Generic Name:Lactulose(laktyoo-lose) Brand Name:Cephulac, Chronulac ,Movelax,Lilac Classifications:gastrointestinal agent; hyperosmotic laxative Pregnancy Category:C Availability 10 g/15 mL solution,

syrup Actions Reduces blood ammonia; appears to involve metabolism of lactose to organic acids by resident intestinal bacteria. Therapeutic effects Acidifies colon contents, which retards diffusion of nonionic ammonia (NH3) from colon to blood while promoting its migration from blood to colon. In the acidic colon, NH3 is converted to nonabsorbable ammonium ions (NH4) and is then expelled in feces by laxative action. Decreased blood ammonia in a patient with hepatic encephalopathy is marked by improved EEG patterns and mental state (clearing of confusion, apathy, and irritation). Osmotic effect of organic acids causes laxative action, which moves water from plasma to intestines, softens stools, and stimulates peristalsis by pressure from water content of stool. Uses Prevention and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE), including stages of hepatic precoma and coma, and by prescription for relief of chronic constipation. Cautious use Diabetes mellitus; concomitant use with electrocautery procedures (proctoscopy, colonoscopy); older adult and debilitated patients; pediatric use. Route & dosage Prevention and Treatment of Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy adult:PO 3045 mL t.i.d. or q.i.d. adjusted to produce 23 soft stools/d child/adolescent: PO 4090 mL/d in divided doses adjusted to produce 23 soft stools/d infant: PO 2.510 mL/d in 34 divided doses adjusted to produce 23 soft stools/d Management of Acute Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy adult: PO 3045 mL q12 h until laxation is achieved, then adjusted to produce 23 soft stools/d. Rectal 300 mL diluted with 700 mL water given via rectal balloon catheter, and retained for 30 60 min, may repeat in 46 h if necessary or until patient can take PO

Chronic Constipation adult:PO 3060 mL/d prn child:PO 7.5 mL/d after breakfast Administration Oral

Give with fruit juice, water, or milk (if not contraindicated) to increase palatability. Laxative effect is enhanced by taking with ample liquids. Avoid meal times.

Rectal

Administer as a retention enema via a rectal balloon catheter. If solution is evacuated too soon, instillation may be promptly repeated. Do not freeze. Avoid prolonged exposure to temperatures above 30C (86F) or to direct light. Normal darkening does not affect action, but discard solution that is very dark or cloudy.

Adverse effects GI:Flatulence,borborygmi,belching,abdominal cramps,pain,and distention (initial dose);diarrhea (excessive dose); nausea, vomiting, colon accumulation of hydrogen gas; hypernatremia.

Nursing implications Assessment & Drug Effects

In children if the initial dose causes diarrhea, dosage is reduced immediately. Discontinue if diarrhea persists. Promote fluid intake (>=15002000 mL/d) during drug therapy for constipation; older adults often self-limit liquids. Lactulose-induced osmotic changes in the bowel support intestinal water loss and potential hypernatremia. Discuss strategy with physician.

Patient & Family Education

Laxative action is not instituted until drug reaches the colon; therefore, about 24 48 h is needed. Do not self-medicate with another laxative due to slow onset of drug action. Notify physician if diarrhea (i.e., more than 2 or 3 soft stools/d) persists more than 24 48 h. Diarrhea is a sign of overdosage. Dose adjustment may be indicated. Do not breast feed while taking this drug without consulting physician.

http://rnspeak.com/drug-study/lactulose-drug-study/