02 Cdma Rnprno PDF

Overview of Planning and Overview of Planning and Overview of Planning and Overview of Planning and
Optimization of CDMA 1X Network Optimization of CDMA 1X Network

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009
Study objective Study objective
It is required that after the course study, you should:
Have a general concept about network
planning
Have an understanding of characteristics of
CDMA network planning
Have an understanding of the main Have an understanding of the main
contents of network planning
Have an understanding of the main
contents of network optimization contents of network optimization
Contents of the course Contents of the course
Chapter 1CDMA 1X Network Planning Chapter 1 CDMA 1X Network Planning
Process & Characteristics
Chapter 2 CDMA 1X Network Planning
Chapter 3 CDMA 1X Network
Optimization
Reasons for Network Planning Reasons for Network Planning
Objectives Of Network Planning Objectives Of Network Planning
To establish the largest radio network To establish the largest radio network
both in both in capacity capacityand and coverage coveragewith a with a
t i t i tt d d th d d th
To establish the largest radio network To establish the largest radio network
both in both in capacity capacityand and coverage coveragewith a with a
t i t i tt d d th d d th certain certain cost cost and under the and under the
precondition of meeting the precondition of meeting the QoS QoSof of
network, and further, adapt to the network, and further, adapt to the
certain certain cost cost and under the and under the
precondition of meeting the precondition of meeting the QoS QoSof of
network, and further, adapt to the network, and further, adapt to the f p f p
future network development and future network development and
expansion. expansion.
f p f p
future network development and future network development and
expansion. expansion.
Coverage Coverage Quality Quality Cost Cost Capacity Capacity
Realization of excellent balance of all aspects via network planning
CDMA 1X Network planning flow CDMA 1X Network planning flow
Analysis of
traffic coverage
Emulation
Network optimization
Site survey
Installation and
Integration
System design
Steps in Network planning Steps in Network planning
Coverage, capacity and quality Coverage, capacity and quality
Relationship among coverage, capacity and quality
The three factors influence each other
and at the same time inter-depend on
each other. Therefore, coverage cannot
be separated from capacity and quality
for discussion.
With the increase network capacity, the
coverage scope will be definitely reduced coverage scope will be definitely reduced,
and vice versa.
To achieve wider coverage, the total
power of traffic channel can be properly power of traffic channel can be properly
reduced to increase the seizure rate of
pilot channel, but this may affect the
capacity and the quality of conversation.
capac ty a d t e qua ty o co e sat o
Optimization
Chapter 2 CDMA 1X Network Planning Chapter 2 CDMA 1X Network Planning
Section Section 11 Coverage Coverage Planning Planning
Section Section 22 Capacity Capacity Planning Planning
Section Section 33 Power Power Planning Planning
Link Budget Link Budget -- Whats it for? Whats it for?
Composition of Wireless Link Composition of Wireless Link
Link budget mode Link budget modell
Electric wave
propagation
Service
propagation
requirement
Radio coverage Radio coverage
MS
performance
Soft phenomenon
of CDMA
Radio coverage Radio coverage
performance
Equipment
parameter
Radio resource
management
parameter
Link budget model Link budget model
Forward link
Receive/transmit
power
Antenna gain Feeder loss
I nterference
margin
Antenna
gain
Path Loss
Transmit-receive
power
Soft handoff
gain
Fading
margin
Reverse link
Both forward and reverse links within the coverage area should reach balance Both forward and reverse links within the coverage area should reach balance
Classification of parameters involved in link budget of CDMA 1X: Classification of parameters involved in link budget of CDMA 1X:
-- Parameter related to equipment: Parameter related to equipment: transmission power, receiver sensitivity, parts transmission power, receiver sensitivity, parts
and feeder loss, antenna loss and feeder loss, antenna loss
-- Parameters related to radio environment: Parameters related to radio environment: fast fading margin, slow fading fast fading margin, slow fading
margin and cluster loss margin and cluster loss
-- Parameter related to equipment: Parameter related to equipment: transmission power, receiver sensitivity, parts transmission power, receiver sensitivity, parts
and feeder loss, antenna loss and feeder loss, antenna loss
-- Parameters related to radio environment: Parameters related to radio environment: fast fading margin, slow fading fast fading margin, slow fading
margin and cluster loss margin and cluster loss gg
-- Parameter related to CDMA technology: Parameter related to CDMA technology: system load affection, soft handoff system load affection, soft handoff
gain and gain and Eb Eb//Nt Nt
-- Parameters related to service: Parameters related to service: service type, data rate, maximum transmission service type, data rate, maximum transmission
power of each traffic channel power of each traffic channel
gg
-- Parameter related to CDMA technology: Parameter related to CDMA technology: system load affection, soft handoff system load affection, soft handoff
gain and gain and Eb Eb//Nt Nt
-- Parameters related to service: Parameters related to service: service type, data rate, maximum transmission service type, data rate, maximum transmission
power of each traffic channel power of each traffic channel
pp
-- Propagation model: Propagation model: classical classical- -Okumura Okumura Hata Hata model,etc model,etc..
pp
-- Propagation model: Propagation model: classical classical- -Okumura Okumura Hata Hata model,etc model,etc..
Transmitter Side Transmitter Side
Receiver Side Receiver Side
Link budget parameters Link budget parameters
Sensitivity of S_BS BTS receiver
The BTS receiver sensitivity finalizes the minimum receive level required for the
traffic channel to ensure certain call quality.
S BS Eb/Nt 10l (W/Rb) + 10l (KT W) + NF BS S_BS = Eb/Nt 10lg(W/Rb) + 10lg(KTW) + NF_BS
- Eb/Nt Demodulation threshold of BTS receiver can be obtained via link
emulation and on-the-spot survey. It is related to service type, propagation
environment, receiver demodulation performance and configuration conditions environment, receiver demodulation performance and configuration conditions
(received diversity of antenna, power control and soft handoff).
- Rb data rate (before channel coding)
- KT thermal noise density, equaling to -174dBm/Hz under the condition of
normal temperature
- W spread spectrum bandwidth
- NF_BS receiver noise indices, typical value: 5dB, Huaweis BTS: 3.2dB
-- The sensitivity can also be affected by interference. Thus the design load
should be added with interference margin in actual application.
Sensitivity of S_MS MS receiver
S MS = Eb/Nt 10lg(W/Rb) + 10lg(KTW) +NF MS
S_MS = Eb/Nt 10lg(W/Rb) + 10lg(KTW) +NF_MS
NF_MS MS noise index, and the typical value is 8dB
Link Budget Parameters Link Budget Parameters
Soft handoff gain G_HO
- In link budget, maximum path losses of both forward and
reverse links are calculated. If the MS is located in the cell
d i b ht b ft h d ff h ld l b t k i t edge, gain brought by soft handoff should also be taken into
consideration.
- During soft handoff the shadow fading margin satisfying a - During soft handoff, the shadow fading margin satisfying a
certain coverage probability is decreased due to the
existence of independent propagation path, and this gain is p p p g p g
called soft handoff gain, that is, G_HO, in link budget.
Penetration Loss Penetration Loss
Path Loss Path Loss
Link budget analysis of reverse link Link budget analysis of reverse link
Comparison of service of different rates between I S-95 and CDMA2000-1X
Service type Service type
IS IS- -95 95 CDMA2000 CDMA2000--1X 1X
9.6kbps voice 9.6kbps voice 9.6kbps voice 9.6kbps voice 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps 38.4 kbps 38.4 kbps 76.8 kbps 76.8 kbps 153.6 kbps 153.6 kbps pp pp pp pp pp pp
Coverage radius Coverage radius
ratio ratio
1.00 1.00 1.16 1.16 0.99 0.99 0.86 0.86 0.73 0.73 0.63 0.63
The reason of causing different coverage radii is the difference of service rate and
the difference of demodulation threshold of reverse link t ed ee ceo de oduato t es odo e ese
In comparison with voice service, the maximumallowable path loss and coverage
distance is reduced in data service. And the coverage shrinkage of data service of
different rates is different as well.
The coverage shrinkage level is slightly increased along with the raise of antenna.
Analysis of link budget of forward link Analysis of link budget of forward link
The increase of forward power of data service, especially the high
speed data, may result in the BTS power becoming the factor limiting
th BTS hi h i t th t th f d the BTS coverage scope, which in turn causes that the forward
coverage is limited.
The forward coverage is closely related to distribution of BTS and The forward coverage is closely related to distribution of BTS and
subscribers of different service rates.
In comparison with the reverse coverage the affection brought by In comparison with the reverse coverage, the affection brought by
the data rate to forward coverage is much greater
When planning is performed to the area with high requirements of p g p g q
high speed data, analysis should be made by associating the forward
power distribution. When the forward coverage is limited, then
planning should be made according to the forward coverage distance.
Soft capacity attribute of CDMA 1X system Soft capacity attribute of CDMA 1X system
Soft blocking of air interface
=Soft capacity attribute of CDMA 1X system
Factors affecting the uplink load of sector
Quantity of the subscriber
MS interference of Ncell (neighbor cell)
Setting points of destination FER and Eb/Nt and MS environment
Allocation ratio of voice service and data service
Allocation ratio of data rate service, duty ratio and voice activation
factor, etc. ,
Power control error.
Conclusion Conclusion:: The The CDMA CDMA capacity capacity fluctuates fluctuates along along with with the the change change of of
environment environment
Capacity of CDMA 1X system Capacity of CDMA 1X system
The foundation for capacity analysis is traffic measurement and calculation. In addition
=System capacity represented by throughput adopted
to the busy hour Erlang used for voice service, more measurements are required for
packet data service subscribers. The traffic per voice service subscriber is measured by
any of two parameters that can be converted to each other One is BHE (busy hour any of two parameters that can be converted to each other. One is BHE (busy hour
Erlang) per voice service subscriber and the other is throughput per voice service
subscriber in bps calculated as follows Throughput = Traffic strength * data rate *
activation factor.
r
Av S =
The BHE and Throughput calculation for PSD service should be approached in different
way for the reasons: 1. Different channel assignment scheme for PSD; 2. Different
demands of data rate with different subscribers :
demands of data rate with different subscribers :
Analysis of soft capacity of CDMA 1X system Analysis of soft capacity of CDMA 1X system
CDMA system has different capacities under difference
networking condition (cellular layout)
The variance of total capacities of the equipment is not great
d h i d ki di i under the same environment and networking condition
The moving speed affects the system capacity greatly Both of
the main components of reverse interference depend on the
cell load But in forward interference the multipath cell load. But in forward interference, the multipath
interference is the main component in the central area, and
the Ncell interference is the main component on the edge of
the cell the cell
The capacity of the forward link is finalized
by the total transmission power of cell and
allocation of transmission power in the allocation of transmission power in the
traffic channel and other supplementary
channels (the supplementary channels
include pilot, paging and synchronization
include pilot, paging and synchronization
channels, etc)
Analysis of soft capacity of CDMA 1X system Analysis of soft capacity of CDMA 1X system
If the power amplifier cannot provide enough forward power,
then the system capacity will be forward limited. For example,
improper cellular distribution may result in most of the
subscribers being located on the edge of the cell, or severe
cross-cell coverage, which in turn causes the power of forward
traffic channel and the soft handoff rate to be too great.
Further, the increase of soft handoff may increase the reverse
capacity but reduce the forward capacity. p y p y
Maximum number of MSs supported by the forward link and
reverse link of CDMA system are different. Generally, the
it f CDMA t i fi li d b th it f th capacity of CDMA system is finalized by the capacity of the
reverse link. The reverse capacity and load are used for design
reference, while emulation is adopted for analysis of forward
it
capacity.
What is Capacity? What is Capacity?
Units for Capacity Units for Capacity
Minutes of Use Minutes of Use
Conversion Triangle Conversion Triangle
Capacity Flow Definition Capacity Flow Definition
Busy Hour Methodologies Busy Hour Methodologies
Hourly Traffic Variation Hourly Traffic Variation
Daily Traffic Variation Daily Traffic Variation
Seasonal Traffic Variation Seasonal Traffic Variation
Erlang Table & Poisons Table Erlang Table & Poisons Table
Blocking Probabilities and GOS Blocking Probabilities and GOS
Grade of Service Grade of Service GOS GOS
Traffic Capacity in One BTS Traffic Capacity in One BTS
Power Planning Power Planning
Principle of power planning:
Power of pilot channel: 10-20% of total power
Power of paging channel: pilot -4.5dB (The rate of paging channel is Power of paging channel: pilot 4.5dB (The rate of paging channel is
4800)
Power of synchronization channel: pilot -10dB
Power of traffic channel: remnant power
S tti i i l f il t
Guarantee
correct access
Setting principles of pilot power:
Establish proper cell scope
Allow channel estimation of receiver
Enable the MS to add the cell to handoff active set
andnormal
conversation
Enable the MS to add the cell to handoff active set
Guarantee the power amplification resources needed for the forward
traffic channel within the coverage area.
The above settings are the static ones. But cell breath is a dynamic
allocation modification of pilot and power of traffic channel. The purpose
is to adapt to the dynamic coverage and capacity variance
CDMA RF Planning Unit CDMA RF Planning Unit - - 6 6
Reason for PN Planning & Neighbor List Setting Reason for PN Planning & Neighbor List Setting
Process of PN Planning Process of PN Planning
Pilot_Inc Setting Pilot_Inc Setting
Determine The Used Pilot Sets (2) Determine The Used Pilot Sets (2)
PN planning of the Sites PN planning of the Sites
Principle of Original Neighbor Setting Principle of Original Neighbor Setting
Example of Original neighbor Setting Example of Original neighbor Setting
Optimization
Optimization Strategy of CDMA Radio Network Optimization Strategy of CDMA Radio Network
4 Graspandsolvecorenetwork problem 4 Grasp and solve core network problem.
4 Consider customer satisfaction with priority.
4 I ntegrate planning with optimization closely.
4 General optimization priors to partial adjustment.
4 Emphasizesustainabledevelopment of network 4 Emphasize sustainable development of network.
Pre Pre- -Optimization Evaluation Optimization Evaluation -- Content Content
Optimization strategy of CDMA radio network Optimization strategy of CDMA radio network
OMain optimization parameters: Optimization of RF environment
The The optimization optimization is is the the elementary elementary one one of of the the radio radio cellular cellular layout layout. . Whether Whether the the
cellular cellular layout layout is is successful successful or or not not finalizes finalizes 85 85% % radio radio network network quality, quality, and and this this is is
especially especially true true for for the the CDMA CDMA radio radio network network..
Total Total transmission transmission power power of of each each sector sector pp
Antenna Antenna configuration configuration (azimuth, (azimuth, downtilt downtilt, , height, height, graphics graphics mode) mode)
List List of of neighbor neighbor pilots pilots and and the the priority priority sequence sequence
Size Size of of search search window windowof of neighbor neighbor set set Size Size of of search search window windowof of neighbor neighbor set set
Ratio Ratio of of soft soft handoff handoff and and hard hard handoff, handoff, and and thresholds thresholds
E Secondary optimization parameters: Fine tuning of partial performance
Size Size of of search search window windowof of active active set set of of MS MS Size Size of of search search window windowof of active active set set of of MS MS
Size Size of of search search window windowof of BTS BTS
Setting Setting of of digital digital gain gain of of each each (sub) (sub) channel, channel, that that is, is, power power allocation allocation
Oth Oth l ith l ith tt
Other Other algorithm algorithmparameters parameters
Stages of CDMA Network optimization Stages of CDMA Network optimization
Analyze Network System Parameter Analyze Network System Parameter
Search Window
Neighbor Cell
Radio
PN Planning
Relationship
Soft-handoff
Radio
network
environment
Power
Distribution
Hard handoff
C l
Others
Subscribers
distribution
and behavior
Subscribers
require
objection
Access Parameter
Power Control
Others
The reasons
of effecting
network
objection
Access Parameter
quality
Cluster Optimization Stage Cluster Optimization Stage Optimization Analysis Optimization Analysis
PN 75
Analyze network system parameter Analyze network system parameter--Search Window Search Window Analyze network system parameter Analyze network system parameter--Search Window Search Window
Search Window of Mobile Search Window of Mobile Search Window of Mobile Search Window of Mobile
Dn=4km
PN 105
D2=3.5km
14 chips
PN 75
N i hb B St ti
Dr=3km
12 chips
16 chips
PN 45
PN 105
Neighbor Base Station
Reference Base Station
GPS Time
0
2880 6720
MS Timing Reference
14 14
SrchWinA
4 chips
(PN 45)
0
2880 6720
12 chips
14 14
30 30
S hWi N
14 14
SrchWinA
The earlyest
branch of active
t PN45
The earlyest
branch of active
set PN75
0
16 chips
SrchWinN
PN 105 in SrchWinN
0
14 chips
14 14
4800
set PN45
set PN75
0
2880 6720
16 chips
Neighbor Base Station
(PN 105)
PN 105 in SrchWinN
Analyze network system parameter Analyze network system parameter--Search Window Search Window
Search Window of Mobile Search Window of Mobile
Analyze network system parameter-Search Window Analyze network system parameter-Search Window
SRCH_WIN_A 20chips
SRCH_WIN_N 60chips
SRCH WIN R 80 hi SRCH_WIN_R 80chips
NGHBR_MAX_AGE
i il
Search Window of BTS Search Window of BTS
MAXCELLRFor BCCH UnitKilo metre
TCHSCHWSZFor TCH Unit64 chips
Analyze network system parameter Analyze network system parameter--Neighbor Cell Neighbor Cell Analyze network system parameter Analyze network system parameter--Neighbor Cell Neighbor Cell
The improper setting of Neighbor Cell Relationship The improper setting of Neighbor Cell Relationship The improper setting of Neighbor Cell Relationship The improper setting of Neighbor Cell Relationship
4 Case one: Neglect neighbor cell configuration g g g
Check synchronization channel message and record PN used when
MS performs re-synchronization in case of call drop. If this PN
d t b l t ti t dd thi PN t i hb ll li t does not belong to active set, add this PN to neighbor cell list.
4 Case two: Adjust neighbor cell priority
Ad EHDM HDM l l h d ff i d i f Adopt EHDM or HDM to calculate handoff time and times from
source sector to target sector and list nerighbor cells with priority.
4 Case three: Configure over many neighbor cells 4 Case three: Configure over many neighbor cells
The blocks between adjacent cells disable sectors of adjacent cells
to be inter-matched because of terrain.
Analyze traffic measurement data Analyze traffic measurement data
Understand general network performance to detect existing and potential
problems.
Grasp traffic layout and characteristics of customer behavior and allocate Grasp traffic layout and characteristics of customer behavior and allocate
network resources rationally to enhance usage of current network equipment.
Main indexes
Successful call setup ratio
Call drop ratio
Successful soft handoff ratio
Soft handoff ratio
Traffic (exclude soft handoff)
Traffic channel congestion ratio g
Successful hard handoff ratio
Analyze alarm data Analyze alarm data
Grasp running condition of network to locate network equipment problems.
Exclude alarms to avoid potential problems and decrease complaints.
ll d l l Collect and analyze major alarms.
Monitor parameter setting of each cell
Analyze alarm data Analyze alarm data - - System Equipment Problems System Equipment Problems
System Equipment Problems System Equipment Problems
4 Unqualified BTS standing wave, scaling and incorrect antenna
feeder installation lead to abnormal transmit power.
4 Error code of E1 transmission link is too high 4 Error code of E1 transmission link is too high
4 GPS satellite synchronization
4 BTS is out of Service
4 BSC (clock and frame combination unit)
4 A interface
4 Others, such as power amplifier over prompting alarm.
Analyze customer complaint records Analyze customer complaint records
Worse signal coverage
Instable signal
C i di i i
Monolog
Echo
lk Conversation discontinuity
Call drop
Cross-talking
Users detect mass network problems gradually in case of network

usage. usage.
The statistical data from customer complaints are also important
data that locate network problems and reflect running conditions of
network. The data reflect current conditions and problem layout of
network specifically and visually.
Analyze signaling data Analyze signaling data
Solve in-depth problems of network
P f t h i t k lit Perfect comprehensive network quality.
Analysis and Example of Signaling Data Analysis and Example of Signaling Data---- ----Pilot Pollute Pilot Pollute
Case one: No Primary Pilot
Check PSMM, the strength difference among 4 pilots is within Check PSMM, the strength difference among 4 pilots is within
1.5dB and all the pilots are within TADD 1.5dB and all the pilots are within TADD1.5dB 1.5dB
PSMM
23:50:40:881, FEB 08 2001, HANDOFF, PSMM, <--, 4, 0, 1, ENCRYPTION=0,
REF_PN=156, PILOT_STRENGTH=-12.500000, KEEP=1, PN_OFFSET=264.0,
PILOT STRENGTH= 14 500000 KEEP=1 PN OFFSET=152 0 PILOT STRENGTH= PILOT_STRENGTH=-14.500000, KEEP=1, PN_OFFSET=152.0, PILOT_STRENGTH=-
13.500000, KEEP=1, PN_OFFSET=40.0, PILOT_STRENGTH=-14.0000000, KEEP=1,
PN_OFFSET=48.0, PILOT_STRENGTH=-13.0, KEEP=1,
Case two: Too Many Pilots
Check PSMM and 7 pilots are greater than TADD. Check PSMM and 7 pilots are greater than TADD.
PSMM
03:04:34:803, FEB 03 2001, HANDOFF, PSMM, <--, 7, 4, 1,
ENCRYPTION=0, REF PN=16, PILOT STRENGTH=-9.500000, KEEP=1, , _ , _ , ,
PN_OFFSET=44.0, PILOT_STRENGTH=-10.000000, KEEP=1
Analysis and Example of Signaling Data Analysis and Example of Signaling Data---- ----Pilot Pollute Pilot Pollute
Clear Pilot Pollute: Clear Pilot Pollute:
Select the pilot with the best signal of all the pilots to adjust
antenna azimuth angle of relevant BTS, tilt angle and pilot
power; and decrease pilot strengths of other pilots. p ; p g p
Change BTS configurations to decrease mounted height of
antenna.
Check whether some BTSs are over covered and adjust antenna
pitch angle of the BTS to reduce coverage area.
Adopt ODU or repeater to introduce a stronger pilot in the pilot Adopt ODU or repeater to introduce a stronger pilot in the pilot
pollute area..
Adopt micro cell to increase capacity in hotspot area and solve
pilot pollute.
Call Drop Analysis Call Drop Analysis Call Drop Analysis Call Drop Analysis
Call Drop Mechanism Call Drop Mechanism
Drop Call Signature Templates Drop Call Signature Templates
Access / Handoff Contention Drop Access / Handoff Contention Drop
Forward Long Term Interference Drop Forward Long Term Interference Drop
Forward Short Term Interference Drop Forward Short Term Interference Drop
Imbalance Drop Imbalance Drop
Coverage Drop Long Term Coverage Outage Coverage Drop Long Term Coverage Outage
Coverage Drop Short Term Coverage Outage Coverage Drop Short Term Coverage Outage
Constrained Traffic Channel Power Drop Constrained Traffic Channel Power Drop
RG CDMA Network Planning & RG CDMA Network Planning & RG CDMA Network Planning & RG CDMA Network Planning &
Network Optimization Network Optimization
C A l i C A l i Cases Analysis Cases Analysis
Contents Contents
Ch 1Pl i C Chapter 1 Planning Cases
Chapter 2OptimizationCases Chapter 2 Optimization Cases
Chapter 1 Planning Cases Chapter 1 Planning Cases
Planning contents
Difficulties and emphases
Case review
Content of Project Planning Content of Project Planning
Project planning plays an important role in the project implementation, and
has a great impact on the network quality and optimization after project
completion. The content is as follows: p
Project parameters: Latitude and longitude of BTS, mounted height, azimuth,
PN, adjacent cell and BTS power.
Region parameters: location area code (LAC), REGZONE, signaling points and Region parameters: location area code (LAC), REGZONE, signaling points and
their coordination.
Network performance parameters: performance parameters
The parameters in this page are not enumerated completely. For the The parameters in this page are not enumerated completely. For the
specific parameters, refer to network planning parameters list.
Difficulties and Fallibilities of Project Planning Difficulties and Fallibilities of Project Planning
LAC and REGZONE
LAC, signaling points and BSS Frame
Adj ll d Adjacent cell data
Search window configure
Power setting (Focus on mixed networking)
Now that we have got some information about the system, think about what
will happen in following cases.
Case 1 Case 1
As shown in the figure, network in X city is topographically composed of 2
LACs and 2 OPCs. And only one REGZONE is available at the moment. Due
h l b f h d b d f to the large number of BTSs, they are distributed into 4 frames. To
balance the traffic between frames, the project engineers arrange several
urban BTSs with heavy traffic into rural frames. Then, what will happen?
How to handle it?
How to handle it?
Problems: Problems:
Due to 2 LACs and 1 REGZONE, terminal will not originate location registration
when performing handoff between LACs, which leads to terminal paging
failure before originating calls.
Two OPCs in every LAC will necessarily bring about a successful and a failed
response to the paging originated by MSC, which makes a low paging success response to the paging originated by MSC, which makes a low paging success
ratio at BSC side.
Urban BTSs are distributed among frames and between the 2 signaling points,
which leads to a mass of soft handoffs between frames or between signaling
points. Large numbers of call drop will occur when CPU is overloaded.
Solutions: Solutions:
Add REGZONE corresponding to each LAC.
Switch cross-regional BTSs to the same frame in the next cutover.
Think about: Think about:
What should we concern about when planning location area and signaling points
during project planning?
The planning of BTSs must conform to the following rule: geographically adjacent BTSs,
especially the BTSs with frequent handoff, must be installed in the same module.
New office must reserve port numbers for BTS expansion. The reserved numbers are
decided by data setting center. The port numbers are not reserved currently. They are
added into new modules during each expansion.
One signaling point can be connected with one or more modules. One signaling point can
be connected with 15 modules at the most. (Each module with one FMR)
Each signaling point should correspond to one LAC. One signaling point may have several
LACs. But avoid the case that one LAC have several signaling points. It is not allowed g g p
that BTSs in the same LAC are distributed in different modules and several LACs exist in
the same module in such configuration.
Each signaling point should correspond to one LAC and handoff area must be in the
Each signaling point should correspond to one LAC, and handoff area must be in the
sparsely populated area.
Case 2 Case 2
Case: Two 3601 i-sites of V100R001B02D002 are added in an office expansion.
The call drop rate is considerable since the 2 i-sites are activated, which
keeps fluctuating at 5%. The call drops in one i-site even reaches 120 in a p g p
single day.
Most of call drops in the 2 i-sites are caused by radio link according to traffic
measurement result. All the indexes are normal except the considerable call
drops and high call drop rate. The drive test shows that indexes such as EC/IO,
RX and FFER are normal except TX of transmit power. TX in some area even
reaches +20 dBm, indicating a very poor reverse coverage.
Setting search window closel relates to the coverage capabilit of BTS D ring Setting search window closely relates to the coverage capability of BTS. During
on-site implementation, we should set the search window parameters
according to practical planning and avoid network failure due to incorrect
parameter setting. p g
Causes 2 Causes 2
Coverage causes: Forward coverage
i d hil th i is good, while the reverse one is poor.
PN planning causes: It is excluded
by check.
Hard handoff causes: It is excluded
since it is not involved.
Soft handoff causes: Since no call drop upon handoff is captured in on-site p p p
drive test, it can be excluded.
Data setting causes: We find that the reverse coverage of i-site is poor
according to the analysis of drive test and traffic measurement. Then
modify the parameters to improve the effect of the reverse coverage of i-
site.
Solutions Solutions
Increase the coverage radius of BTS from 20 km to 39 km and enlarge
search window from 1 to 5.
Ch h d i dj f h i d f ENABLE i Change the dynamic adjustment of search window from ENABLE into
DISABLE.
Result:
Call drop rate falls obviously, which decreases from about 5% to less
than 1%.
Sum-up: Setting search window closely relates to the coverage
capability of BTS During on site implementation we should set the capability of BTS. During on-site implementation, we should set the
search window parameters according to practical planning and avoid
network failure due to incorrect parameter setting.
Case Review 3 Case Review 3
Case: The equipment around site A is manufactured by M. The customer
expects the areas covered by Site A are distributed asymmetrically.
There are Blind Zones with short distance or long distance from site A in
di ti Th l k i l i di ti MS some directions. There are also weak signal areas in some directions. MS
access is difficult and call drop occurs frequently (34 out of 10 call
drops occur) before activating Huawei omni-directional i-site in site A.
And MS access is still difficult and call drop occurs frequently (78 out of p q y (
10 call drops occur) after activating Huawei omni-directional i-site in
site A.
M site b
M site a
M site D
M site c
Isitec 3601
Cause Analysis Cause Analysis
There are 4 pilot signals with similar strength in Site A before activating Huawei
omni-directional i-site. The 4 pilot signals will create pilot pollution, which
causes difficult MS access and frequent call drops. (This is confirmed by the q p ( y
test to network M)
Since the area where problem occurs is 3 km away from site A, and the signals
transmitted by the omni antenna are not strong, the activation of Huawei
omni-directional i-site equals to the addition of a new pilot signal with similar
strength. Therefore, the interference increases, aggravating the problem.
Solutions Solutions
Replace omni antenna of Isitec3601 with directional antenna to make that the
main pilot to cover the area. Move the handoff band to the region without
residents, and the call drops in 90% of the coverage areas decrease. , p g
Since the M network structure cannot be modified, we can modify the system
parameters of network M only. Faults in 95% of the area disappear, but they
remains in some small spot interference area, which can be removed by
adjusting network structure and increasing the tilt angle of BTS generating the
interference.
Suggestion and Sum Suggestion and Sum- -up up
Since the equipment around the site is from a third-party manufacturer, it is
not suitable to install Huawei equipment in the blind zone. Since it is not
possible to shift handoff band to the area without residents, and even it is, p , ,
some small interference areas in the coverage area cannot be controlled.
Since Huawei i-site is suitable for blind zone in belt shape or standalone site,
the sites committed by market department should be monitored during
network planning.
If it is compulsory to install Huaweis BTS in similar environment, select the
directional antenna for adjustment instead of omni-directional antenna.
Cases Summarizer Cases Summarizer
We should concern the following in planning according to the above three cases:
BTS address (Avoid mixed networking)
A S (I l di i h il l d l i ) Antenna System (Including azimuth, tilt angle and antenna selection)
Network parameters (Search window, carrier power and common channel power)
Region parameters (Location area parameters and signaling points)
Contents Contents
Ch 1Pl i C Chapter 1 Planning Cases
Chapter 2OptimizationCases Chapter 2 Optimization Cases
Chapter 2 Optimization Cases Chapter 2 Optimization Cases
Optimization Procedures
Difficulties and Emphases
Case Review
The optimization procedures are as follows The optimization procedures are as follows
Preparation: Preparation of equipment, data and telephone directory of
personnel for optimization.
Obtaining basic network information on site: Network structure network data Obtaining basic network information on site: Network structure, network data,
version information, user number and distribution.
Collecting traffic measurement and drive test data: The traffic measurement
data is the major criterion for operator evaluation. The traffic measurement data is the major criterion for operator evaluation. The traffic measurement
and drive test data are important for analysis.
Data analysis: Analyze the collected data with various tools.
Adjusting parameters: Adjust corresponding network parameters according to Adjusting parameters: Adjust corresponding network parameters according to
analysis result.
Network optimization report: network optimization deliverables and work
achiev
ements. The report should be acknowledged.
Difficulties and Emphases Difficulties and Emphases
The advantage of CDMA over 2G lies in the application of power control
and soft handoff, which is the emphasis of the optimization. Besides,
the optimization of data service is also important which should be the optimization of data service is also important, which should be
focused on.
Optimizing power control parameter Optimizing power control parameter
Optimizing access parameters
Discover the problems of algorithm and software. p g
Optimizing load control
Optimizing data service
Case: call setup success rate fluctuates at about 91.5% after the cutover
(R02B03) of project Z. 2% of the failures are caused by MSC rejection and call
early release. And 4.5% of the call setup failures are caused by capture failure
of traffic channel preamble and MS response expiration.
Cause analysis: Cause analysis:
Call setup failure is generally caused by capture failure of traffic channel
preamble and MS response expiration, which exists in almost every cell, and it
is especially serious in some cells.
There is obvious interference in most of the BTSs with low call setup success
rate according to the analysis of reverse RSSI. However, the call drop rate of rate according to the analysis of reverse RSSI. However, the call drop rate of
these BTSs is not high, which is less than 5%. That indicates there are other
causes of call setup failure besides interference.
The signaling procedures of call origination and paging, together with
action point of open and close loop power control are shown in the
following figure: g g
BTS
Origination Msg
MS
P bi
ACCESS
Successful Access Attempt
start of open loop power
control
S
Ch l A t M
Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order
TFC frames of 000s
Probing
PAGING
FW TFC
PAGING Channel Assnmt. Msg.
TFC preamble of 000s
Mobile Sta Ackngmt Order
PAGING
RV TFC
FW FC
RV TFC
start of close loop power
control
Mobile Sta. Ackngmt. Order
Service Connect Msg.
Svc. Connect Complete Msg
B St A k l t O d
RV TFC
FW TFC
RV TFC
FWTFC
Call is Established!
FW TFC
Analyzing from MS: MS enters close loop power control mode after sending
reverse service traffic channel preamble. The MS transmit power of reverse
common channel and traffic channel is calculated as follows:
Transmit power on access channel
Average output power (dBm) Average input power (dBm)+ offset power+ Average output power (dBm) = Average input power (dBm)+ offset power+
interference correction factor+ NOM_PWRs - 16NOM_PWR_EXTs+
INIT_PWRs+ PWR_LVLPWR_STEPs
Transmit power of reverse traffic channel before MS receives power control bit
Average output power (dBm)= Average input power (dBm)+ offset power+
interference correction factor+ ACC CORRECTIONS + RLGAIN ADJ interference correction factor+ ACC_CORRECTIONS + RLGAIN_ADJ
It is possible that
Different parameters of RC power control (Power offset) brings different results
p p ( ) g
The offset power of both varies according to different radio configurations. The
access channel in the case is IS95 access channel and the offset value is 73,
while the traffic channel is IS2000 traffic channel and the offset value is 81.5, ,
therefore, 8.5 dB is reduced in transmit power when MS accesses traffic
channel. The difference can be compensated by RLGAIN_ADJ. The correction
rang is 015, which corresponds to 87dB. The value obtained through query
of DB value is 8 that is 0dB is corrected of DB value is 8, that is, 0dB is corrected.
Solution Case 2: call setup success rate rises when RLGIAN_ADJ is modified to
15, which corresponds to 87dB.
From the viewpoint of BTS, most MSs in current network are in IS95A mode, so
their forward power control mode conforms to slow power control mode
instead of fast power control that we are familiar with. In the slow forward
power control list, the maximum transmit power of forward channel is 215
and the initial value for transmit power of forward channel is 199, which is
much less than the pilot channel power (227). Since the loaded script after
upgrade does not involve the modification of slow forward power control, the
problem may be caused by the default value set in the version. problem may be caused by the default value set in the version.
Solution:
Set the value of maximum transmit power of forward channel to 227 and the
initial value to 227 through dynamic data configuration.
After modification, the forward load is less than 70%, which has little effect on
system
system,
Case: There is always way of optimization of CDMA MS access speed. Users of
certain commercial office complain that it takes a long time for all MSs in the
network to be paged when they are called. The problem occurs in CDMA MSs p g y p
of many models.
Analysis: Analysis:
When BTS originates the first paging, MS does not receive the signal from BTS.
This indicates the BTS transmit power is so low that MS does not respond with
access probe.
When BTS originates first paging, MS receives the signal from BTS, but BTS does
not receive the response message from MS. MS will not stop sending access
probe until MS accesses the system or call drop occurs.
The key to locate the problem is to acknowledge whether MS sends the access
probe when BTS sends first paging.
Procedures
Use the MS of other brands (or MS of China Mobile or China Unicom or PSTN of
Chi T l ) t i i t ll t th S SCH130 MS China Telecom) to originate a call to the Samsung SCH130 MS
Click [View/statistics/access and paging statistics] in CAIT menu.
Observe the access change when the MS is called in the menu Observe the access change when the MS is called in the menu.
MS has to send 6 probes consecutively before accessing system during each
paging. The cause is that the initial reverse transmit power is low.
pwr_step=4, that is MS has to increase transmit power by 46=24dB before
accessing the system on the basis of open loop power control. The best access
is generated when the second or the third probe accesses the system which is generated when the second or the third probe accesses the system, which
increases access speed without affecting the capacity, so we need to increase
the transmit power by 4(62)=16dB.
All MSs can originate one paging to access system after parameter modification.
We need to optimize the timer parameter while call setup success rate remains
low, even if the access speed is optimized.
Case: Based on on-site analysis of network optimization the two causes Case: Based on on-site analysis of network optimization, the two causes
affecting the call setup success rate are as follows;
Traffic channel preamble failure during BTS waiting for MS service
On site statistic result of the failure during BTS waiting for response from MS On-site statistic result of the failure during BTS waiting for response from MS.
Further statistics show that the first cause accounts for 66%, and the last one
accounts for 34% of call setup failures.
Cause analysis: the two causes for call setup failure are that BTS fails to
capture reverse traffic channel preamble and timer expires during BTS
waiting for response from MS (Ms Ack Order). waiting for response from MS (Ms Ack Order).
The following two timers implement control: CCM_T_WT_TCH_preamble and
CCM_T_WT_MS_ACK_ORD. The value of CCM_T_WT_TCH_preamble protocol
ranges from 1 to 4s, and so is the value range of the
CCM_T_WT_MS_ACK_ORD protocol.
The values of the timers are 3s and 2s We can increase response probability by The values of the timers are 3s and 2s. We can increase response probability by
increasing time span of the waiting timer to raise call setup success rate.
Procedures: Change values of the two timers into 4s and 3s. After parameter
adjustment, the indexes of failures (BTS fails to capture reverse traffic
channel preamble, and failure of BTS waiting for response from MS) drop from
360 and 150 to 320 and 130 every day respectively, which decrease by 17%. It
360 and 150 to 320 and 130 every day respectively, which decrease by 17%. It
is effective to adjust timer according to traffic measurement analysis.
Access optimization Sum Access optimization Sum--up up
Sum-up: We should be familiar with each stage of MS calling
d th t t h th t ith di procedures so that we can match the stage with corresponding
formula immediately.
Access process should be always optimized during system p y p g y
optimization. Soft capacity of CDMA enables system capacity
to increase and access status to vary with it.
Case review 4 Case review 4
Call drop during soft handoff remains a trouble for us. There are lots of causes.
Take the following case for an example.
Case: The call drop in area A of certain office is related to PN multiplexing Case: The call drop in area A of certain office is related to PN multiplexing
processing.
Incorrect BSC adjacent cell judgment: BSC takes No. 17 BTS 400 km away for
the current BTS serving the MSs in area A. When MS detects the incorrect g
adjacent cell, it reports the message to BSC by PSMM. If there is PN
multiplexing in the system, BSC is unable to detect correct BTS from the PN
directly. There are two solutions:
Configure correct adjacent cell for BTS. BSC can detect correct BTS from PN
according to adjacent cell relation.
BSC can detect PN by longitude and latitude of BTS provided by system. The
d f lt d t ti i i i PN lti l i di t f 10 k default detection precision requires a PN multiplexing distance of over 10 km
at least.
Some problems are impossible for us to solve except aforementioned cases
solved by parameter modification. However, we cannot neglect them, and we
can take mitigation measures. We can take the data service and voice service g
for an example to illustrate it.
Case: A CDMA 800M commercial office W receives complaints that users are
disconnected from network some time (several minutes later) after they
originate data service call through wireless network adapter And then they
have to redial to access network. Users express their great unsatisfaction with
this. The type of network adapter is Putian YM-1031K PCMCIA TYPE II/
FreeWing speed up FreeWing speed up.
Analysis: Recur the problem
The status transfer from Active to Dormant is normal
In the Dormant state the terminal originates a request for data service In the Dormant state, the terminal originates a request for data service.
Network side sends a paging request to terminal and it responds with paging
response. Then MSC send a clear command.
Check the value of service option is 0 in paging response. C p p g g p
Since the network adapter of the terminal is not consistent with the
requirement of protocol, the MSC releases the call directly. Though we require
manufacturer of the network card to make modification, it is urgent to solve
the problem immediately for the customer and reduce complaints. Change the
duration of deactivating the timer from 20s to 180s to reduce the times that
user enters the dormant state
user enters the dormant state.
Some problems can be mitigated during optimization of voice service.
C A ffi k l i th t k lit th ffi i Case: An office ranks low in the network quality among the offices in
the province because of low call drop rate at radio side. Large
number of erasure frames results in call drop, which can reach 310 in
the busy hour every day. This keeps call drop rate of whole BSC under y y y p p
140. Therefore we should focus on how to reduce the call drop
caused by excessive erasure frames.
Analysis: We should analyze the problem through csl to locate all the
possible problems
Processing Procedure:
Th l i t t d i th ll ith hi h ll d t d it The alarm is not generated in the cell with high call drop rate and its
adjacent cell.
Check reverse RSSI through telnet, the status is normal.
St t CSL i t t l th ll d d b ERASURE f Th Start CSL print to analyze the call drop caused by ERASURE frames. The
value of threshold is 300 frames.
Set the threshold of module/frame erasure frame timer for urban BTS
to 500 frames and observe it for one day to 500 frames and observe it for one day.
Reset threshold of all module timers
Sum-up:
Sometimes we cannot find the key to the problems in the network within a
short time so we have resort to help from Huawei But we are pressed to take short time, so we have resort to help from Huawei. But we are pressed to take
corresponding mitigation measures on site. There is no substantial change
about the optimization of parameter adjustment in this case. The time before
call drop changes from 6s to 10s actually, which makes users hang up due to
impatience. Then it is recorded as a normal end in measurement result.
Viewed from the measurement result, the situation i
Load control is a field much researched by Huawei. But there is still a long way
to go.
The forward load of a BTS sector often reaches 100% in a 15-minute traffic
measurement. The customer has a great doubt about the network load ability
due to the measurement result.
The f or war d l oad of a BTS
100
110
70
80
90
100
0
2
50
60
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53
/ 15
Analysis of Alarm and its Cause
The over excited alarm of carrier power occurs frequently.
The forward power is 43dBm at the end of a 15-minute period according to
traffic measurement. The power amplifier may transmit at the maximum
power within a short time power within a short time.
Since users are distributed on the cell border, the sector has to consume more
power. As a result, the load of the sector is too high. Since the traffic of
adjacent BTS N is comparatively small and the traffic can be distributed
through load balancing. We can decrease the power of common channel in the
sector according to analysis of drive test, which will not affect system sector according to analysis of drive test, which will not affect system
performance, especially the coverage performance.
We do not give much research on data service optimization due to site problem,
so the problems found in this aspect are not too much. The following is a case
of data service optimization.
Case: The mean download rate is too low and transmission gap is comparatively
large during test of data service optimization in area J.
The details are as follows: the mean download rate of serial port cable in
forward direction is 6 kbyte and the transmission gap is obvious.
Questions Questions
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Overview of Planning and Overview of Planning and Overview of Planning and Overview of Planning and

Optimization of CDMA 1X Network Optimization of CDMA 1X Network

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