: RF based completely
More Quickly Response
Z-Wave: Support native acknowledge mechanism
Better Security
X10: 4 bits house code
Z-Wave: 24 bits home code

Research Laboratory
Wireless – Z-Wave
Features
Low cost
Low power consumption
Low complexity
Seamless inter-operability
Simple network management
WLAN coexistence

Research Laboratory
Wireless – Z-Wave
Lighting Switches
Sensors application program
Application Layer Thermostats
Transfer Layer
Z-Wave H/W Chip & Firmware program

MAC Layer
RF Media Layer

Research Laboratory
IEEE 802.11n Technology
802.11n provides full office coverage and outstanding
performance, compares to current 802.11b/g
802.11g signal strength Wired speed area
802.11n signal strength
~60’
feet
WALL
Office
~100 feet
source: Zyxel
802.11n Key Benefits
• Provides wired speed wirelessly
Save cabling cost
Rich content delivery
• Provides superior coverage
No more dead-spot in home or office
No other wireless device investment needed (repeater,
AP)
Access the network everywhere, increase productivity
• Backward compatible with 802.11b/g
Existing 802.11b/g clients get better performance than
ever, immediate client upgrade is not necessary

Research Laboratory
Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM)
SDM sends multiple independent data streams between transmit

and receive antennas to deliver more bits in given bandwidth
1 spatial stream 54 Mbps
2x2
Tx1 Rx1 2x3
3x3
Rx2 4x4
Tx2
…
Rx3

Research Laboratory
802.11n Transmission Rate
Modulation Improvement (mandatory)
54Mbps -> 65Mbps
Two Transmit Antenna (2x2 or 2x3)
65Mbps -> 130Mbps
Packet Aggregation (optional)
130Mbps -> 145Mbps
Double bandwidth (20MHz -> 40MHz) (optional)
145Mbps -> 300Mbps
Four Transmit Antenna (4x4)
300Mbps -> 600Mbps

Research Laboratory
Wireless - WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Accessis, is based on the IEEE 802.16
standard, which is also called WirelessMAN
The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to
promote conformance and interoperability of the
standard

Research Laboratory
Wireless - WiMAX
A standards-based technology to enable the delivery of

last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to
cable and DSL
Can have a bandwidth of up to 75MBps and cover up to a
distance of 10KM
A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
WiMAX Base Station
WiMAX receiver

Research Laboratory
Wireless - WiMAX
WiMAX Base Station
Consists of indoor electronics and a WiMAX tower.
Theoretically, a base station can cover up to 50 km
radius, however practical considerations limit it to
about 10 km
WiMAX receiver
The receiver and antenna could be a stand-alone
box or a PCMCIA card that sits in your laptop or
computer.

Research Laboratory
Research Laboratory
Technologies that Reuse Existing Home Wiring
Power Line Communication (PLC)

Research Laboratory
Power Line
Power line communication is using electric
power line to carry information
internet
Power Line
ADSL model
PLC
Outlet CPE
Outlet
PLC
CPE
PC

Research Laboratory
Powerline Network Architecture

Research Laboratory
電力線通訊？
¾ 電力線通訊
ª Power Line Communication, PLC
ª 利用現有電力線，將數據或資訊以數位訊號處理方
法進行傳輸
¾ 寬頻電力線通訊
¾ Broadband over Power Lines, BPL
ª 利用現有電力線傳輸，寬頻通訊「最後一哩」之另
一種可能選擇

Research Laboratory
電力系統
電力系統 v. s. 通訊網路
發電系統輸電系統配電系統用戶端
中壓線路
電廠變電所
高壓線路
通訊網路
桿上變壓器
低壓線路
局端設備
Backbone source: 台電綜合研究所

Research Laboratory
電力線通訊系統架構圖
source: 台電綜合研究所
Research Laboratory
BPL-Based Network Architecture

Research Laboratory
電力線傳輸之挑戰
資料在戶外傳輸時會產生干擾及電波外漏問題
各國對干擾之規範：
加拿大：
3~30MHz, < 30 uV within 30 m
南韓：
< 500 uV within 3 m
USA
FCC Part 15, <24dB

Research Laboratory
PLC networks are country specific
You need 500+ independent homes in test to
reach significance level for 500k+ homes (ISO
3951/DIN 40080).
source: HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007

Research Laboratory
PLC-related Standards
PLC三大標準聯盟
以美國 Intellon 公司所設計晶片為主的
HomePlug (HPA)，主攻美洲市場
以西班DS2公司所設計晶片為主的UPA或
OPERA，主攻歐洲為市場
以日本消費性電子廠所主導的HD-PLC，主
攻消費性電子產品市場

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1675
Standard for Broadband Over Power Line
Hardware
Address couplers, grounding, and installation
practices. The standard is more for utility
companies to make sure that devices installed on
their lines does not cause problems.
Expected to be finalized at mid of 2006

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1775
Standards for Powerline Communication
Equipment - Electromagnetic Compatibility
(EMC) Requirements - Testing and
Measurement Methods
Address emissions and how to test to ensure that
you are within the required power limits.
Expected to be finalized at end of 2009

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1901
Standard for Broadband over Power Line
Networks: Medium Access Control and
Physical Layer Specifications
Concerns the MAC/PHY layers and how signals
are put on the wire, etc.
Expected to be finalized in 2008

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1901
Project scope:
develop MAC/PHY standard for high speed (>100
Mbps) communication devices via electric power
lines, so called Broadband over Power Line (BPL)
devices
transmission frequencies below 100 MHz

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1901
Classes of BPL devices

first-mile/last-mile connection (<1500 m to the
premise) to broadband services
in buildings for LANs and other data distribution
(<100m between devices)

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1901
Three clusters
In-home cluster: allows low-voltage wiring in
structures to carry digital content
Access cluster: provides for transmission of
broadband content on the medium- and low-
voltage power lines that feed homes
Coexistence and interoperability cluster: ensures
all equipment and devices used on BPL networks
are compatible.

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1901 down selection process

Research Laboratory
IEEE P1901 milestones
June 2005: PAR approved

January 2006: use cases approved
February 2007
400 requirements approved; they are split into three clusters:
access, in-home and coexistence
June 2007
12 proposals received, 4 proposals/cluster
Oct. 2007
One in-home proposal and one access proposal remain as
candidates for confirmation after the first round of elimination
voting

Research Laboratory
Voting Results
Access Cluster
The HomePlug/Panasonic merged proposal (document
P1901_0337_r0) received 22 votes.
The UPA/OPERA/Mitsubishi merger proposal (document
The HomePlug/Panasonic merged proposal remains as the
single candidate for the confirmation vote.

Research Laboratory
Voting Results
In-Home Cluster
The Panasonic/HomePlug/HiSilicon merger proposal (document
The UPA proposal (document P1901_0343_r0) received 13
votes.
The Panasonic/HomePlug/HiSilicon merger proposal remains as
the single candidate for the confirmation vote.

Research Laboratory
Up-to-date status (Dec. 2007)
HomePlug Powerline Alliance-Panasonic presented the

latest updates of the surviving in-home and access
proposals. Significant progress was achieved but the
working group felt the specifications were not mature
enough to conduct a 75% confirmation working group
vote.

Research Laboratory
Up-to-date status (Dec. 2007)
UPA presented a proposal to merge the two surviving

coexistence proposals. The elimination vote was
postponed until the next meeting, in anticipation of a
voluntary merger by that time. Two proposals remain as
candidates.

Research Laboratory
HomePlug
source: HomePlug Alliance

Research Laboratory
HomePlug Powerline Alliance

Research Laboratory
History
HomePlug 1.0
¾ Standard is announced on 2001
¾ Connect devices over powerline with 14Mbps PHY
rate
HomePlug with Turbo mode
¾ Develop by Cogency
¾ Cogency is acquired by Intellon on 2004
¾ Release by Intellon with 85Mbps PHY rate

Research Laboratory
History
HomePlug AV
¾ Standard is announced on 2005
¾ Intellon announced the first chipset on 2006
¾ Suitable for entertainment distribution over powerline
with 200Mbps PHY rate, like, HD program.
BPL : Broadband Power Line
WAN applications over external high/mid voltage
power line

Research Laboratory
HomePlug 1.0
HomePlug 1.0 (HP 1.0)

14 Mbps PHY, 56bit-DES
Silicon Since 2000. First Products Since
2002
Silicon vendors: Arkados, Conexant,
Intellon, Maxim, Afa Tech

Research Laboratory
Resulting Main Business Cases
HomePlug 1.0 (14 Mbps)

Low-speed internet extensions (56K, ISDN,
1-3 Mbps xDSL)
Music, picture and Motion-JPEG
distribution
Telemetry

Research Laboratory
HomePlug 1.0 + Turbo (85 Mbps)

Medium-speed internet extensions (4-25
Mbps xDSL)
LAN file sharing
SD IPTV, Video in NTSC/PAL quality

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV
HomePlug AV (HP AV)

200 Mbps PHY, 128 bit-DES
Ethernet adapters shipping in volume now.
Native integration in products starting in
1H’07
Silicon vendors : Arkados, Conexant,
Gigle, Intellon, Spidcom

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV
High-speed internet extensions (25-100
Mbps xDSL, FTTH)
HD IPTV, HD Video, high-speed LAN file
sharing
Large networks

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Data Networking Application

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Security Application

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Audio and Video Application

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AV vs. Turbo vs. 1.0

Research Laboratory
HomePlug BPL and C&C
HomePlug Access BPL

Access network solution
HomePlug Command & Control
Home Control and Automation systems
Baseline technology selected in Q1’06 -
Yitran based PHY/MAC

Research Laboratory
Network Concept
PhyNet : Physical Network

¾ A set of STAs can communicate each other
physically without interference.
AVLN : AV in-home Logical Network
¾ A set of STAs with the same NMK.
¾ An AVLN is managed by a Cco.

Research Laboratory
Network Concept
Figure 1 Figure 2

Research Laboratory
Network Concept
PhyNet / AVLN PhyNet / AVLN
STA Figure 1 Figure 2
A {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,CCo1} {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1}
B {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,CCo1} {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1}
C {C,D,CCo2} / {C,D,CCo2} {C,D,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1}
D {C,D,CCo2} / {C,D,CCo2} {C,D} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1}
CCo1 {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,CCo1} {A,B,C,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1}
CCo2 {C,D,CCo2} / {C,D,CCo2} NA
Note : In Figure 2, C is as Proxy CCo of D

Research Laboratory
Coexistence
Coexistence means HomePlug AV STAs and

1.0 STAs can know the existence of each
other in the same environment and avoid the
interference
Need coexistence, but not compatible
Hybrid mode vs. AV-Only mode

Research Laboratory
Hybrid Mode
Hybrid mode : When power on of a new

AV STA, if it detects the interference of
1.0 STA, the AVLN will operates in
Hybrid Mode

Research Laboratory
AV-Only Mode
AV-Only mode : When power on of a

new AV STA, if it detects nothing or just
AV STAs, the AVLN will operates in AV-
Only mode

Research Laboratory
CSMA/CA vs. TDMA
CSMA/CA : Carrier Sense Multiple

Access with Collision Avoidance
¾ Before a station to transmit, it must sense
the medium to be idle.
¾ Use for contention period

Research Laboratory
CSMA/CA vs. TDMA
TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access

¾ Provide guaranteed bandwidths for
guaranteed QoS requirements, like video
streaming.
¾ Use in contention-free period

Research Laboratory
Beacon-Base Scheduling - 1

Research Laboratory
Beacon-Base Scheduling - 2
Beacon Period : 2 AC-line Cycles

¾ Ex.: 2*1/60Hz = 33.33ms,2*1/50Hz=40ms
Beacon Region :
CSMA Region :
¾ Contention period
Persistent region for QoS guaranteed :
¾ Contention-Free period, with scheduled TDMA
Non-Persistent region
¾ Contention-Free period. Reserve to allow rapid
response to urgent allocation requests.
¾ For example, extra allocation for unscheduled TDMA.
Research Laboratory
Roles of Stations
CCo : Central Coordinator (CCo) station

¾ CCo without QoS
• The CCo only perform the mandatory required functions.
¾ Preferred CCo
• Basic CCo + scheduling contention-free allocation
(TDMA)
¾ Proxy CCo
• One STA relays message to/from CCo and hidden SATs.
¾ Backup CCo
• Backup CCo is to play the role of the CCo when CCo
failure.

Research Laboratory
Roles of Stations
STA : Station

Research Laboratory
Requirements of CCo
AC Line Cycle Synchronization

Transmission of a Central Beacon with a
CSMA allocation
3A Security management
Multiple Network management.
HomePlug 1.0.1 Coexistence management.
Bandwidth management, extra for preferred
CCo

Research Laboratory
Criteria to Select a CCo
User-Appointed CCo
Auto-Selected CCo
¾ Preferred CCo capable STA > “CCo-capable
without QoS” CCo.
¾ Number of discovered STAs in the Discovered
Station List
¾ Number of discovered networks in the Discovered

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV Specification
HomePlug AV (HPAV):
June 2004
Baseline technology selection
Merged technologies from Conexant, Intellon and Sharp
December 2005
HomePlug AV Specification v1.0 ratified
May 2007
HomePlug AV Specification v1.1 ratified

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV
HomePlug AV (HPAV):
Backward compatible with HomePlug 1.0
MAC supporting both
TDMA access: offers QoS
CSMA-based access: provides four priority
levels

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV
HomePlug AV (HPAV):
PHY
OFDM with 917 active carriers in
1.8 to 30 MHz with no notch, 2-28Mhz with Ham bands
notched
200 Mbps channel rate and 150 Mbps
information rate
Bit loading with 1 to10 bits per carrier
Turbo FEC provides performance close to the
theoretical limit

Research Laboratory
Tone Mask

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV
Efficient MAC
CSMA similar to HP 1.0
High efficiency data plane
Provides high tolerance to powerline noise
AC line cycle synchronized TDMA period
provides high performance and stability

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV
Efficient MAC
AC line cycle synchronized adaptation for
powerline impairments
TDMA with QoS guarantees
Central Coordinator manages the network
for optimal performance

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV System Architecture

Research Laboratory
Higher Layer Entities (HLEs)

Connection Specification (CSPEC) and Control
QoS Management and Control
bridges, applications or servers that provide off-
chip services to clients below the H1 Interface
Data Service Access Point (SAP)
accepts Ethernet format packets, so all IP based
protocols are easily handled.

Research Laboratory
Data plane
Convergence (CL)
Packet classification QoS Monitoring etc
MAC
Physical (PHY)

Research Laboratory
Control plane
Connection Manager (CM)
Connection Management and Monitoring
CM is responsible for setting up a connection with the
other station and the CCo based on the connection’s
CSPEC
Central Coordinator (CCo):
Bandwidth Management and Scheduling
Beacon period synchronous with AC Line
will be active in one and only one station in a single
HPAV network.

Research Laboratory
Physical (PHY) Layer
Physical Layer (PHY)

provides a 200 Mbps PHY channel rate
provide a 150 Mbps information rate.
uses windowed OFDM and a powerful Turbo Convolutional
Code (TCC), which provides robust performance within 0.5
dB of Shannon Capacity
OFDM
917 carriers (tones) with a flexible guard interval
BPSK (1 b/sym.) to 1024 QAM (10 b/sym.) modulation is
applied for each carrier

Research Laboratory
Typical PHY Channel & Bit Loading
• Each carrier loaded with 1,2,3,4,6,8, or 10 bits

Research Laboratory
PHY Channel Adaptation
Powerline noise is commonly synchronous with the

AC line cycle
Dimmers, brush motors, switching power supplies, halogen
lamps
AC line cycle based Bit Loading
Can significantly improve performance

Research Laboratory
PHY Channel Adaptation

Research Laboratory
Transmitter
OFDM Modulator

Research Laboratory
Transmitter
Separate inputs for

HPAV data
passes through Scrambler, Turbo FEC Encoder and
Interleaver
HPAV control information
processed by the Frame Control Encoder block, which has
an embedded Frame Control FEC block and Diversity
Interleaver
HomePlug 1.0 control information
Used to support HomePlug 1.0 compatibility

Research Laboratory
Transmitter
Outputs of the three streams are fed into

a common OFDM modulator
Analog Front End (AFE):
couples the signal to the Powerline medium.

Research Laboratory
Receiver

Research Laboratory
Receiver
Separate data information via

AFE, Automatic Gain Controller (AGC) and a time
synchronization module
Two data streams are generated
HomePlug 1.0 control decoder
HPAV FEC decoder

Research Laboratory
MAC Protocols/Services
Efficient MAC data plane

Centrally managed network (CCo)
Persistent and non-persistent allocation
Provides reliable QoS on noisy powerline medium
Contention free (connection oriented) and CSMA/CA
periods (connectionless traffic)
Neighbor network coordination
Sharing channel with other AV networks (MDUs)

Research Laboratory
Centralized control architecture

managed by a Central Coordinator (CCo)
CCo uses beacon to announce the scheduling
information
MAC layer provides both
Contention (CSMA) service
Contention Free (CF) service
Synchronization to AC cycle via Beacon period
improved noise mitigation

Research Laboratory
MAC
Two channel access modes
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) access
Prioritized CSMA/CA access

Research Laboratory
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) access

offer connection-oriented Contention Free (CF) service
support the QoS requirements (guaranteed bandwidth,
latency and jitter requirements)
Prioritized CSMA/CA access

a connectionless, contention-based service
similar to HomePlug 1.0
support both best-effort and prioritized QoS services

Research Laboratory
Each Beacon Period is consisted of

Beacon Region
CSMA Region
Contention-Free (Reserved) Region (TDMA)

Research Laboratory
Beacon Region
beacon is extremely robust and reliable
schedule of regions and Contention Free
allocations are broadcasted in the beacon
beacon period is synchronized to AC line cycle
CSMA Region
Persistent shared CSMA allocation

Research Laboratory
Contention-Free (Reserved) Region (TDMA)

Non-persistent allocation for QoS sessions
non-persistent local CSMA region
non-persistent TDMA region
Persistent allocation for QoS sessions
persistent TDMA region

Research Laboratory
• Beacon period is synchronized to AC line cycle

Research Laboratory
Persistent TDMA region (parameter based QoS)

CCo provides one or more persistent time
allocations, named Transmit Opportunities
(TXOPs),
TXOP is allocated based on the Connection
Specification (CSPEC) and the channel sounding
results

Research Laboratory
Persistent CSMA Region (priority based QoS)

Is used for traffic with short duration or without
QoS requirement
HomePlug 1.0 devices are allowed to transmit in

this region under Hybrid mode

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Research Laboratory
Connection Specification (CSPEC)

Guaranteed bandwidth
Quasi-Error free service
Fixed Latency
Jitter control

Research Laboratory
Tone Map
The channel sounding results specifying the optimal
modulation on each OFDM tone based on initial
channel estimation

Research Laboratory
MAC
Each MAC frame stream is divided into 512 octet
segments and are encapsulated into PHY Blocks (PBs)
FEC and Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) are
performed based on PB

Research Laboratory
SACK
SACK is an integral part of the TDMA allocation
PBs are selectively acknowledged at the receiver
PBs that are not positively acknowledged are
retransmitted during the next TXOP.

Research Laboratory
Research Laboratory
MAC Segmentation and MPDU Generation

Research Laboratory
Central Coordinator (CCo)

controls an AV Logical Network (AVLN)
manages the bandwidth for the AVLN via beacon
AVLN
consists of several AV stations
is indicated by a Network Membership Key (NMK)

Research Laboratory
Beacon contains
timestamp for network synchronization
the current schedule and the minimum number of
Beacon Periods for which it will remain valid,
and/or
the new schedule and the number of Beacon
Periods which will pass before it becomes valid

Research Laboratory
When an AV Station is powered on, it listens to the

medium and
joins an existing AVLN, or
becomes a CCo and broadcasts a beacon
Each AV station periodically broadcasts a Discover Beacon
(at a time allocated by the CCo in the non-persistent portion
of the PCF Region).
Discover Beacon contains information about the station and
the AVLN to which it belongs.

Research Laboratory
Topology learning
Each station keeps
a Discovered Station List (DSL) for stations in the same
AVLN
a Discovered Networks List (DNL) for stations in the
different AVLN
CCo periodically asks stations to report its

DSL/DNL for composing a topology map

Research Laboratory
CCo uses the topology map to determine if there is

another station in the AVLN that would make a better
CCo than it.
Decision criteria (in order of priority):
1. User’s Selection
2. CCo Capability
3. Number of discovered STAs in the Discovered Station List
4. Number of discovered AVLNs in the Discovered Network List

Research Laboratory
Neighbor Network Coordination

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV Specification v 1.1
Changes and Improvements

Added new security features
Added improvements to TCP, SMB and VoIP
performance
Added a robust mechanism for sharing the channel
with neighboring AV networks
Other improvements

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV Specification v 1.1
Changes and Improvements

Added new security features
Added improvements to TCP, SMB and VoIP
performance
Added a robust mechanism for sharing the
channel with neighboring AV networks
Other improvements

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV v 1.1 New Security Features
Added a simple, mandatory push-button encryption

key distribution protocol for adding stations to an AV
Network
User simply presses the buttons on each device to add a
station
Channel characteristics are used to provide reasonably good
security
Two security levels
SC (Simple Connect)
HS (High Security)

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV v 1.1 New Security Features
Mandatory periodic change of data encryption keys

Improved support for higher layer security protocols
such as Windows Connect Now (WCN) or Wi-Fi
Simple Config
“Power on” and “network joining” procedures were
improved to support new button press protocol and
improve efficiency
Improved security of management messages

Research Laboratory
Encryption Key and password
DAK : Device Access Key

¾ The DAK is unique to a STA. Each STA is
provided with a unique DAK during manufacture
DPW : Device PassWord
¾ The DPW is the value that generates the DAK
when it is run through the hashing function(MD5)
NMK : Network Membership Key
¾ The Network Membership Key (NMK) is used by a
STA to prove its membership in an AVLN

Research Laboratory
Encryption Key and password
NPW : Network PassWord

¾ The NPW is the value that generates the NMK when it is run
through the hashing function (MD5).
¾ “HomePlugAV01” is the default NPW.
NEK : Network Encryption key
¾ During normal operation, most messages are encrypted
using the NEK, which is generated by the CCo and never be
distribute to the new STA before authentication.
¾ CCo will change NEK on a periodic basis.

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV Security
Encryption
Mechanisms
128 bit DES encryption
SHA 256 hash algorithm
Uses
NMK: Network access authenticated by Network Membership
Key
NEK: Encryption of “all” data and MMEs with Network
Encryption Key
DAK: Device Access Key to securely distribute NMK to a
station

Research Laboratory
HomePlug AV Security
Three “security” modes

1. Unprotected: Default NMK for simplified “out-of-
the-box” operation
2. User Confirm: Simple button push separation of
your network from your neighbor’s
3. Secure: Security as strong as the password
Strong user entered16 encryption keys generated by the
machine or from user-passwords

Research Laboratory
TCP, SMB & TCP performance
A new bidirectional frame format was added

to reduce round trip latency and reduce MAC
overhead
TCP performance is improved by 10-25%
VoIP performance is improved by 50%
Can be used for both CSMA and TDMA
Classifier rules and field formats were added
to simplify and improve bidirectional
connections

Research Laboratory
Neighboring HomePlug AV Networks
Added a robust operation mode to assure

good network performance for various
neighboring network scenarios
Add requirement for all stations to be CCo
capable
Added support to fairly share the channel with
access networks based on HP 1.0

Research Laboratory
Other Improvements
Added support for jumbo management messages

Improved user selection of the Central Coordinator
(CCo)
Improved CCo failure recovery function
Added support so that an AV device can be a station
in an HomePlug Access network
Provides low cost CPEs to access service providers

Research Laboratory
Other PLC-based Standards

Research Laboratory
Powerline - BACnet
BACnet
Building Automation and Control Networks
An ASHRAE, ANSI, and ISO standard protocol.
Object Oriental
BACnet protocol
ARCNET
Ethernet,
Point-To-Point over RS-232,
Master-Slave/Token-Passing over RS-485
LonTalk.

Research Laboratory
Powerline - BACnet

Research Laboratory
Powerline - BACnet
BACnet Example

Research Laboratory
Powerline - Insteon
Insteon™
Invented by SmartLabs lnc., owner of Smarthome
Use pulse position modulation
Compatible with X10
a Dual Mesh Network
powerline
radio communication

Research Laboratory
Powerline - Insteon
Insteon System Architecture
Reference:2006 SmartLabs Technology

Research Laboratory
Powerline - Insteon
16.67 ms
INSTEON INSTEON
Insteon Packet Timing
X10 X10
800 us
1023 us
1823 us

Research Laboratory
Powerline - LonWorks
LonWorks™
Developed by Echelon® Corp.
Compatibility with the OSI Reference Model
Supports bus, star and ring topologies.
The media supported by the LonTalk protocol
include
Twisted pair
Power line
Radio frequency
Infrared
Coaxial cable
Fiber optics
Research Laboratory
Powerline - LonWorks
LonTalk protocol
Neuron chips
LONWORKS transceivers
Network management and applications
software

Research Laboratory
Powerline – LonWorks System

Research Laboratory
Powerline - UPB
UPB™
Developed by PCS
Based on X10 standard, UPB has an improved
transmission rate and higher reliability.
Pulse position modulation

Research Laboratory
Powerline - UPB
UPB Pulse Communication Method

Research Laboratory
Powerline – X10
X10
Developed by Pico Electronics Ltd.
The first PLC that has been implemented
commercially.
Using the power line voltage as a global
synchronization signal
The burst frequency is chosen to be 120
kHz.

Research Laboratory
Powerline – X10
X10 Pulse Communication Method

Research Laboratory
X10 Command Structure

Research Laboratory
CEBus Protocol Stack

Research Laboratory
Phone Line Communication

Research Laboratory
Phone Line
The network use telephone line to

connect internet and transmit and
receive data

Research Laboratory
Phone Line Network Architecture

Research Laboratory
HomePNA
source: HomePNA Alliance

Research Laboratory
Phone Line - HomePNA
HomePNA™
Home Phoneline Networking Alliance
The HomePNA seeks to establish standards for
home networking over regular coax and phone
lines within the home - for compatibility between
telecom, computer and network products.
HomePNA is an incorporated non-profit
association of more than 150 companies,
including the founding companies 2Wire, Motorola,
CopperGate, AT&T, Conexant, Sunrise.
Home Phoneline Networking Alliance does not
enforce standards; it provides advice to the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
which is a standards body.
Research Laboratory
HomePNA
HomePNA
Home Phoneline Networking Alliance
Founded in June 1998
www.homepna.org
non-profit association of industry-leading
companies working together to promote adoption
of networking industry standards using existing
home wiring.
develop industry standards over both phone line
and coaxial cables
Research Laboratory
Phone Line- HomePNA
Feature
Needn't connect up
The price is cheap
The general character is high each other

Research Laboratory
Phone Line- HomePNA
Telephone wire in the wall
Telephone socket HomePNA card Telephone wire

Research Laboratory
HomePNA
HomePNA 1.0
Data rate: 1 Mbps
HomePNA 2.0
Data rate: 10 Mbps
Max. transmission range: 1000 ft (~305 m)
Max. number of devices: 25
HomePNA 3.0
Data rate: 128 Mbps

Research Laboratory
HomePNA
HomePNA 3.1
ITU-T Recommendation G9954 (01/2007)
the only internationally standardized existing-wire home
networking technology
Data rate: 320 Mbps (dual channel) or 160Mbps
(single channel)

Research Laboratory
HomePNA
source: HomePNA
Research Laboratory
HomePNA Spectrum Allocation

Research Laboratory
HomePNA Frame Format

Research Laboratory
QoS requirements
source: FS-VDSL and CableHome specifications

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
HPNA 3 Media Access Control (MAC):

Synchronous MAC (SMAC)
uses CSMA/CA techniques under the control of a Master
device to pre-plan the timing of all media-access and
avoid collisions
network communication remains peer-to-peer
master is used to plan and coordinate media
access timing
master only schedules the use of the network
media via a Media Access Plan (MAP)

Research Laboratory
Peer-to-peer Communication

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
Media Access Plan (MAP)

Master broadcasts MAP periodically to the other
nodes
A MAP is generated for each MAC cycle
MAP divides the media access time into a
sequence of transmission opportunities (TXOPs)

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
Media Access Plan (MAP)

TXOPs may be allocated to
a specific service or a service group
A network node or group of nodes
Media access timing is provided based on the
QoS constraints

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
Each MAC cycle is consisted of

MAP
Contention-Free TXOP
Inter-Frame Gap (IFG) is inserted between adjacent
TXOPs
Contention-Based TXOP
Un-allocated TXOP

Research Laboratory
HPNA 3 SMAC Cycle

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
QoS Mechanism
based on the concept of a flow.
A flow represents a unidirectional stream of data
between network nodes
Flows are setup and torn down on a service-by-
service basis
For each flow, rate parameters are defined for
Master to control over
network throughput,
latency,
jitter and
BER

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
Architectural framework and building blocks needed

for QoS delivery (defined by ITU-T SG13)
Control Plane
Admission control
Resource reservation
QoS-Related Rate Adaptation
Data Plane
Buffer (or Queue) management
Congestion avoidance
Traffic Classification
Traffic shaping
Traffic Scheduling

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
Admission Control
Passed:
Master reserves media resources for the flow and
advertises the reservation in the MAP.
Failed:
the service may be delivered using Class of Service (CoS)
(also referred to as priority-based QoS) media access
methods, or
rejected based on upper layer policy decisions

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
Resource Reservation:
Handled by Master
QoS-Related Rate Adaptation
per-flow rate negotiation based on the flow's
BER/PER requirements
flow signaling and admission control procedures are
used to notify the Master to increase/decrease
reserved media resources (time)

Research Laboratory
HomePNA 3.0
Buffer (or Queue) management

Failure to balance memory and media resource
allocation can cause
Head-Of-Line (HOL) blocking, or
Over-utilization by aggressive Best-Effort applications (FTP)
Memory usage is limited by quotas to match media
resource with flexibility to support bursts
Best-Effort services are allocated "remaining"
resources which may change dynamically from cycle
to cycle.

Research Laboratory
Other Phone-line-based Standards

Research Laboratory
Phone Line - HomeRAN
HomeRAN™
The HomeRAN system uses the home coaxial
infrastructure to distribute IP-TV.
HomeRAN creates a true home multimedia
network - and eliminates the need to run new
wires around the home.
Operators will enjoy a system inexpensive to
install with a DIY capabilitiy.
Without new boxes or wires, every TV outlet at
home becomes an IP demarcation point that can
be controlled by the operator.
It is the ultimate solution for bridging fiber or DSL
with the TVs in the home.

Research Laboratory
The HomeRAN system consists of two elements:
The HomeRAN Gateway - that provides the logical interface
between the incoming broadband access device and the
home coaxial infrastructure.
It is a bridge/router that converts the IP coming from DSL
/Fiber modem to RF.
The HomeRAN gateway can be located at the demarcation
point or anywhere in the home.
The HomeRan Outlet - located in several rooms in the home.
These Outlets replace or complement regular cable TV
outlets and convert the RF back to Ethernet or USB.
Each HomeRANT Outlet provides both RF-TV and network
interfaces.

Research Laboratory
Home IP Set Top Box
Multimedia
Network
HomeRAN HomeRAN
Outlest Outlest
Existing coax
CO Equipment & DSLAM/FTTH DSL/FTTH HomeRAN
Video Servers modem Modem Gateway

Research Laboratory
Cable Line Communication

Research Laboratory
Cable Line - MoCA
MoCA
Multimedia over Coax Alliance
Entropic Communications company
MoCAis an open, industry driven initiative promoting

distribution of digital video and entertainment through
existing coaxial cable in the home.
MoCA technology provides the backbone for whole home
entertainment networks of multiple wired and wireless
products.
No new wires
No installation or truck roll
No interference with existing networks
If you have coax, it works.
Compliments any wireless network

Research Laboratory
Cable Line - MoCA
MoCA application architecture

cable
cableoror
Satellite
Satellite Wireless access router
operator
operator Wireless access router
DVR-DVD Home server Gaming

HOME.COAX
Content from
Cable or satellite client STB thin client STB
Gaming
Digital media PC/Media Center
adapter
Broadband Multimedia Wireless HDTV
Research Laboratory
HomeCNA Spectrum Allocation

Research Laboratory
Home Coaxial Network Architecture

Research Laboratory
DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT - DOCSIS
DOCSIS™
Abbreviation of “Data Over Cable Service
Interface Specifications”.
An international standard developed by CableLabs
and contributing companies.
DOCSIS defines the communications and
operation support interface requirements for a
data over cable system.
DOCSIS permits additional high-speed data
transfer to an existing Cable TV (CATV) system.

Research Laboratory
History
1997 DOCSIS Spec 1.0 Released
2006~ DOCSIS Spec 3.0 Released

Research Laboratory
Architecture
Two primary components:
Cable Modem (CM) located at the Customer-
premises equipment (CPE)
Cable modem termination system (CMTS)
located at the CATV headend.
CM
CM
CMTS CM
CMTS CM
CM
CMTS CM
CM
CM
Broadband Multimedia Wireless Headend CPE

Research Laboratory
Features
DOCSIS provides great variety in options
available at OSI layers 1 and 2, the Physical (PHY)
and Media Access Control (MAC) layers.
Speed table
Version DOCSIS
Downstream Upstream
1.x 42.88 (38) Mbit/s 10.24 (9) Mbit/s
2.0 42.88 (38) Mbit/s 30.72 (27) Mbit/s
3.0 +171.52 (+152) Mbit/s +122.88 (+108) Mbit/s

Research Laboratory
Features
Operators can provide a variety of high-value
services through an "always-on" Internet
connection, including broadband Internet
connectivity, digital voice, etc. DOCSIS products
are standards-based, so manufacturers can
provide enhanced features at competitive prices.
Consumers get a low-cost way to get a broadband
connection to the Internet.

Research Laboratory
DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -cablehome
Cablehome
The CableHome defines interface specifications
necessary to extend high-quality cable-based
services to network devices within the home.

Research Laboratory
History
2000 Project kickoff
2001 Architecture Tech Report Released
2002 CableHome 1.0 Spec Released,
CableHome 1.1 Effort Started
2003 CableHome 1.0 Product Certified,
CableHome 1.1 Spec Released
2004 CableHome 1.1 Product Certified,
CableOffice Commercial Services
Annex Spec and MIBs issued
2005~ Support for UPnP Discovery, Gateway
Configuration and QoS

Research Laboratory
CableHome Architecture

Research Laboratory
Features
CableHome Extend deployment and management
of Cable-based services (such as Cable-TV,
Cable-modem, Cable-phone) into the home.
CableHome enables services over the cable
architecture to the last 100 feet into consumer
homes
The architecture to support future services in the
home

Research Laboratory
Features
Benefits to Cable Operators/Consumers
Cable operators are able to offer more services through
the broadband network.
Consumers will have the convenience of cable-delivered
broadband services delivered throughout their homes.

Research Laboratory
DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT - opencable
Opencable
The OpenCable initiative began in 1997 with the
goal of helping the cable industry deploy
interactive services. It provides a set of industry
specifications. OpenCable specifications help
achieve the goal of interactive service delivery by
meeting three key objectives:
Defining the next-generation digital consumer
device.
Encouraging supplier competition.
Creating a retail hardware and software
platform
Research Laboratory
OpenCable project has hardware and

software specifications.
The hardware specifications describe one-way
and two-way digital cable-ready “host” devices
that are interoperable with cable systems
throughout the U.S.,
The software specifications, called the OpenCable
Platform,, solve the problem of proprietary
operating system software, thereby creating a
common platform for interactive television
applications and services.
It was renamed tru2way in January 2008.
Research Laboratory
OpenCable Spec 1.0

Picture-in-Picture Chat/Conferencing
Time-shifting Games
Emergency Alert Music/Radio(MPEG)
Pay-Per-View Shopping
Video-On-Demand Banking
E-mail IP Telephony

Research Laboratory
OpenCable 1.0 Context
TV
Cable Distribution Network
OCAP 1.0
Host Device
Application Server
Speakers
Remote

Research Laboratory
OpenCable Application Platform, or

OCAP
An operating system layer designed for
consumer electronics that connect to a
cable television system.
The cable company controls what OCAP
programs run on the consumer's machine.

Research Laboratory
DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -opencable
OCAP Extension
IP STB
Cable Printer
HFC PC TV
Modem
IP Network
OC Host
Wireless AP PDA
Cell phone
TV Digital
Camera
Storage
Device Notebook
PC
Video
Research Laboratory Camera
Summary

Research Laboratory
Research Laboratory
家庭网络传输方式对比表
名称传输介质最新版本理论连接速度
HomePlug 电力线 HomePlug AV 200Mbps
MoCA 同轴电缆 - 270Mbps
HomePNA 电话线/同轴电缆 HomePNA 3.1 320Mbps
Wi-Fi RF 802.11g 54Mbps

Research Laboratory
Technologies with New Wiring Requirement
Outline
Ethernet
USB
Firewire

Research Laboratory
Ethernet Bus Topology

Research Laboratory
Ehternet Star Topology

Research Laboratory
USB Network Architecture

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394
IEEE 1394
FireWire is Apple Inc.'s brand name for the IEEE 1394
interface.
It is also known as i.LINK (Sony's name).
It was initiated by Apple and developed by the IEEE P1394
Working Group.
It is a serial bus interface standard, for high-speed
communications and isochronous real-time data transfer.

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394
IEEE 1394 USB

1394a:100、200、400Mbps 1.1: 1.5、12Mbps
1394b:800Mbps、1.6、3.2Gbps 2.0:360、480Mbps
Peer-to-peer Server-Client
Asynchronous and isochronous Interrupt, bulk, control,
Isochronous
Cable maybe powered or unpowered Cable can powered and
unpowered
Plug-and-Play supported Plug-and-Play supported
63 connected devices 127 connected devices

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394 Cable Insection

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394
1394 Cable Cross section
Signal Pair A
Power Pair
8Vdc~40Vdc
Signal Pair B Shields

Research Laboratory
Example IEEE 1394 Network Topology

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394 Address Structure

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394 Protocol Stacks

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394
Application Layer
Transaction Layer (R/W Lock) Serial Bus Manager
Bus Manager
Link Layer
Packet Transmitter Packet Receiver Isochroous
Resource
Cycle Control Manager
Physical Layer Node Controller

Bus Initialization Arbitration Decode
Connectors/Media Signal Levels Encode Firmware
Hardware
Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394 Frame Structure

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394
Cycle Structure
Isochronous asynchronous
(short gaps) (long gaps)
Cycle # k
Cycle start (data=x) ch K ch L ch N Packet B Packet C # m+1
# m -1
Start
Cycle period 125 micro sec
Delay

Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394 Asynchronous Write Packet Format

Research Laboratory
Research Laboratory
IEEE 1394 and HYPERLAN2 Interoperation

Research Laboratory

HomeNetworking 0212

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HomeNetworking 0212

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Home Networking

Technologies and Standards

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Part II: Wireless Transmission

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Part III: Wired Transmission Technology

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Theodore B. Zahariadis, “Home Networking

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

New wired networks

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 More wishes (Conti.) :

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 More wishes (Conti.):

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 More wishes (Conti.):

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 What do we have now?

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 The 3rd magic box

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 First presents in CES 2007.

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 First presents in CES 2007.

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 More and more appliance within home

 more and more interoperable (within home platform)

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Appliances may be divided into categories called

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Some types of brown goods were traditionally

source: devolo, HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007

source: devolo, HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 In the area of indoor networking, more than

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Physical media for home networking

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 The technologies can be classified as

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

source: Home Networking Technologies and Standards

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

source: 2007 Homega Research

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 1394 Trade Association (TA)

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Universal Powerline Association (UPA)

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

 Consumer Electronics Powerline

Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Part II: Wireless Transmission

Part III: Wired Transmission Technology

Theodore B. Zahariadis, “Home Networking

More wishes (Conti.) :

More wishes (Conti.):

More wishes (Conti.):

What do we have now?

The 3rd magic box

First presents in CES 2007.

First presents in CES 2007.

More and more appliance within home

more and more interoperable (within home platform)

Appliances may be divided into categories called

Some types of brown goods were traditionally

In the area of indoor networking, more than

Physical media for home networking

The technologies can be classified as

1394 Trade Association (TA)

Universal Powerline Association (UPA)

Consumer Electronics Powerline

Intelligent Grouping and Resource Sharing

Belgian Centre for Domotics and Immotics

CABA (Continental Automated Building

MoCA : Multimedia over Coax Alliance

UWB : Ultra Wide Band

The major barrier to the digital networked

Evolution of existing access network

The sole access solution to the home

Data traffic can be transmitted over PSTN by

Dedicated networks provide services of a

ISDN support two types of communication

According to Shannon capacity theorem, a channel

Propagation loss depends on

Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)

Two modulation schemes are implemented to

Two modulation schemes

Very High Bit-rate DSL (VDSL)