Soc. Sci. I Second Sem.

, SY 2010-2011 UP Visayas

 By the World Economic Forum Male-to-female ratios in four areas

A. Economic participation and opportunity B. Educational attainment C. Health and survival D. Political empowerment Maternity and childbearing, education and training, employment and earnings, basic rights and social institutions.

 In 2006, Philippines was in the top ten countries with the smallest gender gap. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Germany, the Philippines, New Zealand, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. Among 115 countries
Sub Bullet

 Philippines ranked first worldwide for female-to-male ratios in 7 out of 14 main indicators.
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Legislators, senior officials and managers Professional and technical workers Literacy rate Enrolment in primary education Enrolment in secondary education Enrolment in tertiary education Sex ratio at birth Life expectancy

 Sex ratio at birth : 0.95

95 females born for every 100 males Health life expectancy 61.5 years in females 57.1 years in males China : 0.89

Sub Bullet
Year Rank Number of Countries Ranked
115 128 130 134 134

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

6 6 6 9 9

Category
Sub Bullet Economic Participation and
Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment

Rank
13 1 1 17

Overall Rank

Country
Japan Cambodia Malaysia

Rank
94 97 98 99 104 108 112 115 123 132

Sub Bullet Maldives

Korea Rep. Fiji India Nepal Islamic Republic of Iran Pakistan

Country
New Zealand Philippines Sri Lanka Mongolia Singapore Thailand China Vietnam Brunei Darussalam Bangladesh Indonesia

Rank
5 9 16 23 27 56 57 61 72 77 82 87

Sub Bullet Australia

Rank
1 2 4 Bullet Sub 5 6 7 8 9 3

Country
Iceland Norway Finland Sweden New Zealand Ireland Denmark Lesotho Philippines

Category
High Income High Income High Income High Income High Income High Income High Income Low Middle Income Low Middle Income High Income

10 Switzerland High Income : $12,196 or more Low Middle Income : $996 to 3,945

 Total population 90.35 M Mean age of marriage for women 23 Fertility rates (birth per woman) 3.10 Year women receive right to vote 1937 Overall population sex ratio -1.01

 Wage equality?
Women only got 73% of what men did for similar work Income (which includes small businesses) : women got only 59% of what men were getting

Domestic vis-a-vis industry responsibility

Maternity benefits
Philippines : paid maternity leave : 100% for 60 days Sweden : 100% for 90 days, and 80% of wages for 390 days

Current contraceptive prevalence rate (percent of married women on family planning) Unmet needs? Who decides?

Additional data of the Gender Gap Index Polygamy : zero A plus point for gender equality

Additional data of the Gender Gap Index Paternal versus Maternal Authority 1 = worst 0 = best Philippines = 0.10 maternal authority? Where is it used?

Years with female head of state (last 50 years) Philippines ranked 7th (2006) Have we been moving forward
In terms of womens health? In terms of womens welfare?

 Describes the traits and behaviors that are regarded by a culture as appropriate to women and men (Unger, 1979) Social label
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 Societys unusual distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between the two sexes (Maciones, 2004)
Sub Bullet

Age Below 13 years 13-15 years 18 years

Percent 11% 22% 41%

 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Views society as a complex system of many separate but integral parts. Gender functions as a way to organize social life. Sub Bullet

 Talcott Parsons: Gender and Complementarity

Gender creates a complementary set of roles that link men and women together into family units that carry out various functions vital to the operation of society Sub Bullet

 Talcott Parsons: Gender and Complementarity

Distinctive socialization teaches the two sexes their appropriate gender identity and skills needed for adult life Sub Bullet

 Talcott Parsons: Gender and Complementarity

Consistent with the findings of Liwag et al. about how Filipinos raise their sons and daughters. Sub Bullet

 Talcott Parsons: Gender and Complementarity

Criticisms: Functionalism assumes a singular vision of society that is not shared by everyone Critics charge that Parsons analysis minimizes the personal strains and social costs of rigid, traditional gender roles.

 Talcott Parsons: Gender and Complementarity

Criticisms: Complementarity is not true

 Social-Conflict Analysis
Gender involves not just differences in behavior but disparities in power Conventional ideas about gender promote not cohesion but tension and conflict, with men seeking to protect their privileges while women challenge the status quo

 Social-Conflict Analysis
Friedrich Engels: Gender and Class With surplus wealth on their hands, upper-class men wanted to be sure of paternity, so they would be able to pass on property to their heirs Women were then taught to remain virgins until marriage, to remain faithful to their husbands thereafter, and to build lives around bearing and raising children

 Social-Conflict Analysis
Friedrich Engels: Gender and Class Capitalism intensifies male domination:
Capitalism creates more wealth, confers greater power on men To allow men to work, society assigns women the task of maintaining the home

 Social-Conflict Analysis
Friedrich Engels: Gender and Class Criticisms: Casts conventional families- defended by traditionalists as morally good- as a social evil. Assertion that capitalism is the cause of gender stratification

 comprises all procedures that intentionally alter or injure female genital organs for non-medical reasons.

 Is the systematic denial of certain peoples or groups full human rights because of who they are or what they believe (Amnesty International).
Disability discrimination, race-based discrimination, sex-based discrimination, discrimination based on age, and religion.