InMotion Oct2006 PDF

A Supplement to HPAC Engineering Magazine
www.amca.org
OCTOBER 2006
In This Issue:
Impact-Resistant Louvers Circulating Fan Velocity Profile Applications Modulating Characteristics of Control Dampers
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EC-GIANTS
modern miracles in ventilation
EC-GIANTS are the largest external rotor motor with EC technology and completely integrated drive and control electronics on the market! These air movers range in size from 500-990 millimeters and use as little as 1/3 the energy of standard AC motors! This stateof-the-art technology generates extremely low acoustiAcal noise from advanced drive electronics and 3-D backward curved impellers or sickle-shaped axial fans. EC-GIANTS are an excellent choice for rooftop condensers and air handling units. Find out how EC can work for you, call today!
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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
F E AT U R E S
Presidents Message
Welcome to the inaugural issue of InMotion.
By Emery (Pete) Neitzel
Board of Directors
Lee Buddrus, Chairman of the Board President, Acme Engineering and Manufacturing Corporation Emery (Pete) Neitzel, President Vice President, Engineering & Manufacturing, Greenheck Fan Corporation Jo Reinhardt, Vice President President, Industrial Louvers, Inc. Gary Benson, Treasurer President, Mechanovent Corporation Barbara L. Morrison, Executive Director AMCA International Denis Labelle, Director-at-Large Executive Vice President, T.A. Morrison Michael Barry, Director President, Twin City Fan Companies, Ltd. Arthur LaPointe, Director Vice President and General Manager, Construction Specialties Inc. Robert Van Becelaere, Director Vice President, Engineering, Ruskin Company Victor Colwell, Director Vice President of Sales & Marketing, Loren Cook C. F. Yang, Director Managing Director, Kruger Asia Holding Pte. Ltd. Michael Almaguer, Director Vice President, Sales & Marketing, Pottorff
8 9 12
AMCA Certified Ratings Program: A Closer Look

Certified Ratings Program A Closer Look
AMCA Member Directory Impact-Resistant Louvers: Understanding the New Code Requirements
More research is needed as codes are put into place.
By Vickie J. Lovell
16
Modulating Characteristics of Control Dampers

Determining the correct damper design for the system at-hand.
By Robert Van Becelaere
19
AMCAs Certified Ratings Program (CRP) Supplements the LEED Rating System
LEED certifies buildings, but only AMCAs CRP can assure the performance of the air system components that go into those buildings.
By Michael Ivanovich and Emery (Pete) Neitzel
24
Circulating Fan Velocity Profile Applications

Virtual disks incorporating 3D velocity profile data can substantially reduce computation times from days to hours.
By Richard Aynsley, PhD
27
David Nussbaum Chief Executive Officer Preston L. Vice Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary Colleen Zelina Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Organizational Effectiveness Eric Shanfelt Vice President, eMedia Strategy Joseph A. Fristik Group Publisher, Mechanical Systems/Construction Group Michael Ivanovich Editor in Chief, HPAC Engineering Dave Bosak Art Director Eileen Callahan Sr. Acct. Manager Susan Durishin Media Services Manager
Update on European Directives and Standards

As the development of standards in the European Region booms, more manufacturers are becoming involved in the process.
By Ian P. Andrews
30
Ad Index
Publishing Offices
The Penton Media Building 1300 E. Ninth Street Cleveland, OH 44114-1503 Phone: 216-696-7000 Fax: 216-696-3432 Website: www.hpac.com e-Mail: hpac@penton.com
INMOTION
InMotion is published biannually to keep HVAC professionals abreast of rapidly changing codes, requirements, laws, advancements, and best practices in the air movement and control industry.
October 2006
P R E S I D E N T S M E S S A G E
InMotion is published specifically for HVAC professionals who design, specify, purchase, install, commission, operate, and maintain ventilation systems.
As the 2005-2006 president of the Air Movement and Control Association (AMCA) International, Inc., I am pleased to introduce the inaugural edition of our new magazine, InMotion. InMotion is published specifically for HVAC professionals who design, specify, purchase, install, commission, operate, and maintain ventilation systems. Concerns about the worlds energy supplies, health and safety, environmental issues, etc., are escalating the rate of change in our industry. Legal claims filed against HVAC professionals are increasing. As such, one of the greatest challenges facing HVAC professionals is keeping abreast of rapidly changing international, national, state, and local codes; indoor and outdoor air quality requirements; energy efficiency guidelines or laws; health and life safety regulations; seismic and structural requirements; sound and vibration levels; new research and technology; new equipment; and the list continues on. InMotions articles and case studies, authored by industry experts, will help keep you abreast of these changes. Another challenge facing HVAC professionals is selecting products that perform as stated in a manufacturers literature or computer software. With the information technology explosion, manufacturers are able to globally market their products and concepts electronically. As such, it is becoming increasingly difficult to assess the accuracy of this information. Unfounded performance claims and poor-performing products yield buildings with poor air quality, excessive noise, questionable life safety, and inefficient systems. Therefore, third-party certifications to validate the data or claims are essential. AMCA International, Inc., actively promotes standardized product testing and certification procedures throughout the world. AMCAs Certified Ratings Program (CRP) assures products are tested and rated in conformance with the appropriate test standards and rating requirements. Products covered include fans, dampers, louvers, acoustic
attenuators, air curtains, airflow measurement stations, and other related air system components for the commercial, industrial, and residential markets. AMCA grants a license to companies to use the Certified Ratings Seal on products that pass an initial precertification test and ongoing check-tests throughout the life of the certification. A comprehensive Directory of Certified Products can be found at www.amca.org. Additional information regarding AMCA Internationals standards, application publications, membership listing, industry news, meeting minutes, upcoming events, educational seminars, and more can be found at www.amca.org as well. In closing, look to InMotion to keep you abreast of industry trends and AMCA Internationals Certified Ratings Seals to provide assurance that the products you select will meet your customers requirements. I wish to thank those who contribute to the magazines content and trust the information will be of value to our readers. Regards,
Emery (Pete) Neitzel

2005-2006 President AMCA International Vice President of Engineering and Manufacturing, Greenheck Corporation
AMCA International is a not-for-profit association of the worlds manufacturers of related air system equipment. For over 80 years, it has led the way in standards development and application research.
AMCA International InMotion
A M C A C E R T I F I E D R AT I N G S P R O G R A M
A Closer Look
O
ne of AMCA Internationals most important functions is managing its Certified Ratings Program. The purpose of the Certified Ratings Program (CRP) is to give the buyer, specifier, and end-user of air movement and control equipment assurance that published ratings are reliable and accurate. At the same time, the program assures manufacturers that competitive ratings are based on standard test methods and procedures, and are subject to review by AMCA International as an impartial authority. AMCAs Certified Ratings Program (CRP) was developed in response to a need for validated, published product performance ratings for buyers, specifiers, and users of air movement and control devices. The AMCA CRP assures specifiers, contractors, buyers, and building owners that the manufacturers product lines have been tested and rated in conformance with approved AMCA test standards and rating requirements. Only after the product has been tested and the manufacturers cataloged ratings have been submitted to and approved by AMCA Internationals staff, can performance seals be displayed in literature and on equipment. Additionally, each certified / licensed product line is subject to continuing check-tests every three years in AMCA Internationals Laboratory or one of AMCA Internationals Independent Accredited laboratories. Over the past 50-plus years, AMCA International has developed standardized test methods to cover the products within the AMCA scope. The list of products would include axial and centrifugal fans, power roof ventilators, ceiling ventilators, evaporative coolers, air circulation fans, jet tunnel fans, blowers, air curtains, acoustical duct silencers, dampers, energy recovery ventilators, louvers, positive pressure ventilators, propeller fans, agricultural fans, and airflow measurement stations. These standards cover performance relating to airflow measurement accuracy, air delivery, pressure, psychrometrics, efficiency, power, torque, rpm, thrust, sound power levels, velocity uniformity, outlet velocity, wind-driven rain, water penetration, pressure drop, air leakage, dynamic closure, and operations. Product performance is vital to the operation and continued success of the manufacturer. Requiring the AMCA CRP seal gives specifiers, contractors, and building owners assurance that manufacturers performance ratings are comparable, and their product lines have been tested and rated in conformance with AMCA test standards and program requirements.
What to Look for when Specifying or Purchasing Product

AMCA Certified: A product line which is AMCA-certified / licensed to bear the Certified Ratings Seal means that the product line has met all of the requirements of the Certified Ratings Program. This would include signing an agreement with AMCA, the product line was tested either at an AMCA Accredited lab, an AMCA Independent Laboratory authorized to perform check and challenge tests, or the AMCA International Laboratory located in Arlington Heights, IL, USA. This ensures that all ratings were developed using the procedures identified in the AMCA Certified Ratings Program, and the product line will be (or has been) subjected to a check-test at no greater than three-year intervals. Additionally, the product line catalog has been checked by AMCA International staff ensuring that the ratings and information are correct.
AMCA Internationals Seal is a Registered Trademark in Most Industrialized Countries.

Tested in accordance with: Suggests that a manufacturer used one of the AMCA standards to perform a test. It does not certify anything about the ratings development or the qualifications of the laboratory. This is not a certification! AMCAs standards are readily available to the public, and any entity could state they have used an AMCA standard to test their product(s). Tested at AMCA: Implies that a product was tested at the AMCA International Laboratory in Arlington Heights, IL, USA. This is not a certification! Tested at AMCA would carry the same limitations as tested in accordance with except that it would certainly mean the laboratory results are reliable. By specifying AMCA Internationals Certified Ratings Seal, specifiers, designers, contractors, and building owners can be relieved of certain liability problems or legal entanglements frequently encountered in todays litigious climate. You can specify products with confidence by requesting Performance ratings shall bear the AMCA International Certified Ratings Program Seal. This simple statement can greatly assist a specifier in demonstrating that due diligence was exercised in selecting equipment and that reasonable steps were taken to ensure that performance guarantees would be met. A directory of certified/licensed products listed by manufacturer name and product type is available at www.amca.org.
AMCA MEMBER DIRECTORY
Members in red participate in AMCAs CRP

ARGENTINA INDIA
ICM S.A.
BRAZIL
54-11-4-447-1699 www.afcbrasil.com www.otam.com.br www.aeroflo.com www.alphairfans.com www.atmosphere.com www.chemposite.com www.northernblower.com www.daltecfans.com www.delhi-industries.com www.price-hvac.com www.leaderfan.com www.mkplastics.com 55-11-4523-1000 55-51-3349-6363 (905) 890-6192 (204) 694-6666 (514) 326-1300 (604) 946-7688 (204) 222-4216 (519) 837-1921 (519) 582-2440 (204) 669-4220 (519) 821-1199 (416) 675-4700 (514) 871-9999 (905) 420-0485 (905) 790-8667 (519) 457-1904 (905) 625-9164 (905) 851-6701 (905) 564-5072 (800) 561-3449 (450) 441-3233 (613) 393-3267 (905) 857-4700 (514) 354-7776 (403) 250-3348
AFC do Brasil Industria de Ventiladores Ltda Otam Ventiladores Industriais Ltda.

CANADA
Kruger M & E Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd. Nadi Airtechnics Private Limited www.nadiindia.com Nicotra India Pvt. Ltd. www.nicotra.com
ITALY
www.krugerfan.com 91-44-255-85360 91-120-258-0553 39-032-196-8311 39-0432-798811 39-030-331-3575 39-039-73941 39-035-873111 39-035-873111 39-2-90699-241 81-5688-11735 81-3-5614-7121
Aeroflo Inc. Alphair Ventilating Systems, Inc. Atmosphere Inc. Chemposite Inc. CML Northern Blower Inc. Daltec Industries Ltd. Delhi Industries Inc. E. H. Price Limited J.P. Environmental Products, Inc. Leader Fan Industries Limited M.K. Plastics Corporation M.W. McGill & Associates Ltd. National HVAC Products Inc. Nutech Brands Inc. Plasticair Inc. Reversomatic Heating and Mfg. Limited Sheldons Engineering Inc. T.A. Morrison & Co., Inc. TLT-Covent Fans, Inc. Universal Fan & Blower Ltd. Ventex, Inc. Ventrol Air Handling Systems Inc. Western Ventilation Products Ltd.
CHINA
Cofimco S.R.L. Comefri S.p.A. Dynair s.r.l. Industrie CBI S.p.A. Nicotra S.p.A. Twin City Nicotra LLC Vortice Elettrosociali S.p.A.
JAPAN
www.cofimco.com www.comefri.com www.dynair.it www.industriecbi.it www.nicotra.it www.nicotra.it www.vortice.it
Matsushita Ecology Systems Co., Ltd. NKG Corporation

KOREA
www.lifebreath.com www.plasticair.com www.reversomatic.com www.sheldonsengineering.com www.tamco.ca www.coventfans.ca www.universalfan.com www.ventexinc.com www.ventrol.com www.westvent.com
Bumyang Air Conditioning Co., Ltd. Dong Yang Air Conditioning Co., Ltd. Flakt Woods Korea Gumsung Punglyuk Co., Ltd. Jin Sung Instrument & Electronic Sam Kwang Air Tech Corporation Samwon E & B Co., Ltd. Sangmi Air Tech Surjin Air Conditioning Company, Ltd. Tae-Il Blower Mfg. Co., Ltd. YooHan Engineering Ltd.
LEBANON
www.bac.co.kr www.hvacdac.com www.flaktwoods.com www.gsfan.co.kr www.skat.co.kr www.sebco.co.kr www.sangmidamper.com www.vavterminal.com www.yheng.co.kr www.kbelebanon.com
82-43-530-9213 82-31-359-8944 82-41-589-2001 82-32-811-9500 82-2-948-5432 82-2-2676-2651 82-31-499-0721 82-32-816-3291 82-31-983-4596 82-31-4919001 82-2-2107-3355 961-1-898268
KBE Establishment for Air Movement Products

MALAYSIA
Beijing Kruger Ventilation Co., Ltd. www.krugerfan.com Greenheck Kunshan Co., Ltd. www.greenheck.com Guangdong Deton Company Ltd. www.detonfan.com Guangzhou Kruger www.krugerfan.com M & E Industries, Ltd. Kunshan Everbright Ventilation www.ebfan.com Equipment Co., Ltd. Nicotra (Tianjin) Fans www.nicotra.com & Blowers Co. Ltd. Shanghai Kruger Ventilation Co., Ltd. www.krugerfan.com Shanghai Nautilus General Equipment Mfg. Co., Ltd. Wing Hop Electrical Mfg. Co. Ltd. Zhejiang Shangfeng Industrial www.shangfeng.org Holdings Co., Ltd. Zhejiang Yilida Ventilator Co., Ltd. www.yilida.com
DENMARK
86-10-6788-2566 86-512-5736-6666 86-758-778-7212 86-20-323-87634 86-5125-787-3811 86-22-879-83207 86-21-695-73266 86-21-5038-8680 852-2345-0251 86-575-2366261 886-576-2655829 45-5577-6262 20-2-833-1930 33-3-8541-7311 49-7930-9211-0 49-4101-7007-0 91-4172-44141 91-33-2215-7120 91-80-2223-8218
ADF Industries Sdn. Bhd. Gebhardt Ventilatoren Pte Ltd. Kruvent Industries (M) Sdn. Bhd. Nicotra Fans & Blowers Mfg. (M) Sdn. Bhd.
MEXICO
www.gebhardt-singapore.com www.krugerfan.com www.nicotra.com
60-4643-3636 60-3-8926-7178 60-3-6188-8293 60-3-896-12588
Airequipos, S.A. de C.V. Industriales en Balanceo, SA. CV. Soler y Palau, S.A. de C.V. Ventas Instalaciones y Servicio, S.A.
NETHERLANDS
www.airequipos.com www.soler-palau.com
52-55-5541-2405 52-55-5718-0003 52-222-223-3900 52-55-5273-3924 31-512-335555 63-2-361-2659 63-2-862-2891 to 97 63-2-363-7177 966-1-495-1882 966-1-464-4399 966-3-341-5857 966-3-882-3515 65-6262-1672 65-6261-0277 65-6861-1577 65-626-19633 65-686-15253 65-6327-1893
Biddle bv
PHILIPPINES
www.biddle.nl
Fil General Blower Corporation Kruger M & E Industries Corp. www.krugerfan.com Niagara Industrial Equipment Corp. www.niagarafans.com
SAUDI ARABIA
Howden Denmark A/S

EGYPT
www.variax.com www.hammam-eg.com www.flaktwoods.com www.ruck-ventilatoren.de www.wittfan.de www.bhel.com www.cdoctorindia.com www.industrialhygienic.com
Hammam Industries & Co.

FRANCE
Flakt Solyvent-Ventec
GERMANY
Al-Wahah Desert Cooler Factory www.alwahahcooler.com Arabian Company for Fans Mfg. Ltd. Arabian Thermal Aire Industries Co., Ltd. www.ataico.com Saudi Fan Industries www.refhouse.com
SINGAPORE
Ruck-Ventilatoren GmbH Witt & Sohn AG

INDIA
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited C. Doctor India Pvt. Ltd. Industrial Hygienic Systems
Airtrade Systems Pte. Ltd. Azen Mfg. Pte. Ltd. Kruger Ventilation Industries Pte Ltd. Mecomb Singapore Limited OLS Mfg. Co. Pte. Ltd. Wishing Star Limited
www.airtrade.com.sg www.azenmanufacturing.com www.krugerfan.com www.connols-air.com www.wishingstargroup.com
October 2006
AMCA MEMBER DIRECTORY
SLOVENIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Hidria d.o.o.
SPAIN
www.hidria.si www.nicotra.com www.soler-palau.com www.zitron.com www.systemair.com www.asli.com.tw www.c-cltd.com.tw www.fansys.com.tw
386-1-537-56301 34-91-884-6110 34-93-571-9300 34-985-168132 46-222-44000 886-2-22902211 886-2-8695-1881 886-3-322-7966 886-2-223-28066 886-4-2389-8928 886-2-2341-7281 886-3-397-2271 886-3-385-9119 886-2-2555-4566 886-3-2120031 66-2-509-3065 66-34-490164-9 66-2-476-18236 66-2-723-3000
Nicotra Espaa S.A. Soler & Palau S.A. Zitron, S.A.

SWEDEN
Systemair AB
TAIWAN
ASLI Mechanical Co. Ltd. Circle & Cycle Ltd. Fansys Co., Ltd. Flowtech Co. Ltd. Golden Flag Ventilation Ind. Co., Ltd. Horus Air Moving Co., Ltd. King Machinery Co., Ltd. Kruger Ventilation (Taiwan) Co., Ltd. Lead Fu Industrials Co., Ltd. Winfan Technology Co., Ltd.
THAILAND
www.krugerfan.com www.leadfu-kinki.com.tw www.frpfan.com.tw www.artith.com www.krugerfan.com www.nicotra.com www.panasonic.co.jp
Artith Ventilators Ltd., Part. Kruger Ventilation Industries (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Nicotra Mfg. (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Panasonic Ecology Systems (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Broan-NuTone LLC Captive-Aire Systems, Inc. Car-Mon Products, Inc. Carnes Co. Inc. Carolina Blower Div. of Bruning & Federle Mfg. Co. Ceilcote Air Pollution Control Central Blower Co. Cesco Products Champion Cooler Corp. Chicago Blower Corp. Cincinnati Fan & Ventilator Co. Clarage, A Twin City Fan Co. Cleanpak International Comefri USA Inc. Composite Fan Technology, Div. of Metal Cladding Construction Specialties, Inc. Continental Fan Mfg. Inc. Daniel Mechanical Co. DF Fan Services, Inc. Dowco Products Group Dri-Eaz Products, Inc. Dynaforce Dynasonics Systems Inc.
www.broan-nutone.com www.captiveair.com www.car-mon.com www.carnes.com www.bruning-federle.com www.ceilcoteapc.com www.centralblower.com www.cescoproducts.com www.championcooler.com www.chicagoblower.com www.cincinnatifan.com www.clarage.com www.cleanpak.com www.comefri.com www.metalcladding.com www.c-sgroup.com www.continentalfan.com www.danielmechanical.com www.dffan.com www.safeair-dowco.com www.dri-eaz.com www.dynaforce.com www.dynasonics-acoustics.com
(262) 673-4340 (919) 882-2410 (847) 695-9000 (608) 845-6411 (704) 873-7237 (440) 243-0700 (626) 330-3182 (859) 538-3450 (501) 562-1094 (630) 858-2600 (513) 573-0600 (205) 581-3267 (503) 557-4500 (270) 881-1444 (716) 434-5513 (800) 631-7379 (716) 842-0670 (909) 982-1555 (630) 876-1495 (708) 652-9100 (360) 757-7776 (310) 532-1555 (817) 509-2300
ebm-papst Inc.
www.ebmpapst.us
(860) 674-1515
(800) 232-8766 (913) 752-6000 (619) 671-0100 (501) 562-1094 (619) 670-9590 (802) 655-8800 (941) 955-9788 (702) 270-8344 (941) 309-6000 (763) 551-7600 (269) 683-1150 (919) 882-2410 (405) 525-6546 (715) 359-6171 (760) 530-1409
Dynair Gulf Fzco Energy Industrial Corp. of UAE

UNITED KINGDOM
www.dynair.it www.energyintl.com www.eltafans.com www.flaktwoods.com www.halifax-fan.co.uk www.howden.com www.matthews-yates.co.uk www.nuaire.co.uk www.vent-axia.com www.aosmith.com www.acmefan.com www.adobeair.com www.aerosonics.com www.aerovent.com www.airbalance.com www.acpshutters.com www.airmonitor.com www.airperformance.org www.airlinelouvers.com www.airmasterfan.com www.airolite.com www.alllite-louvers.com www.mestek.com www.coolair.com www.flaktwoods.com www.mestek.com www.archlouvers.com www.mestek.com www.belco-mfg.com www.berner.com www.bigassfans.com www.breidert.com
971-4-880-3153 (734) 354-2000 44-1489-566500 44-1206-544122 44-1484-475123 44-141-885-7300 44-1206-543311 44-29-2085-8287 44-1293-526062 (937) 667-2431 (918) 682-7791 (602) 257-0060 (919) 882-2410 (573) 796-4151 (763) 551-7500 (859) 538-3400 (734) 326-0050 (630) 628-1138 (707) 544-2706 (334) 588-0070 (800) 547-2635 (517) 764-2300 (740) 373-7676 (817) 509-2300 (214) 638-6010 (904) 389-3646 (513) 874-2400 (419) 865-5000 (888) 568-8371 (570) 746-1888 (254) 933-9000 (724) 658-3551 (859) 233-1271 (904) 731-4711
Elta Fans Ltd. Flakt Woods, Ltd. Halifax Fan Ltd. Howden Technology Matthews & Yates and MY Int. Nuaire Ltd. Vent-Axia Ltd.
A.O. Smith-Electrical Product Co. Acme Engineering and Mfg. Corp. Adobeair, Inc. Aerolator Aerosonics, Inc. Aerovent, A Twin City Fan Co. Air Balance Air Conditioning Products Co. Air Flow Co., Inc. Air Monitor Corp. Air Performance, Inc. Airline Products Co. Airmaster Fan Co. Airolite Co. LLC, The All-Lite Alton American Coolair Corp. American Fan Co. American Warming and Ventilating Architectural Louvers Mfg. Arrow United Belco Mfg. Co. Inc. Berner International Corp. Big Ass Fan Co. Breidert Air Products, Div. of Soler & Palau, Inc.
Ebtron, Inc. www.ebtron.com Emerson Ventilation Products www.emersonvent.com Energy Labs Inc. www.energylabs.com Essick Air Products www.essickair.com Euramco Safety Inc. www.ramfan.com Fab-Tech Incorporated www.fabtechinc.com Fan Am, Inc. www.fanam.com Fan Equipment Co., Inc. www.fanequipment.com Fantech, Inc. www.fantech.net Fiber-Aire, A Twin City Fan Co. www.fiberaire.com Flakt Fan Group, Inc. www.flaktwoods.com Floaire, Inc. www.floaire.com Governair Corp. www.governair.com Greenheck Fan Corp. www.greenheck.com Harrington Environmental Engineering www.harringtonplastics.com
Hartzell Fan, Inc.
www.hartzellfan.com
(937) 773-7411
(763) 954-6535 (803) 713-2200 (901) 248-2212 (715) 339-3024 (847) 639-5500 (989) 705-1768 (763) 972-2981 (800) 891-3656 (904) 731-4711 (941) 359-3267 (828) 245-9836 (614) 889-0480 (214) 638-6010 (276) 638-8821 (951) 735-9300 (214) 638-6010 (937) 476-6500 (615) 256-3500 (215) 412-4445
Honeywell International www.honeywell.com Howden Buffalo Inc. www.howdenbuffalo.com Hunter Fan Co. www.hunterfan.com I.A.P., Inc. www.iapfan.com Illinois Blower, Inc. www.ibifans.com Industrial Air Technology Corp. www.indairtech.com Industrial Louvers, Inc. www.industriallouvers.com Industrial Plastic Fan www.ipfcolasit.com Jenco Fan, Div. of Soler & Palau, Inc. www.breidert.com Kanalflakt Inc. www.kanalflakt-us.com KCH Services, Inc. www.kchservices.com Kinetics Noise Control, Inc. www.kineticsnoise.com (Vibron Products Group) King Co. www.mestek.com Koger/Air Corp. www.kogerair.com L & L Louvers, Division of L & L PS, Inc. www.louver1.com L. J. Wing www.ljwing.com Lau Industries, Inc. www.laufan.com Leader Industries, Inc. www.leaderindustries.com Lloyd Industries www.firedamper.com
Loren Cook Co.

Louvers & Dampers MacroAir Technologies
www.lorencook.com
www.louvers-dampers.com www.macro-air.com
(417) 869-6474
(859) 647-2299 (866) 668-3247
10
Marley Engineered Products Mars Sales Co., Inc. Mechanovent Corp. Mestek, Inc. Metal Form Mfg. Co., Inc. Met-Pro Corp., Duall Division Moffitt Corp., Inc. Munters Corp. Nailor Industries Inc. NCA Mfg., Inc. New York Blower Co., The North East Louvers, Inc. Paragon Controls, Inc. Peerless Electric/Madison Mfg. Co. PennBarry Perfect Air Control, Inc. Phelps Fan Inc. Phoenix Mfg., Inc. Plymovent Corp. Pottorff Powered Aire, Inc. Quietaire Corp. Rapid Fan and Blower Inc. Reliable Products Robinson Industries, Inc. Rupp Air Management Systems
www.leadingedge.com www.marsair.com www.mechanovent.com www.mestek.com www.mfmca.com www.dualldiv.com www.moffitthvac.com www.munters.us www.nailor.com www.ncamfg.com www.nyb.com www.paragoncontrols.com www.peerlessblowers.com www.pennvent.com www.prefco-hvac.com www.phelpsfan.com www.evapcool.com www.plymovent.com www.pottorff.com www.poweredaire.com www.quietaire.com www.rapidfan.com www.reliablelouvers.com www.robinsonfans.com www.ruppams.com
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October 2006
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I M PA C T- R E S I S TA N T L O U V E R S :
Understanding the New Code
By Vickie J. Lovell
hile the new requirements for the 2006 International Building Code are in place, more
research needs to be undertaken.

In less than a four-week period in 1992, two major hurricanes hit the United States, leaving an unprecedented array of devastation. First, Hurricane Andrew pounded Florida and Louisiana to become the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. history, with damage estimates approaching $30 billion. Three weeks later, Hurricane Iniki affected three Hawaiian Islands, resulting in over $1 billion in damage. Prior to that year, the only hurricane of equivalent magnitude to hit a modern, populated area was Cyclone Tracey, which slammed into the suburban Australian city of Darwin in 1974. Fewer than 5% of the homes in Darwin remained sufficiently undamaged so as to be continuously habitable. The losses were attributed exclusively to poor building performance in extremely high winds. The Australian government immediately began to develop criteria for new construction methods in residential construction, leading the international community in the study of building performance in high-wind events. The devastation from Hurricane Andrew exposed similar dangerous shortcomings in construction methodology and inspections in U.S. coastal regions, particularly the vulnerable East Coast. Due to the public outcry, the U.S. experts looked to the Australian experience and the lessons learned there as guidelines to hastily develop new U.S. testing and building code requirements. Todays new U.S. building code requirements and the resulting standards pertaining to impact resistance to windborne debris are largely based on the Australian losses of small buildings and family dwellings. Larger, commercial buildings are usually designed to ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Although structural engineers have been aware of the effects of wind loads on larger buildings in tropical regions for many decades, there was a surprisingly small amount of reliable information available prior to 1993 on how to design and construct smaller buildings not designed to ASCE 7. During the post-Andrew decade, the consensus of the experts was that building performance of smaller buildings, simply put, could be improved by protecting the exterior building envelope. After 1992, the insurance industry, builders, manufacturers, and others invested millions of research dollars into wind research, collecting post-hurricane field data and developing computer modeling, trying to better understand how buildings perform in high-wind events. A great deal was spent to study the generation and patterns of windborne debris. Impact resistance test methods and specifications were developed to investigate the performance of windows, doors, shutters, and skylights during impact and cyclic loading in the laboratory. However, to the knowledge of this author, there has been little to no independent research that conclusively assesses: The risk to a building in the event of internal pressurization of the ventilation system during a high-wind event Whether or not impact-resistant louvers have any positive effects on protecting the structure The variables that would affect the extent of the damage from windborne debris (if any) such as building height, size of the ventilation opening, wind speed, missile size, speed, trajectory, etc. In spite of the obvious research deficiencies pertaining to ventilation systems, Section 1609.1.2.1 of the 2006 edition of the International Building Code (2006 IBC) has a new requirement for the impact testing of louvers that cover the openings for intake and exhaust ducts in the coastal areas in hurricane-prone regions.
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Requirements
The code requirement is based on the logical presumption by the majority of the participating voting members of the International Code Council (ICC) that when a louver in an exterior wall is either damaged or eliminated by windborne debris during a high-wind event, the air leakage-rated damper inside the ventilation duct may be exposed to damage, which could lead to interior pressurization of the building. Prior to approval of this code change, several jurisdictions in hurricane-prone regions were arbitrarily requiring testing to the Dade County (South Florida) Standard PAS 203 or PAS 201, or the large-missile impact test only of ASTM E 1996, Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Glazed Curtain Wall, Doors and Storm Shutters, to evaluate the impact resistance of louvers. For the reasons previously stated, the requirements for testing and the enforcement for such requirements were inconsistent and were largely based on anecdotal evidence or speculation that louvers should be impact-resistant. Based on that widely held view, the code now requires impact-resistant louvers in the windborne debris regions of hurricane-prone areas (for a definition of these areas, see the accompanying sidebar).
R
A Closer Look at the Code

When reviewing the specific code text, it should be noted that IBC Section 1609.1.2.1 falls under the larger section, 1609.1.2, Protection of Openings, which deals primarily with the protection of glazed (glass) openings in windborne debris regions. This section of the code deals exclusively with the protection of glazed
HURRICANE-PRONE AND WINDBORNE DEBRIS REGIONS DEFINED

The 2006 IBC defines: Hurricane-prone regions of the country as areas vulnerable to hurricanes on the United States Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts where the basic wind speed is greater than 90 mph (40 m/s), and Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. Windborne debris regions as the portions of hurricane-prone regions that are within 1 mile (1.61 km) of the coastal mean high-water line where the basic wind speed is 110 mph (48 m/s)
or greater; or portions of hurricane-prone regions where the basic wind speed is 120 mph (53 m/s) or greater, and all of Hawaii. The local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) along all coastal areas should be consulted to determine exactly where the requirements for impactresistant louvers are going to be enforced. For a wind speed map depicting the geographic applicability along the U.S. east coastline, consult Chapter 16 of the IBC (Figure 1609).
October 2006
hen it comes to meeting the engineering demands of indoor always bring in the right amount of outside air per ASHRAE 62. air quality and energy savings, nothing delivers like the Ruskin Ruskins IAQ50. . . Never too much air. . . IAQ50. This innovative air measuring damper offers a unique Never too little. . . ALWAYS JUST RIGHT! design that incorporates air monitoring into the assembly To learn more about Ruskins energy-saving solutions, of a high performance, aluminum airfoil blade control damper. or to locate a representative nearest you, visit our website Utilizing Ruskins exclusive control package, the IAQ50 will at www.ruskin.com or call us at (816) 761-7476.
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I M PA C T - R E S I S TA N T L O U V E R S : U N D E R S TA N D I N G T H E N E W C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T S
assemblies; its technical undertones are based on the Australian experience with smaller buildings, as well as the present U.S. hurricane strategy of protecting the building envelope. Due to the formatting of this code section and the location of the louver requirement within the glazing requirements, it is likely that some code enforcement or design professionals will mistakenly interpret the requirement to mean that the requirements for the impact testing of glazing and shutters, including the cycling loading portion of the test, should be applied even-handedly to louvers. However, that is incorrect. The scope of ASTM E 1996 covers impact testing of exterior building features such as windows, glazed curtain walls, doors, and storm shutters in buildings located in geographic regions that are prone to hurricanes, simulating impact by both large and small missiles. For glazed openings and nonporous shutters that protect the fenestration assembly, the impact testing is followed by a cyclic loading test. There is no specific provision in the test standard for testing louvers that cover ventilation openings either for impact or cyclic loading. In consultation with laboratories that do such testing, as well as some of the members of the ASTM committee who developed the test method and the specification for impact protection, it was acknowledged that the large missile impact test part of the standard could be used to evaluate the impact resistance of louvers in the absence of a standard or specific language within
the existing standard that applies to louvers. The intent of this code change was not to require that louvers comply with ASTM E 1996 in its entirety; only the large missile impact test excluding the cyclic loading, or testing to an approved impact standard that may be developed in the future that pertains specifically to louvers. As with most engineering questions, some judgment by the test sponsor and the laboratory engineers is necessary to set the correct criteria for testing and evaluation, and such decisions must be documented in the test report for consideration by the AHJ. Clearly, the effect of hurricanes on building ventilation systems is a subject that begs further exploration. Since climatologists are predicting a period of increased hurricane activity for the next decade or two, it is imperative that such investigation continues. Time is of the essence. As for the future of research on the vulnerability of ventilation systems and the creation of a louver impact standard that reflects those conditions, that charge will likely fall to members of the Air Movement and Control Association to develop a standard and further refine the code requirements that are applicable specifically to louvers.
References
2006 International Building Code, International Code Council, 4051 Flossmoor Rd., County Club Hills, IL 60478 (www.iccsafe.org). Vickie J. Lovell is president of InterCode Inc., Delray Beach, FL. She can be reached at 561/278-0922 or vjlovell@intercodeinc.com.
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MODULATING CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL DAMPERS
Determining the Correct Damper

By Robert Van Becelaere
ith the wide variety of dampers that can be used in the design of air-handling units (AHUs), determining which is right for your application can be a daunting task, but it
doesnt have to be. Heres a simple rule of thumb I began using 40 years ago: 1,000 fpm Face Velocity, unless it was used behind a coil or louver, and then it was 500 fpm for that unit.
Has it changed today? The answer is no for built-up units; but for factory-built units, the design has gone to 1,000 fpm Face Velocity for the small dampers, and up to 1,500 fpm Face Velocity for larger units. As with any rule, there are always exceptions (e.g., economizers used for 3- to 20-ton rooftop units). These may have extreme velocities on the fresh air dampers when they are in the full economizer mode.
Damper Considerations
How do you determine which damper design is right for you? Lets take a look at three important considerations. They are: Outside air dampers need to be tested and certified to AMCA Publication 511 Class IA to meet IECC Code Requirements. Care should be taken when specifying opposed blade dampers for economizer operation due to the potential of a drastic pressure increase when both dampers are at mid-stroke. Air measuring stations should be AMCA-Certified to AMCA Publication 611. Before we begin, its important to understand the two governing code requirementsASHRAE 90.1 and IECC Code Requirementsfor outside air dampers. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has mandated that all states have an energy code that is equal to, or better than, ASHRAE 90.1, which states that, for most parts of the country, the leakage rate on dampers must be no more than 10 cfm/sq. ft. at 1 in. of static pressure. In warm climates, such as Florida, or very cold climates, such as Minnesota, the damper leakage must be less than 4 cfm/sq. ft. at 1 in. of static pressure. The IECC is more stringent, and states that the damper leakage shall be no more than 3 cfm/sq. ft. at 1 in. of static pressure.
So far, 42 states have adopted the requirements of the IECC. So, to play it safe, it would be best to design your system so the dampers have a leakage rate of no more than 3 cfm/sq. ft. The most accurate method to determine outside airflow into a system is to measure its rating at the fresh air damper. AMCA International, which operates a Certified Ratings Program for dampers and louvers, has established AMCA Standard 511, which includes a leakage classification of Class IA to meet the IECC Requirements of 3 cfm/ sq. ft. of leakage. AMCA Standard 511 also requires manufacturers to have their products tested every three years to verify that the damper still meets the leakage requirements. In addition to leakage, consideration needs to be given to damper pressure drop. Figure 1 shows dampers in various positions on an AHU. The pressure drop of the dampers in each one of the configurations is as follows: Static Pressure Drop at 1,000 fpm .018 .04 .20
AMCA Figure 5.3 5.2 5.5
Description Duct on both sides, 7 diameter upstream, 10 diameter downstream Duct on upstream only, 7 diameter upstream No duct upstream or downstream
As you can see in Figure 1, the pressure drop varies dramatically depending on the application and the testing requirements to have a run of straight duct before or after the damper. The worst case is the AMCA Fig. 5.5. If you take the damper out of the system and test the hole in the AHU, it would have a pressure drop of .08 in. This would make the pressure drop of the damper only .12 in. at 1,000 fpm.
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Design
R
Figure 1 EX AMCA FIG. 5.2 RA AMCA FIG. 5.2 Airflow AMCA FIG 5.3
Figure 2
Total Air
FA AMCA FIG. 5.5 Blade Rotation Opposed Blades
Total Air
If youre concerned about uniform airflow, another factor to consider is the blade linkage design. The two most common designs are opposed blades and parallel blades (see Figure 2). Current data on modulating characteristics of dampers can be found in ASHRAE Research Report RP 11571. This is the first documented work on dampers since the early 1940s, and it shows how dampers modulate in different duct configurations.
Airflow
Blade Linkage Design
Blade Rotation Ideal
Return Air Fresh Air
October 2006
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Based on Class 1A leakage rate of 3 CFM/sq. ft. versus a standard leakage of 40 CFM/sq. ft. and energy rate of $0.10/KWH.
Another factor that can influence leakage and pressure drop is the type of damper used. There are two basic types of dampers used in AHUs: air foil and Triple V design. The losses of speeding up the airflow through the damper and discharging it into a plenum (e.g., AMCA Fig. 5.5) are so high that the savings for air foil blades on pressure drop is not a factor. However, in AMCA Fig. 5.3, with duct both upstream and downstream, the air foil blades will have 30%-50% less pressure drop in the application. In addition to less pressure drop, air foil blades also generate less noise and have stronger blades versus Triple V groove blades.
Total Air
Blade Rotation Parallel Blades
he new IECC (International Energy Conservation Code) and ASHRAE So turn on to energy savings while your 90.1 Energy Standard require new lower leakage rates for outside building is off and let Ruskin start saving air dampers in buildings. Ruskin is the first to offer AMCA certified low you money today. leak dampers that meet the new 1A leakage classification. Ruskins To learn more about Ruskins energy-saving solutions, low leak control dampers can save building owners up to $30 per or to locate a representative nearest you, visit our website at damper 1 annually by providing tight sealing of outside air openings. www.ruskin.com or call us at (816) 761-7476.
Airflow
M O D U L AT I N G C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S
OF
CONTROL DAMPERS
Another study conducted for ASHRAE, GPC 16P2, shows the linear characteristics of modulating fresh air and return air dampers. Based on the results of these tests, it appears as though parallel-blade dampers give a more uniform flow when modulated together. Opposed-blade dampers starved the system at mid-stroke. The higher the velocity of airflow, the more non-linear the curves become. Fortunately, there are controls that will help linearize the damper based on its characteristic curve in the installed application. To assure uniform airflow in opposed-blade applications, these controls should definitely be used.
Controls will also benefit parallel-blade applications where the pressure drop of the return air path is different than that of the fresh air path.
A Proper Balance is Essential

One of the biggest challenges facing design engineers today is maintaining the correct outside airflow to meet the requirements of ASHRAE 62. A proper balance is essential if you want to avoid over ventilating a space, something that can add expense to building operations. There is an AMCA Standard 600 that covers testing of air measuring stations. There is also a Certified Rating Program AMCA
Publication 611 for those products that have a check-testing program to verify that air measuring stations meet design specifications. To be certain you are getting the accuracy you need, be sure to specify AMCA Publication 611.
References
ASHRAE RP 1157, Flow Resistance and Modulating Characteristics of Control Dampers. Van Becelaere, R.; Saver Jr., H.J.; and Finaish, F. ASHRAE GPC 16P, Mixing Damper Testing Report, Van Becelaere, R. Robert Van Becelaere is vice president of engineering at Ruskin, Grandview, MO. He can be reached at 816/761-7476 or bobvanb@ruskin.com.
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A M C A S C E R T I F I E D R AT I N G S P R O G R A M S U P P L E M E N T S
The LEED Rating System

By Michael Ivanovich and Emery (Pete) Neitzel
EED certifies buildings, but what about the mechanical products that go into green buildings?
When architects, engineers, and contractors began to design and build green buildings, there were no green products. As such, they worked with what was available, and the emphasis was on energy or water efficiency; emissions reduction; minimizing waste; and maximizing local resources. Things are different now. The U.S. Green Building Councils (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system for buildings has put more pressure on manufacturers to produce green products. For markets such as interior finishes and furnishings, the green-product market is well advanced. However, for mechanical-system products, the green-product market is in its infancy. According to the latest data available, in 2004, the green building market was estimated to be around $3.3 billion, or 2% of the $165 billion new-construction market. By 2010, the green building market is projected to grow to between $10.2 billion and $20.5 billion. So whats an engineer to do? This article examines some of the issues associated with green building design and product selection. Toward the end of the article, it makes recommendations for selecting air movement and control products that will assure specified performance.
each LEED section. Documentation is submitted to thirdparty contractors, who determine if the building meets LEED threshold levels for Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum certification. The certification level is emblazoned on a plaque and installed on or within the building.
LEEDing Indicators
The growth of the LEED rating system mirrors the growth of the green building market. USGBCs LEED for new construction rating system (LEED NC) was launched in 2000. At that time, 13 projects achieved certification. Approximately five years later, 337 buildings worldwide achieved certification. During that time, additional rating systems were launched for existing buildings, commercial interiors, and core-and-shell spec buildings. The popularity of the program is growing; a LEEDcertified building exists in every state, and many federal agencies, states, and cities have adopted LEED NC as a requirement for their government buildings. While many professionals have mixed feelings about LEED, there is no question that LEED helped establish a common vernacular for talking about green buildings. With more than 23,000 LEED-accredited professionals today, the number of engineers, architects, consultants, and product representatives who talk green building language is growing. Given the media attention afforded the USGBC and LEED, the number of certified green buildings represents a very small fraction of Americas real estate portfolio. However, many construction projects use the freely available LEED guidelines, associated guidebooks, and expertise to achieve a green building, even though LEED certification is not pursued. While the traceability of these buildings is lost, their contributions toward a greener real estate portfolio cannot be ignored. As energy costs increase and people demand healthier buildings, the number of buildings constructed to LEED parameters will continue to grow.
The Grassroots of Green Buildings

The green building market began to form as a cohesive entity in the late 1980s when indoor air quality (IAQ), energy efficiency, renewable energy, materials use/re-use, water conservation, and moisture control began to be treated in an integrated fashion. Air-system design, specification, installation, operations, and maintenance were critical components of green buildings from the beginning. Then, in the early 90s, the USGBC emerged when a team of farsighted, market-savvy individuals saw the economic potential for green buildings, and formed a dues-paying alliance. In relatively short order, the USGBC became the vanguard of the green buildings movement and, with the development of LEED, ultimately launched the green building market into mainstream America. LEED, as a rating system, is comprised of prerequisites for site, energy, and indoor and outdoor air and water quality. After prerequisites are met, additional points are earned by voluntarily investing in optional measures specified in
Green is as Green Does

A green LEED building must be designed and constructed to operate at LEED performance levels, be adaptive to changing occupancies, and, ultimately, take into account deconstruction and recycling. Achieving and maintaining LEED performance levels are shared responsibilities of the engineering community from both design and operations perspectives. Energy consumption, power generation, IAQ,
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acoustical quality, water consumption, psychrometric comfort, and emissions are all measurable performance responsibilities that mechanical and plumbing engineers must assume. These responsibilities are carried forth when deciding upon system design (e.g., centralized vs. decentralized air conditioning), right-sizing prime-moving and ancillary equipment, specifying controls and control sequences, and overseeing designs through installation, commissioning, and early occupancy. When operations personnel take over a green building, they must operate
the building according to its design intent and perform regular maintenance and service in accordance with LEED principles. For example, they must maintain high levels of energy efficiency and low levels of emissions, and ensure that water conservation efforts are taking place. For these reasons, field commissioning got a substantial boost when LEED required minimal levels of commissioning as a prerequisite and gave additional points for higher levels of commissioning. One of the tenets of LEED certification is that operating staff be empowered
with documentation and training to ensure that a building can be operated and maintained in accordance with design intent.
Whats a Green HVAC Product?

As mentioned earlier, LEED is a rating system for buildings not the construction, electrical, or mechanical products that go into them. Bob Zimmerman said it well in his article, Certified Green?, published in the July 2005 issue of Building Operating Management: Green product certifications and labels complement the USGBCs
EQUIPMENT COVERED
AMCA International is a not-for-profit association dedicated to the certification of performance ratings on air system components for industrial, commercial, and residential markets. The different types of equipment covered by the AMCA Certified Ratings Program (CRP) include: Acoustical Duct Silencers Air Curtain Units Airflow Measurement Stations Blowers Circulating Fans Dampers Evaporative Coolers Fans Louvers Positive Pressure Ventilators Shutters Air system components can have their performance ratings certified for one or more criteria that are appropriate for the equipment, including: Air Leakage Air Leakage Air Performance Air Performance Air Performance Wind-Driven Rain Airflow Measurement Station Air Performance CFM/Watt Air Performance Positive Pressure Ventilators Air Performance Prefabricated Silencer Sound and Air Performance Sound and Air Performance Water Penetration and Air Performance Water Penetration Air Performance Wind-Driven Rain Wind-Driven Rain For more information, go to www.amca.org.
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LEED rating system as tools for facilitating a market shift to more environmentally responsible buildings. While LEED looks at whole-building green design, the green product certifications and labels look at the specific characteristics of the individual products. LEED is the most recognizable rating system for whole-building green design, whereas each green certification or label has its own criteria. Product-certifying organizations include Green Seal (www.greenseal.org), the U.S. EPAs Energy Star program (www.energystar.gov), and Green Guard (www.greenguard.com). Green Seal is for cleaning supplies; Green Guard covers low-emitting interior products; and Energy Star, while helpful for many electronics and appliances, does not go beyond small-commercial air conditioners or mechanical equipment. For identifying green products such as large fans for commercial building projects, none of these organizations provide significant help. There are green-product information sources and databases that provide buyers of mechanical products guidance on selecting and specifying products for green buildings. Some of these are pay to play databases, whereby entry into the database is available to those companies that pay to list their products. Of these, Greenspec (www.greenspec.com), a pay-for-access service, offers a wide variety of products for the HVAC community and has a strong relationship with the USGBC. The presentation of Greenspecs annual Top 10 Green Building Products awards is a popular event at the annual Greenbuild conference hosted by the USGBC. However, Greenspec is limited. It does not currently have any
listings for commercial or industrialscale air-handling fans. Until there is a green-product database for HVAC products with sufficient breadth to fulfill the full gamut of equipment that goes into non-residential buildings, the mechanical community will have to make do. Along these lines, guidance is provided by David Sellers, P.E., in his article, HVAC and Plumbing Products for Green Buildings, in HPAC Engineerings May 2004 issue: With some facilities, such as hospitals, schools, and high rises, internal functions may change, but the shell and fundamental structure remain the same through many renovation cycles. Taking this into consideration when selecting and installing fundamental machinery for HVAC and plumbing systems can open the door to several life-cycleenhancing opportunities, including: Selecting fans and air-handling units at low face velocities. Conservatively sizing pipe and duct mains from a pressure-drop standpoint. Configuring distribution pumps for optimized performance at multiple operating points. Utilizing high-quality equipment to ensure precise, reliable performance and longevity. Providing for service and maintenance needs. Some of these measures will save energy in the near term and provide flexibility over the long term. Others will guarantee that an investment (finances and resources) in machinery will pay dividends over time. If the implementation of these measures is properly planned and executed, any first-cost penalties will pale in comparison with the life-cycle savings achieved.
October 2006
VAC rules are pretty simple when it comes to louver performance: So while the weather remains unpredictable, feel secure utilizing Bring air in and leave water out. At Ruskin, by establishing the USAs wind-driven tested louvers on your next project. Stop rain from entering the building with Ruskins EME series louvers! first Wind-Driven Rain test set-up, we were able to produce our To learn more about Ruskin rain control solutions, industrys first Extruded Moisture Eliminator (EME) louver. While initially developed to combat water forces during hurricanes, Ruskins or to locate a representative nearest you, visit our website at www.ruskin.com or call us at (816) 761-7476. EME louvers are designed to capture horizontal rain in any storm.
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That said, its critical for the equipment, ultimately procured, to perform in accordance with expectations that are set when the equipment was selected. If the product has not been independently certified to perform as rated, how can anyone be assured that it will perform as expected? Sellers point about utilizing high-quality equipment to ensure precise, reliable performance can be met by specifying AMCA-licensed products.
AMCA Internationals Certified Ratings Program

Currently, AMCA International has the worlds only international Certified
Ratings Program (CRP) for air system components. This program ensures that a product line has been tested and rated in conformance with AMCA Internationals test standards and rating requirements. The purpose is to give the buyers, specifiers, and users of air movement and control equipment assurance that published ratings are reliable and accurate. Participation in AMCA Internationals CRP is voluntary and open to AMCA members and non-members. Manufacturers submit units for testing at an AMCA independent laboratory. Trained laboratory technicians conduct tests in accordance with AMCA or rec-
ognized test standards, many of which are International Standards. Once test requirements are met, manufacturers published ratings are verified for accuracy. Catalogs containing the approved ratings are reviewed and approved by AMCAs engineering staff before 1) the ratings are published, 2) the Certified Rating Seal can be used, and 3) the catalogs are distributed to the public. Ratings are subject, at all times, to review by AMCA International as an impartial authority. AMCA-licensed products are revisited (check-tested) every three years to ensure that manufacturers maintain the tolerances necessary to achieve published ratings
22
over time. All licensed products are open to challenge testing, allowing competing manufacturers or any third party to question or verify a products performance. Failure to pass a check test requires immediate corrective action to be taken within a specified time. Inability to meet original performance requires restatement of published performance or loss of certification. AMCA International maintains an up-to-date listing of licensed products at www.amca.org. Additionally, the website contains a rich database of information on system design and product application for commercial, industrial, and agricultural buildings.
Specifying products that bear the AMCA Certified Rating Seal is a credible way to ensure accurate and dependable equipment that performs to published ratings as required by green building designers.
fans, louvers, and dampers, AMCAs Certified Ratings Program (CRP) provides a database of third-party-tested products and independently reviewed rating documentation that designers and specifiers can use to at least provide reasonably assured performance.
Conclusion
The green building market is growing and as such, so is the need for green products that go into them. Currently, no green-product database or certification organization exists that can meet the needs for many, if not most, of the mechanical-system products going into these green buildings. For air-system components, such as
Michael Ivanovich is the editor-in-chief of Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning (HPAC) Engineering, and manager of events of the Engineering Green Buildings Conference and Expo. He can be reached at mivanovich@penton.com. Emery (Pete) Neitzel is the vice president of engineering and manufacturing at Greenheck Corp., and the 20052006 preesident of AMCA International. He can be reached at pete.neitzel@greenheck.com.
October 2006
23
C I R C U L AT I N G F A N V E L O C I T Y
Profile Applications
By Richard Aynsley, PhD
he introduction of a virtual disk incorporating
measured 3D velocity profile data can substantially
reduce computation times from days to hours.
There has been widespread application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in research and development of fans in recent years. This activity is typically in 3D, although some initial development work is done in 2D to reduce computation run times. In studies of airflow in large spaces from large, industrial circulator fans, the run times for 3D computations can be several days on a high-end, dual-processor PC. This can be reduced dramatically without loss of accuracy by substituting a 3D velocity profile measured close to the fan blades. Data from this velocity profile can be used to create a virtual disk in the CFD model. This virtual disk replaces the full 3D CFD modeling of the fan blades, which represents the majority of computation time. It is important to measure 3D velocity profiles for this technique so that all three X, Y, and Z components of velocity are obtained. This will ensure that important swirl characteristics of the airflow from the fan are included in the modeling. These velocity profile measurements are typically measured at a distance of about three blade chord widths downstream from a fan. Measurements in that location avoid the complex flow adjacent to the blades but are close enough to the blades to minimize the influences of entrainment into the jet and the geometry, and obstructions in large spaces. Velocity profiles can also be used to establish airflow rate associated with the principal jet from circulator fans. This is discussed later in this article.
Figure 1. CFD model of airflow envelope for an 8-ft./diam. ceiling fan.
Airflow in a Distribution Center

Initial attempts to model airflow using CFDesign software for 3D CFD of air flow analysis from 24-ft./diam. industrial ceiling fans were unsuccessful, crashing after four days. The total domain around the fan was 90-ft./diam. and 20-ft. deep, with the fan 6-ft. below the ceiling. A secondary, transitional domain 15-ft./diam. and 1.5-ft. deep was used to speed convergence, with the local domain around the fan set at 25.5-ft./diam. and 8-in. deep.
We found that a single-blade passage would not work for an approximation. On a smaller, 8-ft./diam. fan, we needed at least 700 iterations, equivalent to 38 revolutions of the 10 fan blades, to establish a stable flow pattern. The largest 10-blade fan successfully modeled in 3D CFD was a single fan, which was 8-ft. in diameter (see Figure 1). Run times for this airflow simulation, using 514,947 nodes with 700 iterations, were more than four days on a fully configured Dell Precision computer with dual Intel Xeon 3.00 GHz processors. By adopting a virtual disk approach, based on measured 3D velocity profile data, airflow from three, 14-ft./diam. fans at full speed (71 rpm) in a distribution center was successfully modeled (see Figure 2). Run times for this configuration, with 81,642 nodes and 1,000 iterations, were reduced to about eight hours. Note that it is essential to calibrate CFD input data to ensure that CFD output correlates adequately with physical measurements of airflow. In Figure 2, the highest velocity is at the floor and not at the fan. The static pressure below the fan, between the racks, is increased by the fan. While the main flow is down the aisle away from the fan (not shown in this view), this section shows air escaping at high velocity through the narrow space under the rack.
24
Airflow Rate from Circulating Fans

Unlike ducted fans, airflow rate from unducted air-circulating fans is difficult to define (see Figure 3). There is the principal jet from the fan with its axial, tangential (swirl), and radial velocity components. There is also substantial airflow created by entrainment at the perimeter of the principal airflow jet. Local airflow close to the blades includes a strong vortex ring, established by the tips of the fan blades. While all this airflow mixes or circulates air, measuring all resulting air movement in the entire space due to a circulating fan is not practical. The main function of a circulator fan is to circulate and mix air movement within a space to ensure uniform conditions throughout a space. During winter, fans at low speed mix hotter air that accumulates near the ceiling level with other air in a space, resulting in considerable savings in heating costs. During summer, circulator fans are operated at higher speeds to provide physiological cooling of up to 12F or more to workers near the floor level. Buoyancy was not considered in the CFD models, as the principal interest is in established destratified flow patterns. When stratified, there is less than a 2F difference in temperature between the floor and ceiling. The initial buoyancy force on cubic foot of air under the roof, at say 98F when moved into air near the floor level at 68F, is about 0.006 lbf/ft3not a big deal compared to the momentum forces in the order of 3.5 lbf/ft3 developed by the fan. Predicting airflow patterns in large industrial buildings is complex due to the many obstructions to airflow encountered in such spaces. This is why CFD modeling is employed.
Determining Total Airflow

Measuring the airflow rate in the principal jet from an air circulating fan can be achieved by integrating the X, Y, and Z air velocity vectors at a number of radial positions close to the delivery side of the fan blades using a crossed-wire, or crossed-fiber, thermal anemometer. Three fan blade chord widths are suggested as a suitable distance downstream from the fan for measurements (see Figure 4). To determine the total airflow rate from the fan, at least 10 equally spaced measurement positions are needed between below the center of the fan out to below the tips of the fan blades. (Note: At first glance, it may appear that area distribution was not used in Figure 4; it is, by integrating the circular rings between each measurement station, as indicated in Figure 6.)
The appropriate time over which velocities are averaged can be determined by taking a long time history of velocity (e.g., 10 minutes). The mean and standard deviation of this time history of velocity are determined, and then the time history is truncated, by say 10%, and the mean and standard deviation are recalculated. This is repeated until a noticeable change, for example 5%, is detected in the standard deviation. This indicates that averaging times for measuring velocity vectors should be longer than this time period. The Vx velocity vector (m/s or fpm) is the tangential (swirl) velocity measured tangentially to the rotation of the fan blades. This is measured in a plane parallel to the plane of fan rotation.
Figure 2. Air circulation from an industrial ceiling fan in a distribution center with high racks.
Figure 3. Characteristic airflow from circulating fans.1
October 2006
25
C I R C U L AT I N G F A N V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E A P P L I C AT I O N S
Reverse flow sometimes occurs near the fan hub
3 blade chord widths 10 equally spaced velocity measurement positions Figure 4. View of circulator fan indicating the suggested measurement stations of three fan blade chord widths downstream of the fan.
Vz Axial Resultant Velocity Rvxyz
Vx Radial Vy Tangential Rvxyz Figure 5. Diagram showing resolution of Vx, Vy, and Vz into resultant velocity vector Rvxyz.
2 4 6 8 10
Area = R288 R27
Velocity = V7 + V8 10 2 Flowrate = Vn + Vn-1 X Arean-(n-1) N=2 2
Figure 6. View of circulator fan indicating the procedure for integrating 3D velocity traverse data to estimate airflow rate.
The Vy velocity vector (m/s or fpm) is the radial velocity measured in the radial direction from the center of the fan, measured in a plane parallel to the plane of fan rotation. The Vz velocity vector (m/s or fpm) is the axial velocity measured in planes parallel to the axis of rotation of the fan. Some circulating fans have reverse airflow back through the fan near the fan hub. Such reverse flow is not normally included in the computation of the airflow rate for the principal airflow jet. The resultant velocity vector (m/s or fpm) is obtained from the Vx, Vy, and Vz velocity vectors. This is done by resolving the Vx and Vy vectors in the plane parallel to the fan rotation [Rvxy = (Vx2 + Vy2)0.5]. Similarly, the Vz axial velocity vector is resolved with the Rvxy vector [Rvxyz = (Rvxy2 + Vz2)0.5] to determine the resultant velocity vector for all three Vx, Vy, and Vz velocity vector components (see Figure 5). These resultant velocity vectors are integrated to obtain the airflow rate (m3/s or cfm), by summing the average of adjacent Rvxyz velocity vectors and multiplying by the area of the circular ring between the measuring positions (see Figure 6). It is important to know the value of the radial, and particularly the tangential (swirl) velocity vectors if CFD modeling of the airflow from the fan is envisaged. This procedure can be simplified for an approximate estimate of the jet airflow rate by measuring only the axial Vz velocity vectors off the fan. This method ignores the tangential (swirl) and radial velocity components, which
tend to be 10% or less than the axial velocity vectors.
Conclusions
By using the velocity profile, how accurate was the solution compared to laboratory test data? The speed of the fans was adjusted on-site for winter destrat operation so that air velocities at head height did not exceed 50 ft./min. in order to avoid draft complaints. In the longitudinal CFD simulation section through the fan, speeds at head height 5.5 ft. fell within the 46.2 fpm and 61.6 fpm CFD colored velocity scale. Closer point-bypoint examination at approximately 5.5 ft. above floor level gave speeds of 49 fpm to 53 fpm. While 3D CFD modeling of airflow in large industrial spaces from large circulating fans can be useful, computation times can be several days. In some cases, even after thousands of iterations of the calculations, convergence cannot be reached or the computer crashes. The introduction of a virtual disk incorporating measured 3D velocity profile data can substantially reduce computation times from days to hours.
References
1) Smith, V. April 1960. Air Circulator Fans: A Design Method and Experimental Studies. Report ARL/A 119. Dept. of Supply, Australian Defence Scientific Service, Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Melbourne. Richard Aynsley, Ph.D., is director of research and development at Big Ass Fans, Lexington, KY. He is chair of the review committee for ANSI/AMCA Standard 230-99. He can be reached at 859/233-1271 or dick@bigassfans.com.
26
U P D AT E O N
European Directives and Standards

By Ian P. Andrews
flurry of activity in the European Region has more manufacturers becoming involved with the
development of standards.
There are generally three types of standards: international, regional (including European), and national. Many standards are developed in Europe to support various European directives. These directives emanate from the European Commission and have tremendous impact on the manufacturing community. Lets take a look at how they affect the ventilation industry in particular.
Ever-Changing Requirements
The first directive to impact the European arenathe Low Voltage Directive (LVD)was introduced over three decades ago. Issued under the Treaty of Rome in the early 1970s, its goal was to open the European market; what was fit for one country, would fit for allor at least that was the intent. The LVD sought to ensure that all electrical products up to 1,000 volts were safe in use. Since then, there have been many new directives; most, but not all, have intended to protect people and the environment. Manufacturers have had to ensure that their products and processes comply with all these directives, and at the same time, keep up with the ever-changing requirements and regulations. In addition to the LVD, other examples include the: Machinery Directive Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive ATEX (Explosive Atmospheres) Directive Packaging Directive Many more new directives that will impact our industry are fast approaching. These include the: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Energy Performance of Buildings Directive The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), in particular, will have far-reaching repercussions for the European ventilation industry. There is an entire library of
new standards being produced in support of this directive. Various national building regulations (codes) are already referencing new requirements that will result from this directive and also are anticipating requirements of some of the new standards. Indeed, the recently revised Building Regulations for England and Wales now requires fans to comply with certain performance requirements. These requirements include not only air movement, but also power consumption, as measured according to various new harmonized European Standards. The European Standards body CEN Technical Committee TC156Ventilation in Buildings is producing numerous additional new standards. Those that are likely to have the greatest impact under this directive include: prEN13779, Performance requirements for ventilation and room conditioning systems
October 2006
27
U P D AT E
ON
EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES
AND
S TA N D A R D S
prEN15239, Energy performance of buildingsGuidelines for inspection of ventilation systems prEN15240, Energy performance of buildingsGuidelines for inspection of air-conditioning systems prEN15241, Calculation methods for energy losses due to ventilation and infiltration in commercial buildings prEN15242, Calculation methods for the determination of airflow rates in buildings including infiltration prEN15243, Calculation of room temperatures and of load and energy for buildings with room conditioning systems
prEN15251, Indoor environmental parameters for assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting, and acoustics. These standards are all being developed on the fast track and are likely to be issued for final vote before the end of the year. At that stage, all European countries will have the opportunity to vote either to adopt them or not. If accepted, all European nations will be required to withdraw any conflicting standards.
The EPBD places certain requirements on the various national member states, one of which requires buildings to be regularly inspected and issued a certificate. In public buildings, this certificate will need to be displayed in a prominent place. The inspection will report on the efficiency of the many systems that serve the building. Residential buildings are included, as well as commercial.
Influencing the Process

Many manufacturers believe that since the directives and standards impact them so heavily, they need to
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28
be in a position to influence the development and content of the documents. The best way to do this is through relevant trade associations. These associations have a better ability to influence the government groups that help develop the directives. Manufacturers can be directly involved in the process; however, it is not a straightforward task. Representatives from the many countries within Europeeach with their own agendaall compete to have their positions known. The manufacturing delegates, therefore, need to be technically competent and politically
astute in order to ensure that their interests are taken into sufficient consideration. These protocols are not unique to the European arenathe processes involved are very similar during the production of International Standards. Regional differences can provide even greater obstacles to reaching a consensus when producing International Standards. Due to all the activity taking place with directives and standards in Europe, there has been an upsurge of activity coming from many of the trade associations. The April 2006 meeting of the
AMCA European Region, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, drew more attendees than it has in the last several years. Additionally, membership in the AMCA European Region is growing. More manufacturers are realizing they need to be involved in developing standards to ensure that those standards will benefit both the industry and society at large.
Ian P. Andrews, chairman of the AMCA European Region, is an independent consultant working with the ventilation industry. He can be reached at +44 1903 744067 or ianpandrews@yahoo.co.uk.
October 2006
29
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Hartzell Fans full-line product catalog is now available on CD.

This CD catalog also includes the Industrial Fan Guide and Fan Engineering Data. To request your copy, go to Hartzell Fans homepage at www.hartzellfan.com and click on the CD catalog link in the Latest News and Announcements section.
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A N Y B U I L D I N G P R O J E C T A N Y V E N T I L AT I O N R E Q U I R E M E N T A N Y W H E R E A N Y T I M E

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A Supplement to HPAC Engineering Magazine

Learn from the Leader in Fan Engineering

AMCA Certified Ratings Program: A Closer Look

Modulating Characteristics of Control Dampers

Circulating Fan Velocity Profile Applications

Update on European Directives and Standards

Emery (Pete) Neitzel

AMCA International InMotion

What to Look for when Specifying or Purchasing Product

AMCA Internationals Seal is a Registered Trademark in Most Industrialized Countries.

AMCA International InMotion

AMCA MEMBER DIRECTORY

Members in red participate in AMCAs CRP

AFC do Brasil Industria de Ventiladores Ltda Otam Ventiladores Industriais Ltda.

www.cofimco.com www.comefri.com www.dynair.it www.industriecbi.it www.nicotra.it www.nicotra.it www.vortice.it

Matsushita Ecology Systems Co., Ltd. NKG Corporation

KBE Establishment for Air Movement Products

www.gebhardt-singapore.com www.krugerfan.com www.nicotra.com

60-4643-3636 60-3-8926-7178 60-3-6188-8293 60-3-896-12588

Howden Denmark A/S

www.variax.com www.hammam-eg.com www.flaktwoods.com www.ruck-ventilatoren.de www.wittfan.de www.bhel.com www.cdoctorindia.com www.industrialhygienic.com

Hammam Industries & Co.

Ruck-Ventilatoren GmbH Witt & Sohn AG

www.airtrade.com.sg www.azenmanufacturing.com www.krugerfan.com www.connols-air.com www.wishingstargroup.com

AMCA MEMBER DIRECTORY

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

www.hidria.si www.nicotra.com www.soler-palau.com www.zitron.com www.systemair.com www.asli.com.tw www.c-cltd.com.tw www.fansys.com.tw

Nicotra Espaa S.A. Soler & Palau S.A. Zitron, S.A.

www.krugerfan.com www.leadfu-kinki.com.tw www.frpfan.com.tw www.artith.com www.krugerfan.com www.nicotra.com www.panasonic.co.jp

Dynair Gulf Fzco Energy Industrial Corp. of UAE

Hartzell Fan, Inc.

Loren Cook Co.

AMCA International InMotion

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

ATK Inc. Members in bold red are bronze sponsors

Understanding the New Code

research needs to be undertaken.

AMCA International InMotion

A Closer Look at the Code

HURRICANE-PRONE AND WINDBORNE DEBRIS REGIONS DEFINED

AMCA International InMotion

MODULATING CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL DAMPERS

Determining the Correct Damper

AMCA Figure 5.3 5.2 5.5

AMCA International InMotion

FA AMCA FIG. 5.5 Blade Rotation Opposed Blades

Blade Linkage Design

Blade Rotation Ideal

Return Air Fresh Air

Blade Rotation Parallel Blades

A Proper Balance is Essential

DELAIR The easiest to use fan selection software

ONLINE CUSTOMER SERVICE Within Three Clicks

The LEED Rating System

The Grassroots of Green Buildings

Green is as Green Does

Whats a Green HVAC Product?

AMCA International InMotion

AMCA Internationals Certified Ratings Program

AMCA International InMotion

he introduction of a virtual disk incorporating

measured 3D velocity profile data can substantially

reduce computation times from days to hours.