Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1. Introduction
The Indian economy has shown strong growth in the recent past and is expected to continue on high growth path in the coming future. The strong growth in the economy will have an implication in terms of energy security for the country. Coal is expected to be the dominant fuel choice for the country for total primary Commercial Energy Supply for the decades to come. Compared to it, the hydrocarbon resources of India are limited and it may be prudent for the nation to acquire international energy resources. The need for diversification in the Coal as a primary source is needed for internal and external factors such as energy security, climate considerations, future competition and value capture.
Inferior coal has high ash content and low calorific value.
ICOQM-10
We consider a case study with power plant system with three scenarios with coal as a primary source for power generation. Run-of-mine (ROM) Coal The coal delivered from the mine is called run-of-mine, or ROM, coal. This is the raw material consists of coal, rocks, middlings, minerals and contamination. Contamination is usually introduced by the mining process and may include machine parts, used consumables and parts of ground engaging tools. ROM coal can have a large variability of moisture and maximum particle size. Washability The washability characteristics of a coal reserve are provided by obtaining liberation data on the raw coal. Liberation refers to the amount of physical breakage required to separate material of different material densities. Low density material is clean coal whereas high density material is reject (rock). The intermediate density material is called middlings. Liberation data is commonly obtained by float and sink analysis. Based on parameters of individual components, the following data is gathered from the power plant with below mentioned configuration. Electricity generated and consumption of coal was determined in each case and the result are arrived at the washeries with input coal with ash content approx 39% and resultant yield of 83% is considered for the economics. Considerations Power Plant Capacity 300 MW PLF 90% Auxiliary Consumption 10% Heat Rate 2300 kCal/kWh Coal Quality Calorific Value 4300 kCal/kg Ash content 39% Washery Target Ash Content 34% Yield 83% Calorific value of Rejects 1360 kCal/kg Reject based Power Plant Heat rate 3,200 kCal/kWh PLF 85% Auxiliary Consumption 10%
ROM Coal Based System (Energy, Billion Kcal) Coal Mined Transport Loss Input Energy Washing Loss Generation Loss 5494 -55 5440 -3406 Washed System (Energy, Billion Kcal) 5494 -52 5442 -293 -3224 Washed Coal including Reject Based (Energy, Billion Kcal) 5494 -52 5442 -293 -3224
Electrical Energy generated Aux Consumption Imp in Boiler Efficiency Additional Energy through rejects Energy at bus bar
2034 -204
1925 -193 8
1925 -179 8 71
1830
1740
1825
1216
ICOQM-10
4. Cost Benefit of Fuel Cost per Unit of Electricity at Pit Head Power Plant
ROM Coal based System Fixed Cost = Rs 1.45, Fuel Cost = 0.52, Total Cost = 1.97 Washed Coal based System Fixed Cost = Rs 1.45, Change in fuel cost = Rs. 0.03, Total Cost = Rs. 2.07 Washed Coal including Reject based Power Plant Fixed Cost = Rs 1.45, Fuel Cost = 0.55, Rejected based power generation = 0.02 Total Cost = 2.05 It is evident that the advantage of transport loss at pit head is very minimal and washing loss is more, Although the power plants using washed coal are more efficient, but the loss of energy in terms of reject disposal or in case of reject based power plants with lower conversion efficiency does not justify coal washing in pit head power plants in the given scenario. So washed coal based power systems at pit head are less efficient compared to ROM coal based systems. This effectively yield washing as an option for pit-head power plants inefficient. However, in cases, where coal quality is low as compared to boiler specification, washing may be resorted to as an alternative. Based on current freight tariff, washed coal is a viable option for power plants at a distance of approx 1000 km or more from the source of fuel as coal transportation cost shall be high.
1217
ICOQM-10
Mining Implications Loss in energy in terms of reject; higher quantity of coal to be mined for the same system.
6. Conclusion
Higher proportion of Inferior coal reserves in India with high ash content and low GCV necessitates the coal washing in India. However, Coal Washing is not energy efficient for power facilities at pit-head. But for power facilities at average distance equal to 1000 km or more, the reduction in transportation cost of coal offsets the higher cost for washing. Further, coal washery should be essentially couple with rejects based power plant to optimize the energy conversion and manage environmental aspects of rejects disposal. With the economic growth of GDP at 8% the potential size of coal washing industry, based on incremental coal based power plants is approx 100 MTPA by 2017. Hence there is a lot of scope for the industries for setting up and operations of coal washing facilities and to invest in businesses and technologies to reduce the carbon footprint of India in the global environment context. Going further, Companies should increase its operations to value additive activities like coal beneficiation, delivered coal options for better margins and competitive advantage as higher value is available for vertically integrated companies. The washery capacity Utilization by CIL in FY2009 was only 19% for Coking Coal and 39% for Non Coking coal. At 100 % utilization, it is estimated that the total revenues could have been higher by approx Rs 2,500 cr.
7. References
1. A., Chaudhuri, Sen, Kalyan , Chowdhury, S. G., Dasgupta, R., Biswas, S. and DAS, N. S. Nov. 25-27, 1999 Technological Implication of Coal Quality Improvement for Power Stations by Benefication and Blending, International Conference & Exhibition on Mining Challenges of the 21st Century, New Delhi, India. Boparai, S. S., March 9-11, 2000, Coal Sector in India- Some Policy issues Coal Prep India, International Conference & Exhibition on Coal Beneficiation & Allied subject, New Delhi, India. Coal Washing & Power Generation from Washery Rejects: 2nd Indo-US Coal Working Group Meeting, Washington, November, 2005. Coal Statistics, Coal Controllers Organization, GoI, Ministry of Coal, Kolkata. Coal Production Data: Directorate (Technical), Coal India Ltd. Das C. K., Das, N. S., Mitra, S. K., Gouricharan, T. Sen, Kalyan, 19 March 2004 'Washing of Indian Non-coking coal Concept to Reality', Seminar on Mining and Washing of Non-Coking Coal in India: challenges and Opportunities, Coal Consumers Association of India, Kolkata, India. Ghosh A. B: The Economics of Coal Washing in India, New Age Publishers Private Ltd, Calcutta - 12: New Delhi, 1964. pp 35 & 36. Jain, Surendra and Sachdev, R. K. 20 22 February 2001, 'Washing of Indian thermal coal Some Technical and economic issues', presented in International conference & Exhibition on coal For Indias power year 2010, New Delhi, India. irit S. Parikh, Vivek Karandikar, Ashish Rana, Prasanna Dani, Projecting Indias energy requirements for policy formulation; Energy 34 (2009) 928-941, Table 16. Sachdev, R.K., March 9-11, 2000, Beneficiation of Thermal Coals- need for motivating the Investor, Coal Prep India, International Conference & Exhibition on Coal Beneficiation & Allied subject, New Delhi, India. Sen, Kalyan, and Das, N. S., 21 Feb. 2002, 'Economic washing of Indian Power coal & availability of indigenous technology, Seminar on Challenges Facing Indian Coal, Coal Consumers Association of India, Kolkata, India. Sen, Kalyan , Choudhury, A., Das, N. S., Biswas, S., and Roychoudhury,G. P., Jan. 22-24, 1999 Possibility of Dry Deshaling of Non-coking Coals, International Symposium on Clean Coal Initiatives (CMRI), New Delhi, India. Staats Gary, Rao Nagaraja and Gollakota Sai: The Status and Future of Coal Preparation in India: Coal Liquefaction & Solid Fuels Contractors Review Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1997. (www.netl.doe.gov) Websites of Ministry of Coal, Government of India, Coal India Ltd.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1218