CNDC Sample Question Module -1

Indic Institute of Design and Research

Computer Network and Data communication (CNDC) Module 1 Objective Questions with Answer
1-Identify the five components of a data communications system. Ans-The five components of a data communication system are the sender, receiver, transmission medium, message, and protocol. 2-What are the three modes of transmissions? Ans: There are 3 different transmission modes characterized according to the direction of the exchanges: A simplex connection is a connection in which the data flows in only one direction, from the transmitter to the receiver. This type of connection is useful if the data do not need to flow in both directions (for example, from computer to the printer or from the mouse to computer...). A half-duplex connection (sometimes called an alternating connection or semi-duplex) is a connection in which the data flows in one direction or the other, but not both at the same time. With this type of connection, each end of the connection transmits in turn. This type of connection makes it possible to have bidirectional communications using the full capacity of the line. A full-duplex connection is a connection in which the data flow in both directions simultaneously. Each end of the line can thus transmit and receive at the same time, which means that the bandwidth is divided in two for each direction of data transmission if the same transmission medium is used for both directions of transmission. 3-What is passive topology? Ans-When the computer on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they dont amplify the signal in any way.e.g linear bus. 4- Assuming n number of devices connected in a mesh topology; find the total number of connections/cables required and how many network I/O ports required for each device. Ans: If there are n devices then the number of connections required in mess topology are n*(n-1) full duplex cables re required. And n-1 I/O ports are required for each device.

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5-For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh, ring, bus, and star topology? Ans -The number of cables for each type of network is: a. Mesh: n (n 1) / 2 b. Star: n c. Ring: n 1 d. Bus: one backbone and n drop lines 6- How does a LAN differ from WAN? Ans: LAN is usually a privately owned and lines the devices in a singe building or company. The resources to be shared can include the printer, soft wares, application programmer information. LAN can be distinguish from other network by the topology and transmission media WAN provides long distance transmission of data, image and video information over long geographic area that may comprise country. WAN utilize public or private communication equipment usually in combination can there fore spread over an unlimited number of miles. 7- What advantage multipoint connections have over point-to-point connection? Ans: Point-to-point connection is limited to two devices, where else more than two devices share a single link in multipoint connection. Multipoint connection can be used for fail-over and reliability. 8-What is an internet? What is the Internet? Ans- An internet is an interconnection of networks. The Internet is the name of a specific worldwide network 9-Why are standards needed? Ans- Standards are needed to create and maintain an open and competitive market for manufacturers, to coordinate protocol rules, and thus guarantee compatibility of data communication technologies. 10-Why should we care about the OSI reference Model? OR- What is the main purpose of creating this OSI model? OR Why it is a Layered model? Ans- the OSI model is a conceptual representation of the data communication in a computer network. The layered model is easy to interpret the process of data communication .different protocol acts at different layer .the seven layers from the top are Application, presentation, session, transport, network data link and physical layer. 11- Explain the meaning of peer-to-peer process?

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Ans: If the communication between the machine layers X of on one machine communicate with the layer X on another machine. This communication is governed by an agreed upon series of rules and convention called protocol. The process on each machine that communicates at a given layer is called peer to peer process. 12-What are headers and trailers, and how do they get added and removed? Ans - Headers and trailers are control data added at the beginning and the end of each data unit at each layer of the sender and removed at the corresponding layers of the receiver. They provide source and destination addresses, synchronization points, information for error detection, etc. 13-What is the difference between the physical address and logical address? Ans Physical address is also called MAC address is assigned by the manufacturer of the NIC card where as Logical address is also called the IP address which is used by the device of the network and internet layer. 14-What is difference between the Baseband and broadband transmission? Ans In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal .In a broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously. Baseband transmission means sending a digital or an analog signal without modulation using a low-pass channel. Broadband transmission means modulating a digital or an analog signal using a bandpass channel. 15-What is difference between the communication and transmission? Ans- Transmission can be looked into an issue of lower layer like physical layer, while communication is an activity about which user is concerned and is related with application layer activity. Transmission looks at the actual techniques used for data transfer where as communication looks at user aspects and deals with whole message instead of raw bits. 16-What is the difference between the bit rate and baud rate? Ans- Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second where as baud rate refers to the number of signals units per second that are required to represent those bits. Baud rate =bit rate / N, where N is the no of bits represented by each signal bit. 17-What is attenuation? Ans-Attenuation signifies the loss of energy. When a signal travels through a medium, it looses some of its energy so that it can overcome the resistance of the medium.

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18- Give two examples of analog information? Ans: Two example of analog information are Radio and audio signal 19-How does an analog signal differ from digital signal? Ans: Analog signals are continuous where as digital signals are discrete. Analog signals has infinitely many levels of intensity or amplitude over a period of time where as digital signals has limited number of defined intensity or amplitude value over a range. 20-A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps. a. How long does it take to send out 10 bits? b. How long does it take to send out a single character (8 bits)? c. How long does it take to send a file of 100,000 characters? Ans - a. (10 / 1000) s = 0.01 s b. (8 / 1000) s = 0. 008 s = 8 ms c. ((100,000 8) / 1000) s = 800 s 21-List three techniques of digital-to-digital conversion. Ans - The three different techniques are line coding, block coding, and scrambling. 22-Define a DC component and its effect on digital transmission Ans-When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a while, the spectrum creates very low frequencies, called DC components, which present problems for a system that cannot pass low frequencies. 23- Define a Baseline wandering problem and its effect on digital transmission Ans- During decoding a digital signal, the receiver calculates a running average of the received signal power. This average is called the baseline. The incoming signal power is evaluated against this baseline to determine the value of the data element. A long string of Os or 1s can cause a drift in the baseline. The drifting of baseline is known as baseline wandering problem and makes it difficult for the receiver to decode correctly. 24-Define scrambling and give its purpose. Ans-Scrambling, as discussed in this chapter, is a technique that substitutes long zero-level pulses with a combination of other levels without increasing the number of bits. 25-How many invalid (unused) code sequences can we have in 5B/6B encoding? How many in 3B/4B encoding?

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Ans-In 5B/6B, we have 25 = 32 data sequences and 26 = 64 code sequences. The number of unused code sequences is 64 32 = 32. In 3B/4B, we have 23 = 8 data sequences and 24 = 16 code sequences. The number of unused code sequences is 16 8 = 8. 26- Define analog transmission. Ans- analog transmission refers to the transmission of analog signals using a bandpass channel. Base-band digital or analog signals are converted to a complex analog signal with a range of frequencies suitable for the channel 27- Define digital-to-analog conversion. Ans- The process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data is called digital-to-analog conversion. It is also called modulation of a digital signal. The base-band digital signal representing the digital data modulates the carrier to create a broadband analog signal. 28- Which of the four digital-to-analog conversion techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK or QAM) is the most susceptible to noise? Defend your answer. Ans- We can say that the most susceptible technique is ASK because the amplitude is more affected by noise than the phase or frequency. 29- Describe the goals of multiplexing Ans - Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. 30- Distinguish between a link and a channel in multiplexing Ans - In multiplexing, the word link refers to the physical path. The word channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pair of lines. One link can have many (n) channels. 31-What is FDM? Ans- short for frequency division multiplexing , a multiplexing technique that uses different frequencies to combine multiple streams of data for transmission over a communication medium. FDM assign a discrete carrier frequencies to each data stream and then combines many modulated carrier frequencies for transmission. E.g. - television transmitters uses FDM to broadcast several channels at once 32-What is TDM? Ans- Time division multiplexing a type of multiplexing that combines data streams by assigning each stream a different time slots in a set.TDM repeatedly transmits a fixed

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sequence of time slots over a single transmission channel. Within T carrier system. Such as T-1 and T-3, TDM combines pluses code modulation streams created for each conversation or data streams. 33- Distinguish between synchronous and statistical TDM. Ans - In synchronous TDM, each input has a reserved slot in the output frame. This can be inefficient if some input lines have no data to send. In statistical TDM, slots are dynamically allocated to improve bandwidth efficiency. Only when an input line has a slots worth of data to send is it given a slot in the output frame. 34- Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to multiplex 10 voice channels with guard bands of 500 Hz using FDM. Calculate the required bandwidth. Ans - To multiplex 10 voice channels, we need nine guard bands. The required bandwidth is then B = (4 KHz) 10 + (500 Hz) 9 = 44.5 KHz 35-What is Transmission media? Ans-It is a type of physical system used to carry a communication signal from one system to another. Examples of transmission medium are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable etc. 36- What is the position of the transmission media in the OSI or the Internet model? Ans - The transmission media is located beneath the physical layer and controlled by the physical layer 37- What is the significance of the twisting in twisted-pair cable? Ans- Twisting ensures that both wires are equally, but inversely, affected by external influences such as noise. 38- What is the purpose of cladding in an optical fiber? Ans- The inner core of an optical fiber is surrounded by cladding. The core is denser than the cladding, so a light beam traveling through the core is reflected at the boundary between the core and the cladding if the incident angle is more than the critical angle. 39- How does sky propagation differ from line-of-sight propagation? Ans- In sky propagation radio waves radiate upward into the ionosphere and are then reflected back to earth. In line-of-sight propagation signals are transmitted in a straight line from antenna to antenna. 40- Describe the need for switching and define a switch

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CNDC Sample Question Module -1

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Ans- Switching provides a practical solution to the problem of connecting multiple devices in a network. It is more practical than using a bus topology; it is more efficient than using a star topology and a central hub. Switches are devices capable of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch. 41- What are the two approaches to packet-switching? Ans- There are two approaches to packet switching: datagram approach and virtual circuit approach. 42- What is the role of the address field in a packet traveling through a datagram network? Ans- The address field defines the end-to-end (source to destination) addressing 43- Compare space-division and time-division switches Ans- In a space-division switch, the path from one device to another is spatially separate from other paths. The inputs and the outputs are connected using a grid of electronic micro-switches. In a time-division switch, the inputs are divided in time using TDM. A control unit sends the input to the correct output device 44- What is DSL technology? What are the services provided by the telephone companies using DSL? Distinguish between a DSL modem and a DSLAM. Ans- Telephone companies developed digital subscriber line (DSL) technology to provide higher-speed access to the Internet. DSL technology is a set of technologies, each differing in the first letter (ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, and SDSL). The set is often referred to as xDSL, where x can be replaced by A, V, H, or S. DSL uses a device called ADSL modem at the customer site. It uses a device called a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) at the telephone company site.

*********Long Questions *********

1-Describe different types of a computer network/or what are the basic topology? Ans- There is four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus, and ring.
Mesh: In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects. Advantages:

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1-The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data load, thus eliminating the traffic problems that can occur when links must be shared by multiple devices

2-It is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system Disadvantages: 1-Since every device must be connected to every other device, installation and reconnection are difficult 2-Wiring can be greater than the available space (in walls, ceilings, floors) can accommodate. Star Topology: In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub. Devices are not directly linked to one another. The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which then relays the data to the other connected device. Each device needs Advantages: 1-A star topology is less expensive than a mesh topology. 2- It easy to install and reconfigure. Far less cabling needs to be housed, and additions, moves, and deletions involve only one connection: between that device and the hub. Disadvantages: 1-the dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead. The star topology is used in local-area networks (LANs), High-speed LANs often use a star topology with a central hub. Bus Topology A bus topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. A drop line is a connection running between the device and the main cable. Advantages: 1-It is ease to installation in Bus topology. Backbone cable can be laid along the most efficient path, and then connected to the nodes by drop lines of various lengths. 2-A bus uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies. Disadvantages: 1- Reconnection and fault isolation. A bus is usually designed to be optimally efficient at installation. It can therefore be difficult to add new devices. 2- Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality .

Ring Topology :

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In this topology each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices on either side of it. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. Advavantages: 1- A ring is relatively easy to install and reconfigure. Each device is linked to only its immediate neighbors (either physically or logically). To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections. Disadvantages:

Unidirectional traffic can be a disadvantage. In a simple ring, a break in the ring can disable the entire network. This weakness can be solved by using a dual ring or a switch capable of closing off the break.

Hybrid Topology:

A network can be hybrid. For example, we can have a main star topology with each branch connecting several stations in a bus topology. 2-Describe 7 layers or OSI model. Ans-There are seven layers in OSI model such are
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium. It also concerned with the following: Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium, Representation of bits, Data rate, etc.

Physical Layer:

Data Link Layer:

The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer (network layer). The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next. Other responsibilities of the data link layer include the following: 1-Framing, 2-Physical addressing, 3-Flow control.4-Error control.5-Access control

Network Layer:

The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks. The network layer ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination. Other responsibilities of the network layer includes: 1-Logical addressing. 2-Routing.

Transport Layer:
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message. It also overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-destination level. Other responsibilities of the transport layer includes: 1-Service-point addressing.2-Segmentation and reassembly.

Session Layer:

The session layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems. Specific responsibilities of the session layer include:1-Dialog control. 2-Synchronization,

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Presentation Layer:

The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems. Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer include:1Translation..2-Encryption.3-Compression.

Application Layer:

The application layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access

and transfer, shared database management, and other types of distributed information services.

3- Describe TCP/IP protocol in details. Ans : TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which
provides a specific functionality; however, the modules are not necessarily interdependent. the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite contain relatively independent protocols that can be mixed and matched depending on the needs of the system.

Physical and Data Link Layers: In this layer TCPIIP does not define any specific

protocol. It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols. A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-area network or a wide-area network.

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Network Layer: At the network layer (or, more accurately, the internetwork layer),

TCP/IP supports the Internetworking Protocol. IP, in turn, uses four supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP Transport Layer: Transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by two protocols: TCP and UDP. IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can deliver a packet from one Physical device to another. UDP and TCP are transport level protocols responsible for delivery of a message from a process (running program) to another process. A new

transport layer protocol, SCTP, has been devised to meet the needs of some newer applications.

Application Layer
The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session, presentation, and application layers in the OSI model many protocols are defined at this layer. Such are SMTP, FTP, and HTTP etc.

4. (A) Explain How amplitude modulation is done .Mention its limitations. Ans: Amplitude modulation is also defined in a more restrictive sense to mean
modulation in which the amplitude factor of a sine-wave carrier is linearly proportional to the modulating wave. AM radio broadcasting is a familiar example. In AM transmission, the carrier signal is modulated, so that its amplitude varies with the changing amplitudes of the modulating signal. The frequency and phase of the carrier remain the same, only the amplitude changes to follow the various in the information.

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: Total bandwidth required for Am can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal

VWe=2* BWm LIMITATION: AM stations are allowed carrier frequencies between 530 and 1700 KHz. Each stations carrier frequency must be separated for those on either side of it by at least 10 KHz to avoid interference. 5-Distinguish between the Manchester encoding and Differential Manchester Encoding. Ans: Manchester encoding uses an inversion at the middle of each bit interval for both synchronization and bit representation. A negative to positive transition represents binary 1 and positive to negative represent binary 0.It achieve same level of synchronization as RZ but with two levels of amplitudes.

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But in Differential Manchester encoding, the inversion at the middle of the bit interval is used for synchronization, but the presence and absence of an additional transition at the beginning of the interval is used to identify the bit, transition means 0 and no transition means 1.requires two signal changes to represent 0 but only one to represent 1.

6-Differentiate between TDM ,FDM WDM. Ans: FDM- Frequency division multiplexing is an analog technique that can be
applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidth of the signals to be transmitted in FDM, signals are generated by each sending device modulate different carrier frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into a single composite signal that can be transported by the link. Carrier frequencies are separated by sufficient band width to accommodate the modulated signal. Channels must be separated by strips of unused bandwidth to prevent signals from

overlapping. In addition carrier frequencies must not interference with original data frequencies.

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FDM multiplexing process

FDM demultiplexing process TDM: Time division multiplexing is a digital process that allows several connections
to share the high bandwidth of link. Instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth as in FDM, time is shared. Each connection occupies a portion of the time in the link. Data flow of each connection is divided into units and the link combines one unit of each connection to make a frame

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TDM can be visualized as two fast rotating switches, one on the multiplexing side and the other on the demultiplexing side. The switches are synchronized and rotate in same speed but in opposite direction. On the multiplexing side as the switch opens in the front of a connection that connections has opportunity to send a unit into the path. This process is called interleaving. On the demultiplexing side, as the switch open in the front of a connection, that connection has the opportunity to receive a unit from the path.

Wave division multiplexing

Ans: Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is designed to use the high-data-rate capability of fiber-optic cable the optical fiber data rate is higher than the data rate of metallic transmission cable. Using a fiber-optic cable for one single line wastes the available bandwidth. Multiplexing allows us to combine several lines into one. Multiplexing and demultiplexing involve optical signals transmitted through fiber-optic channels. We are combining different signals of different frequencies. Very narrow bands of light from different sources are combined to make a wider band of light. At the receiver, the signals are separated by the demultiplexer. The combining and splitting of light sources are easily handled by a prism. One application of WDM is the SONET network in which multiple optical fiber lines are multiplexed and demultiplexed.

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7- What is Guided media? Give examples of guided media. Describe the principle of transmission in guided media and unguided media. Ans: guided media is the transmission medium in which data/signal is guided by the
cable or wire so used to a specific path. There are 4 types of guided media --> open wire -->twisted pair --> co-axial cable -->optical fiber There are 2 basic categories of Transmission Media: Guided and Unguided. Guided Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that guides the data signals along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system. Guided Media is also known as Bound Media. Cabling is meant in a generic sense in the previous sentences and is not meant to be interpreted as copper wire cabling only. For guided media, the medium itself is more important in determining the limitations of transmission Unguided Transmission Media consists of a means for the data signals to travel but nothing to guide them along a specific path. The data signals are not bound to a cabling media and as such are often called Unbound Media. Example wireless broadcast channels, mobile radio channels, and satellite channels. For unguided media, the bandwidth of the signal is more important than the medium because the medium is shared by many applications

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