SEMCHIP 1

DAC 2001
Interconnections and Signal
Integrity
Jos Schutt-Ain
SemChip
DAC Tutorial
22, June 2001
SEMCHIP 2
DAC 2001
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
L
o
g

(
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

G
b
/
s
)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
A
Limits of Optical
Future System Needs and Functions
Auto
Digital Wireless
Consumer Computer
MEMS
High bandwidth
High-speed Digital
Analog, RF
SEMCHIP 3
DAC 2001
0
5
10
15
20
25
D
e
l
a
y

(
p
s
)
30
35
40
45
650 595 540 485
Generation (nm)
SPEED/PERFORMANCE ISSUE
Gate Delay
Sum of Delays, Al & SiO2
Sum of Delays, Cu & Low K
Interconnect Delay, Al & SiO2
Interconnect Delay, Cu & Low K
430 375 320 265 210 155 100
Gate wi Al & SiO2
Gate
Al 3.0 -cm
Cu 1.7 -cm
SiO2 = 4.0
Low = 2.0
Al & Cu .8 Thick
Al & Cu Line 43 Long
The Interconnect Bottleneck The Interconnect Bottleneck
SEMCHIP 4
DAC 2001
Chip size
(mm
2
)
Number of transistors
(million)
Interconnect width
(nm)
Total interconnect length
(km)
1997 2003 2012 2006
300 430 750
520
11 76
200
1400
200 100 70 35
2.16 2.84 5.14 24
Semiconductor Technology Trends Semiconductor Technology Trends
SEMCHIP 5
DAC 2001
The Interconnect Bottleneck The Interconnect Bottleneck
Technology
Generation
MOSFET Intrinsic
Switching Delay
Response
Time
1.0 um
0.01 um
~ 10 ps
~ 1 ps
~ 1 ps
~ 100 ps
SEMCHIP 6
DAC 2001
Chip-Level Interconnect Delay Chip-Level Interconnect Delay
Line
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
V
o
l
t
s
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Time (ns)
Far End Response
Board
VLSI
Submicron
Deep Submicron
-0.1
0.175
0.45
0.725
1
0 0.4
V
o
l
t
s
0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Time (ns)
Near End Response
Board
VLSI
Submicron
Deep Submicron
Pulse Characteristics:
rise time: 100 ps
fall time: 100 ps
pulse width: 4ns
Line Characteristics
length : 3 mm
near end termination: 50
far end termination 65
Logic
threshold
Logic
threshold
SEMCHIP 7
DAC 2001
Signal Integrity
Crosstalk Dispersion Attenuation
Reflection Distortion Loss
Delta I Noise Ground Bounce Radiation
Sense Line
Drive Line
Drive Line
Interconnect Bottleneck Interconnect Bottleneck
SEMCHIP 8
DAC 2001
Simultaneous switching and inductance (L
eff
)
L
eff
is f( current magnitude and direction)
Interactions between noise generated by power/ground and signal paths
Mixed Signal Noise Mixed Signal Noise
Power bus
Interconnect
Analog Digital
coupled
noise
Substrate
Power bus
Interconnect
GND
bond Inductance
Chip-package
interconnect
SEMCHIP 9
DAC 2001
INDUCTANCE
Inductance =
Total flux linked
Current

z
r
H
Idl
R
SEMCHIP 10
DAC 2001
INDUCTANCE
L =
N

I

N : number of turns

: flux per turn

SEMCHIP 11
DAC 2001
Capacitance =
Total charge
Voltage

CAPACITANCE
SEMCHIP 12
DAC 2001
C =

o
A
d

A : area

o
: permittivity

CAPACITANCE
d
V
+

SEMCHIP 13
DAC 2001
Package Inductance & Capacitance
Component Capacitance Inductance
(pF) (nH)
68 pin plastic DIP pin

4 35
68 pin ceramic DIP pin

7 20
68 pin SMT chip carrier

2 7

No ground plane; capacitance is dominated by wire to wire component.

With ground plane; capacitance and inductance are determined by the distance
between the lead frame and the ground plane, and the lead length.
SEMCHIP 14
DAC 2001
Package Inductance & Capacitance
Component Capacitance Inductance
(pF) (nH)
68 pin PGA pin

4 35
256 pin PGA pin

7 20
Wire bond 1 1
Solder bump 0.5 0.1

No ground plane; capacitance is dominated by wire to wire component.

With ground plane; capacitance and inductance are determined by the distance
between the lead frame and the ground plane, and the lead length.
SEMCHIP 15
DAC 2001
CONDUCTIVITY OF DIELECTRIC
MATERIALS
Material Conductivity (
-1
m
-1
)
Germanium 2.2
Silicon 0.0016
Glass 10
-10
- 10
-14
Quartz 0.5 x 10
-17
Loss TANGENT : tan


SEMCHIP 16
DAC 2001
Propagation Speeds
Dielectric
r
v (cm/ns)
Polymide 2.5-3.5 16-19
Silicon Dioxide 3.9 15
Epoxy Glass (PC board) 5 13
Alumina (ceramic) 9.5 10

r
r
c
v

SEMCHIP 17
DAC 2001
Transmission
Channel
Transmission
Channel
Transmission
Channel
Ideal
Common
Noisy
Signal Integrity
SEMCHIP 18
DAC 2001
Signal Degradation
SEMCHIP 19
DAC 2001
width
rise time
fall
time
magnitude
10%
90%
SEMCHIP 20
DAC 2001
=
+
+
+
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
+
C
0
Frequency Components
of Digital Signal
SEMCHIP 21
DAC 2001
RC Network
R
C
+
-
+
-
v
i
v
o
A is in the steady state gain of the network;
A =
vo (f)
vi (f)

A
1
1+ (f / f
2
)
2

f
2

1
2RC
The gain falls to 0.707 of its low-frequency value at
the frequency f
2
. f
2
is the upper 3-dB frequency or
the 3-dB bandwidth of the RC network.
SEMCHIP 22
DAC 2001
RC Network
R
0.9
1.0
0
0.1
v
i/V = 1
v
o/V
v
/V
t
r t
t
10%
t
90%
C
+
-
+
-
v
i
v
o V
v
o

V(1

e
t / RC
)
SEMCHIP 23
DAC 2001
RC Network
R
C
+
-
+
-
v
i
v
o V
Rise time : t
r
= t
90%
- t
10%
t
r

2.2RC

2.2
2f
2

0.35
f
2
Rule of thumb : A 1-ns pulse
requires a circuit with a 3-dB
bandwidth of the order of 2 GHz.
SEMCHIP 24
DAC 2001
WAVE PROPAGATION

z
Wavelength :

=
propagation velocity
frequency

SEMCHIP 25
DAC 2001
Why Transmission Lines ?
In Free Space
At 10 KHz :

= 30 km
At 10 GHz :

= 3 cm
Transmission line behavior is prevalent when the
structural dimensions of the circuits are comparable
to the wavelength.
SEMCHIP 26
DAC 2001
Let d be the largest dimension of a circuit
If d << , a lumped model for the circuit can be used
Transmission Line Model
circuit
z

SEMCHIP 27
DAC 2001
Transmission Line Model
circuit
z

If d , or d > then use transmission line model

SEMCHIP 28
DAC 2001
f
0.3 10
9
10d
r
t
r

0.35
f
Frequency Dependence of Lumped
Circuit Models
At higher frequencies, a lumped circuit model is no
longer accurate for interconnects and one must use
a distributed model. Transition frequency depends
on the dimensions and relative magnitude of the
interconnect parameters.
SEMCHIP 29
DAC 2001
Lumped Circuit or Transmission Line?
A) Determine frequency or bandwidth of the signal
-Microwave: f = operating frequency
-Digital: f =
B) Determine propagation velocity in medium, v,
next calculate wavelength
0.35
rise time
v
f
SEMCHIP 30
DAC 2001
Lumped Circuit or Transmission Line?
C) Compare wavelength with dimensions (feature size) d.
Case 1: If >> d use lumped circuit equivalent
Total inductance = L x length
Total capacitance = C x length
Case 2: If 10d or < 10d, use transmission-line
model
SEMCHIP 31
DAC 2001
Frequency Dependence of Lumped
Circuit Models
Dimension Frequency Rise time
Printed circuit line
(epoxy, glass)
10 in >55 MHz <7 ns
Package lead frame
(ceramic)
1 in >400 MHz <0.9 ns
VLSI
interconnection*
(silicon)
100 m >8 GHz <50 ps
* Using RC criterion for distributed effect
SEMCHIP 32
DAC 2001

r
Coaxial line
Air
Waveguide
Coplanar line
e
r
e
r
Microstrip
e
r
Stripline
e
r
Slot line
Types of Transmission Lines

r

r

r
SEMCHIP 33
DAC 2001
Parallel-plate Transmission Line
,
w
a
L =
a
w

C =
w
a

SEMCHIP 34
DAC 2001
Coaxial Transmission Line
a
b

L = ln
b
a

C =
2
ln(b/a)

SEMCHIP 35
DAC 2001

Microstrip
SEMCHIP 36
DAC 2001
Microstrip
0 1 2 3
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
h = 21 m ils
h = 14 m ils
h = 7 mils
M icrostrip Characteristic Im pedance
W /h
Z
o

(
o
h
m
s
)
dielectric constant : 4.3.
SEMCHIP 37
DAC 2001
Microstrip
Stripline
Electric Field Configuration
Consequence: Wave propagation in stripline is
closer to the TEM mode of propagation and the
propagation of velocity is approximately c/
r
.
SEMCHIP 38
DAC 2001
TEM PROPAGATION
L
z
C
I
V
+
-
z
Z
o

Z
1
Z
2
V
s
SEMCHIP 39
DAC 2001
Telegraphers Equations
L: Inductance per unit length.
C: Capacitance per unit length.
L
z
C
I
V
+
-
V I
L
z t



I V
C
z t



SEMCHIP 40
DAC 2001
z
Z
o

forward wave
backward wave
Transmission Line Solutions
SEMCHIP 41
DAC 2001
Reflection in Transmission Lines
1.
2.
3.
SEMCHIP 42
DAC 2001
Time Domain Reflectometry
coaxial line
Z
g
Z
g
step
generator
V
b
V
f
microstrip line
SEMCHIP 43
DAC 2001
Metallic Conductors
L
ength

Area
Re sist an ce : R
Package level:
W=3 mils
R=0.0045 /mm
R =
Le ng th
Are a

Submicron level:
W=0.25 microns
R=422 /mm
SEMCHIP 44
DAC 2001
Metal (
-1
m
1
10
-7
)
Silver 6.1
Copper 5.8
Gold 3.5
Aluminum 1.8
Tungsten 1.8
Brass 1.5
Solder 0.7
Metallic Conductors
SEMCHIP 45
DAC 2001
RF
SOURCE
Loss in Transmission Lines
SEMCHIP 46
DAC 2001

Low Frequency
High Frequency Very High Frequency
Skin Effect in Transmission Lines
SEMCHIP 47
DAC 2001
. .
M
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f c
u
rre
n
t d
e
n
s
ity
y

w
t
e
D
V
J
=
J o
e
-
y
/
d
e
-
jy
/
d
d
Skin Effect in Microstrip

SEMCHIP 48
DAC 2001
The electric field in a material medium propagates as
z
E
o
e
z
E
o
e
z
e
jz
where + j. We also have
= (1+j

) .
Skin Effect Skin Effect
W
int

s
H
int
CURRENT AREAS
SEMCHIP 49
DAC 2001

V
z
= (R+ jL)I = ZI

I
z
= (G+ jC)V = YV
Lossy Transmission Line
L
z
C
I
V
+
-
G
R
Telegraphers Equation
SEMCHIP 50
DAC 2001
z
R, L, G, C,
Lossy Transmission Line
forward wave
backward wave
SEMCHIP 51
DAC 2001
Network Analyzer
SEMCHIP 52
DAC 2001
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Category 5/ 1-meter
S
1
1

(
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
)
Frequency (GHz)
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Category 5/ 1-meter
S
1
1

(
p
h
a
s
e
)
Frequency (GHz)
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Category 5/ 1-meter
S
2
1

(
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
)
Frequency (GHz)
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Category 5/ 1-meter
S
2
1

(
p
h
a
s
e
)
Frequency (GHz)
S Parameters of Transmission Lines
Short line
SEMCHIP 53
DAC 2001
a
1 a
2
b
1 b
2
Two-Port
Network
Port 1 Port 2
Z
o
Z
o
Z
o Z
o
Two-Port Characterization
b
1
= S
11
a
1
+ S
12
a
2
b
2
= S
21
a
1
+ S
22
a
2
S
11

b
1
a
1
a
2
0
S
21

b
2
a
1
a
2
0
S
12

b
1
a
2
a
1
0
S
22

b
2
a
2
a
1
0
SEMCHIP 54
DAC 2001
copper mi cr ost r i p
w=5mi l
l =20.2cm
f i ber gl ass subst r at e SMA connect or
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Microstrip
I n s
Frequency (GHz)
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Microstrip
R e
Frequency (GHz)
- Network analyzer measurement of S parameters
- Use de-embedding scheme
- Use extraction algorithm
Microstrip Characterization
SEMCHIP 55
DAC 2001
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
v13.s21
Frequency (GHz)

C
1L
C
1R

L
2
C
2L
R
2
C
2R

9
L
3
C
3L
R
3
C
3R
Z
o
Z
o
a
1
b
1
C
m23L
C
m12L
L
m23
L
m12
S
11m
Z
o
Z
o
L
1 R
1 L
b1
L
b2
C
m12R
C
m23R 3
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
L
b3
L
bg
99
0
Package Level Characterization
SEMCHIP 56
DAC 2001
Crosstalk Noise and Coupled
Transmission Lines
Jos Schutt-Ain
SemChip
DAC Tutorial
22, June 2001
SEMCHIP 57
DAC 2001
TEM PROPAGATION
L
z
C
I
V
+
-
z
Z
o

Z
1
Z
2
V
s
SEMCHIP 58
DAC 2001
Telegraphers Equations
L: Inductance per unit length.
C: Capacitance per unit length.
L
z
C
I
V
+
-
V I
L
z t



I V
C
z t



SEMCHIP 59
DAC 2001
RF
SOURCE
Crosstalk and Coupled Line
Analysis
SEMCHIP 60
DAC 2001
Signal Integrity
Crosstalk Dispersion Attenuation
Reflection Distortion Loss
Delta I Noise Ground Bounce Radiation
Sense Line
Drive Line
Drive Line
Crosstalk Crosstalk Noise Noise
SEMCHIP 61
DAC 2001
50
line 1
line 2
50
line 1
line 2
50
line 1
line 2
line 1
line 2
Crosstalk noise depends on termination
SEMCHIP 62
DAC 2001
50
line 1
line 2
50
line 1
line 2
line 1
line 2
t
r
= 1 ns
t
r
= 7 ns
Crosstalk depends on signal rise time
SEMCHIP 63
DAC 2001
t
r
= 1 ns
t
r
= 7 ns
Crosstalk depends on signal rise time
50
line 1
line 2
line 1
line 2
line 1
line 2
SEMCHIP 64
DAC 2001
Coupled Transmission Lines

r
w
s
h
C
s
V
1
V
2
I
1
I
2
C
s
C
m
L
m
SEMCHIP 65
DAC 2001
1 1 2
11 12
V I I
L L
z t t


+
1 1 2
11 12
I V V
C C
z t t


+
2 1 2
21 22
I V V
C C
z t t


+
Telegraphers Equations for Coupled Transmission Lines
Maxwellian Form
2 1 2
21 22
V I I
L L
z t t


+
SEMCHIP 66
DAC 2001
1 1 2
s m
V I I
L L
z t t


+
2 1 2
m s
V I I
L L
z t t


+
1 1 1 2
s m m
I V V V
C C C
z t t t


+
2 1 2 2
m m s
I V V V
C C C
z t t t


+ +
Telegraphers Equations for Coupled Transmission Lines
Physical form
SEMCHIP 67
DAC 2001
Relations Between Physical
and Maxwellian Parameters
L
11
= L
22
= L
s
L
12
= L
21
= L
m
C
11
= C
22
= C
s
+C
m
C
12
= C
21
= - C
m
SEMCHIP 68
DAC 2001
( )
11 12
e e
V I
L L
z t

+

( )
11 12
e e
I I
C C
z t

+

Add voltage
and current
equations
Z
e
=
L
11
+ L
12
C
11
+C
12
=
L
s
+ L
m
C
s
v
e
=
1
(L
11
+ L
12
)(C
11
+C
12
)
=
1
(L
s
+ L
m
)C
s
V
e
: Even mode voltage
I
e
: Even mode current
V
e
=
1
2
V
1
+V
2
( )
I
e
=
1
2
I
1
+ I
2
( )
Impedance
velocity
Even Mode
SEMCHIP 69
DAC 2001
Subtract voltage
and current
equations
V
d
: Odd mode voltage
I
d
: Odd mode current
Impedance
velocity
Odd Mode
( )
11 12
d d
V I
L L
z t



( )
11 12
d d
I I
C C
z t



( )
d 1 2
1
V
2
V V
( )
d 1 2
1
I
2
I I
11 12
d
11 12
2
Z = =
s m
s m
L L L L
C C C C

+
d
11 12 11 12
1 1
v = =
( )( ) ( )( 2 )
s m s m
L L C C L L C C +
SEMCHIP 70
DAC 2001
Z
e
=
L
s
+ L
m
C
s
v
e
=
1
(L
s
+ L
m
)C
s
Impedance
velocity
Even Mode
+1
+1
SEMCHIP 71
DAC 2001
Impedance
velocity
Odd Mode
Z
d
=
L
s
L
m
C
s
+ 2C
m
v
d
=
1
(L
s
L
m
)(C
s
+ 2C
m
)
-1
+1
SEMCHIP 72
DAC 2001
PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EVEN- AND
ODD-MODE IMPEDANCES
* Z
e
and Z
d
are the wave resistance seen by the even
and odd mode travelling signals respectively.
V
1
= Z
11
I
1
+ Z
12
I
2
V
2
= Z
21
I
1
+ Z
22
I
2
* The impedance of each line is no longer described
by a single characteristic impedance; instead, we have
SEMCHIP 73
DAC 2001
EVEN AND ODD-MODE IMPEDANCES
Z
11
, Z
22
: Self Impedances
Z
12
, Z
21
: Mutual Impedances
For symmetrical lines,
Z
11
= Z
22
and Z
12
= Z
21
SEMCHIP 74
DAC 2001
EXAMPLE
(Microstrip)

r
= 4.3
Z
s
= 56.4
Single Line
Dielectric height = 6 mils
Width = 8 mils

r
= 4.3
Coupled Lines
Height = 6 mils
Width = 8 mils
Spacing = 12 mils
Z
e
= 68.1 Z
d
= 40.8
Z
11
= 54.4 Z
12
= 13.6
SEMCHIP 75
DAC 2001
( , 0) ( , 0) ( , 0) ( , 0)
e d e d
tdr
e d e d
a t a t a t a t
I
Z Z Z Z
1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
( , 0) ( , 0)
tdr e d
V a t a t
d
a ( , 0) 0 t
=
2
tdr e
tdr
V Z
I
Even Mode
coaxial line
Z
g
line 1
line 2
Z
g
step
generator
V
b
V
f
I
T
+
-
V
T
I
2
I
1
reference plane tied to ground
e g
1
Z = 2( ) Z
1
e
e

e
2
v =
e
l

SEMCHIP 76
DAC 2001
coaxial line
Z
g
Z
g
step
generator
V
b
V
f
line 1
line 2
I
T
V
T
I
2 reference plane floating
+
-
I
1
[ ]
tdr e d e d
V = a (t,0)+a (t,0)- a (t,0)-a (t,0)
f b
V V +
tdr
( , 0) ( , 0)
I =
e d
e d
a t a t
Z Z
1
+
1
]
tdr
( , 0) ( , 0)
I =-
e d
e d
a t a t
Z Z
1

1
]
a
e
(t, 0) = 0,
V
tdr
I
tdr
=2Z
d
d
d
1 1 2l
, v =
2 1
d
d g
d
Z Z

_ +

,
Odd Mode
SEMCHIP 77
DAC 2001
EXTRACT INDUCTANCE AND
CAPACITANCE COEFFICIENTS
s
1
L = +
2
e d
e d
Z Z
v v
1
1
]
1
s
e e
C
Z v

m
1
L = -
2
e d
e d
Z Z
v v
1
1
]
m
1 1 1
C = -
2
e e d d
Z v Z v
1
1
]
d s e
Z < Z < Z
SEMCHIP 78
DAC 2001
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Spacing (mils)
Even-Mode Impedance
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
Z
e
(

)
Measured even-mode impedance
SEMCHIP 79
DAC 2001
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Spacing (mils)
Odd-Mode Impedance
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
Z
d
(

)
Measured odd-mode impedance
SEMCHIP 80
DAC 2001
0.158
0.16
0.162
0.164
0.166
0.168
0.17
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Spacing (mils)
Even-Mode velocity
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
v
e
(
m
/
n
s
)
Measured even-mode velocity
SEMCHIP 81
DAC 2001
0.175
0.18
0.185
0.19
0.195
0.2
0.205
0.21
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Spacing (mils)
Odd-Mode Velocity
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
v
d
(
m
/
n
s
)
Measured odd-mode velocity
SEMCHIP 82
DAC 2001
0
50
100
150
200
250
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Spacing (mils)
Mutual Inductance h=3 mils
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
L
m

(
n
H
/
m
)
Measured mutual inductance
SEMCHIP 83
DAC 2001
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Spacing (mils)
Mutual Capacitance
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
C
m
(
p
F
/
m
)
Measured mutual capacitance
SEMCHIP 84
DAC 2001
Microstrip : Inhomogeneous
structure, odd and even-mode velocities
must have different values.
Stripline : Homogeneous configuration,
odd and even-mode velocities have
approximately the same values.
Modal Velocities in Stripline and Microstrip
SEMCHIP 85
DAC 2001
Microstrip vs Stripline
Microstrip (h =8 mils)
w = 8 mils

r
= 4.32
L
s
= 377 nH/m
C
s
= 82 pF/m
L
m
= 131 nH/m
C
m
= 23 pF/m
v
e
= 0.155 m/ns
v
d
= 0.178 m/ns
Stripline (h =16 mils)
w = 8 mils

r
= 4.32
L
s
= 466 nH/m
C
s
= 86 pF/m
L
m
= 109 nH/m
C
m
= 26 pF/m
v
e
= 0.142 m/ns
v
d
= 0.142 m/ns
50
50
SEMCHIP 86
DAC 2001
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
V
o
lts
microstrip
C
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
V
o
lt
s
stripline
C
50
50
Microstrip vs Stripline
Sense line response at near end
Probe
SEMCHIP 87
DAC 2001
1
( )
e e d d
j z j z j z j z
v v v v
e e d d
even odd
V z A e B e A e B e

+ +
+ + +

2
( )
e e d d
j z j z j z j z
v v v v
e e d d
even odd
V z A e B e A e B e

+ +
+

Z
s1
Z
s2
Z
L2
Z
L1
line 1
line 2
General Solution for Voltages
SEMCHIP 88
DAC 2001
1
1 1
( )
e e d d
j z j z j z j z
v v v v
e e d d
e d
even odd
I z A e B e A e B e
Z Z

+ + 1 1
+
1 1
1 1
] ]

2
1 1
( )
e e d d
j z j z j z j z
v v v v
e e d d
e d
even odd
I z A e B e A e B e
Z Z

+ + 1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]

Z
s1
Z
s2
Z
L2
Z
L1
line 1
line 2
General Solution for Currents
SEMCHIP 89
DAC 2001
odd
even
First reflection
even
even
odd
odd
Second reflection
odd
odd
odd
odd
even
even
even
even
Z
s1
Z
s2 Z
L2
Z
L1
line 1
line 2
Coupling of Modes
(asymmetric load)
SEMCHIP 90
DAC 2001
Coupling of Modes
(symmetric load)
Z
s
Z
s Z
L
Z
L
line 1
line 2
odd
even
First reflection
even
odd
Second reflection
odd
even
SEMCHIP 91
DAC 2001
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
o
lts
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Drive Line at Near End
35 40
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
V
o
lts
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Sense Line at Near End
35 40
SEMCHIP 92
DAC 2001
TELGRAPHERS EQUATION FOR N
COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINES
V and I are the line voltage and line current VECTORS
respectively (dimension n).
V I
L
z t



I V
C
z t



V
3
(z)
V
2
(z)
V
1
(z)
.
.
.
L, C
z=0
z=l
SEMCHIP 93
DAC 2001
N-LINE SYSTEM
L and C are the inductance and capacitance MATRICES respectively
1
2
n
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
]
1
2
n
V
V
V
V
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
]
11 12
21 22
nn
L L
L L
L
L

1
1

1

1
1

]
11 12
21 22
nn
C C
C C
C
C

1
1

1

1
1

]
V
3
(z)
V
2
(z)
V
1
(z)
.
.
.
L, C
z=0
z=l
SEMCHIP 94
DAC 2001
COUPLED LOSSY TRANSMISSION LINES
.
V
3
(z)
V
2
(z)
V
1
(z)
.
.
.
R, L, G, C
z=0
z=l
V I
RI L
z t

+

I V
GV C
z t

+

Time Domain
SEMCHIP 95
DAC 2001
COUPLED LOSSY TRANSMISSION LINES
.
V
3
(z)
V
2
(z)
V
1
(z)
.
.
.
R, L, G, C
z=0
z=l
Frequency Domain
V
ZI
z

I
YV
z

Z R j L +
Y G j C +
SEMCHIP 96
DAC 2001
ALS04
ALS240
Drive Line 1
Drive Line 2
z=0 z=l
Drive Line 3
Sense Line 4
Drive Line 5
Drive Line 6
Drive Line 7
ALS04
ALS04
ALS04
ALS04
ALS04
ALS240
ALS240
ALS240
ALS240
ALS240
7-Line Coupled-Microstrip System
L
s
= 312 nH/m; C
s
= 100 pF/m;
L
m
= 85 nH/m; C
m
= 12 pF/m.
SEMCHIP 97
DAC 2001
200 100 0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Drive line 3 at Near End
Time (ns)
200 100 0
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Drive Line 3 at Far End
Time (ns)
Drive Line 3
SEMCHIP 98
DAC 2001
200 100 0
-1
0
1
2
Sense Line at Near End
Time (ns)
200 100 0
-1
0
1
2
Sense Line at Far End
Time (ns)
Sense Line