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w.c.

cheong 20
TOPIC 3: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS *paper 2
a positive(minimum)
a negative(maximum)
EXAMPLE 1 :
Express f(x) = x
2
- 4x + 3 in the form
(x + p)
2
+ q , with p and q as constants. Hence
(a) state the minimum value of f(x)
(b) the corresponding value of x

Answer : a = 1 (> 0) f has minimum value.
f(x) = x
2
- 4x + 3
=
3
2
4
2
4
4
2 2
2
+ |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ x x

=
( ) ( ) 3 2 2 4
2 2 2
+ + x x

= ( x 2 )
2
- 4 + 3
= ( x 2 )
2
- 1

(a) minimum value of f(x) = -1
(b) corresponding value of x = 2
1. Express f(x) = x
2
- 6x + 8 in the form
(x + p)
2
+ q , with p and q as constants. Hence
(a) state the minimum value of f(x)
(b) the corresponding value of x















[Ans : (x-3)
2
- 1]
2. By expressing ( ) ( 1)( 2) f x x x = + in the form
2
( ) a x p q + + , where a, p and q are constants, find
(a) the minimum point of ( ) f x
(b) the corresponding value of x

























[Ans : (x-)
2
- 9
4
]
EXAMPLE 2 :
Express f(x) = 2x
2
- 8x + 7 in the form
a(x + p)
2
+ q, where a, p and q are constants.
Then, state
(a) the minimum point of ( ) f x
(b) the corresponding value of x

Answer : a = 2 (> 0) f minimum value.
f(x) = 2x
2
- 8x + 7
= 2(x
2
- 4x ) + 7
=
7
2
4
2
4
4 2
2 2
2
+
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ x x

=
( ) ( ) | | 7 2 2 4 2
2 2 2
+ + x x

= | | 7 4 ) 2 ( 2
2
+ x
= 7 8 ) 2 ( 2
2
+ x
= 1 ) 2 ( 2
2
x

(a) minimum value of f(x) = -1
(b) corresponding value of x = 2










a(x + p)
2
+ q
w.c.cheong 21
3. Express f(x) = 2x
2
+ 4x - 3 in the form
a (x + p)
2
+ q. Then, state
(a) the minimum point of ( ) f x
(b) the corresponding value of x

















[Ans : 2 (x+1)
2
- 5]
4. Express f(x) = 5 8x - 2x
2
in the form
q - (x + p)
2
. Hence
(a) state the maximum value of f(x)
(b) the corresponding value of x

















[Ans : 13 2 (x+2)
2
]
5. Given y = h + 4kx 2x
2
= q 2(x + p)
2

(a) Find p and q in terms of h and / or k.
If h = -10 and k = 3,
(b) State the equation of the axis of symmetry




























[Ans : p = -k , q = 2k
2
+ h ]
Sketch(Lakar)
a positive(minimum) x

a negative(maximum) x (peak)

EXAMPLE 3 :
Express f(x) = x
2
- 4x + 3 in the form
(x + p)
2
+ q; with p and q as constants. Hence
(a) state the minimum value of f(x)
(b) the corresponding value of x
(c) sketch the graph of y = f(x)
(d) state the equation of the axis of symmetry.

Answer : a = 1 (> 0) f has minimum value.
f(x) = x
2
- 4x + 3
=
3
2
4
2
4
4
2 2
2
+ |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ x x

=
( ) ( ) 3 2 2 4
2 2 2
+ + x x

= ( x 2 )
2
- 4 + 3
= ( x 2 )
2
- 1
(a) minimum value of f(x) = -1
(b) corresponding value of x = 2
(c)
x = 0,
f(0) = 3
f(x) = 0,
( x 2 )
2
- 1 = 0




(d) equation of axis of symmetry , x = 2
x

0
f(x)
(2, -1)
3
2
f(x) = ( x 2 )
2
- 1

(x 2)
2
= 1
(x 2) =
1

x 2 = 1 @ x 2 = -1
x = 3 , 1
w.c.cheong 22
6. Express f(x) = x
2
+ 2x - 4 in the form
(x+ p)
2
+ q. Hence
(a) state the minimum value of f(x)
(b) the corresponding value of x
(c) sketch the graph of y = f(x)
(d) state the equation of the axis of symmetry.























[Ans : (x+1)
2
- 5]
7. Express f(x) = - x
2
+ 4x + 1 in the form
q-(x + p)
2
. Hence
(a) state the maximum value of f(x)
(b) the corresponding value of x
(c) sketch the graph of y = f(x)
(d) state the equation of the axis of symmetry.























[Ans : 5 (x 2)
2
]
8. Using completing the square method, express
f(x) = -2 x
2
4x + 4 in the form f(x) = a(x + p)
2
+ q.
(a) state the minimum or maximum value of f(x)
(b) sketch the graph for 3 2 x s s .



















[Ans : maximum; -2 (x+1)
2
+ 6]
Quadratic Inequalities
(Ketaksamaan Kuadratik)
a positive(minimum)

a negative(maximum)



(x a) ( x b) < 0 (x a) ( x b) > 0
a < x < b x < a , x > b
EXAMPLE 4 :
Solve x
2
4x + 3 < 0.

Answer : must be positive
x
2
4x + 3 < 0
(x - 1) (x 3) < 0
Consider (x - 1) (x 3) = 0
x - 1 = 0 @ x 3 = 0
x = 1 @ x = 3
1 < x < 3





a b a b
1 3
w.c.cheong 23
9. Solve x
2
5x + 6 < 0.














[Ans : 2 < x < 3]
10. Find the range of values of x which satisfies
x(2x 1) 6.












[Ans : 3
2

x 2]
EXAMPLE 5 :
Find the range of values of x which satisfies
x
2
4x > 5.

Answer : x
2
4x - 5 > 0
(x + 1) (x 5) > 0
Consider (x + 1) (x 5) = 0
x + 1 = 0 @ x 5 = 0
x = -1 @ x = 5
x < -1 , x > 5







11. Find the range of values of x which satisfies
x
2
+ 3x + 4 0.















[Ans : x -1 , x 4]
EXAMPLE 6 :
Show that the function 2x 3 x
2
is always
negative for all values of x.

Answer : f(x) = 2x 3 x
2

= - x
2
+ 2x - 3
a = -1, b = 2, c = -3
b
2
4ac = 2
2
4(-1)(-3)
= 4 - 12
= -8 (< 0)
Since a < 0 and b
2
4ac < 0,

2x 3 x
2
is always negative for all values of x.







12. Show that the function 4x 2x
2
5 is
always negative for all values of x.
-1 5
w.c.cheong 24
EXAMPLE 7 :
Find the range of p if the graph of the quadratic
function f(x) = 2x
2
+ x + 5 + p cuts the x-axis at
two different points.

Answer : f(x) = 2x
2
+ 6x + 5 + p
a = 2, b = 6, c = 5 + p
b
2
4ac > 0
6
2
4(2)(5 + p) > 0
36 8(5 + p) > 0
36 40 8p > 0
-4 8p > 0
-4 > 8p
8p < -4
p < -
8
4

p < -
13. Find the range of p if the graph of quadratic
function f(x) = x
2
+ px 2p cuts the x-axis at two
different points.























[Ans : p < -8 , p > 0]
14. The graph of the function
f(x) = 2x
2
+ (3 k)x + 8 does not touch the x-axis.
Determine the range of k.























[Ans : -5 < k < 11]
15. Find the values of k if the graph of the
quadratic function y = x
2
+ 2kx + k + 6 touches
the x-axis.























[Ans: k = 3 , k = -2]

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