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WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E2-E3 Consumer Mobility Module for the Topic: Cellular Concepts & GSM Architecture Eligibility: Those who have got the Upgradation from E2 to E3. This presentation is last updated on 27-03-2011. You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to see this topic.
For BSNL internal circulation only
Learning Objective
Define cell, cluster Characteristics of cellular system Understand ways in better communication Various subsystems of GSM Network GSM Architecture GSM network structure Functions of mobile station Radio subsystem Network and switching subsystems Operation and maintenance center
GSM Antenna
5 10 20 33 50 56 99 100
Sr.No
Erlang Capacity
1 2 3 4 5
5 10 20 50 100
2
7 1 6 5 4 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A CLUSTER OF CELLS
For BSNL internal circulation only
2
D
3 1 4 5
4
5
12 3 456 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern N=7
Frequency Reuse
N=7
WHAT IS A CLUSTER ? A cluster is group of cells. Frequencies are nor reused in a cluster. The cluster is then repeated and the frequencies are reused and system capacity is increased. Typical cluster size is 4 or 7 cells.
Cell clustering
There will be interference between the cells using same frequency. To reduce co-channel interference below the acceptable level, the co-channel cells must be set far apart. Number of cells in a cluster is denoted by K, also called as frequency reuse factor. K=i+j+i*j where i and j are integers.
For BSNL internal circulation only
CO-CHL INTERFERENCE
Co Chl Interference is a Function of Q
Q = D /R = 3K
Higher Q Lower Q
Capacity/Performance Trade-offs
If K increases, then performance increases If K increases, then call capacity decreases per cell. R If K decreases, then performance decreases If K decreases, then call capacity increases per cell.
Calls/Cell/hour S/I dB
4 7 12
99 56 33
14 18.7 28.3
GSM ARCHITECTURE
Network Architecture
1 MSC=16 BSC
1 BSC=1024 TRU
HLR
OSS
(
PSTN ISDN
B T S B T S
BSC BSC
A-bis interface
MSC VLR
Data Networks
A Interface
B T S
Air interface
MSC VLR
BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM.ss
GSM ARCHITECTURE
Voice/Data-Circuit
PSTN
BSC
BTS BTS
GMSC
MSC
VLR
HLR
EIR
BSC
BTS BTS
AUC
Netowrk Management
BTS
GSM ARCHITECTURE
A Um
SIM ME
Abis
BTS
BSC
HLR
VLR
OMC
Mobile Station
Network Subsystem
LOCATION AREA
There are several LA in a MSC/VLR combination A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. Within a LA a paging message is broadcast in order to find the called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system using the LAI.
CELL
A cell is an identity served by one BTS. It is area of Transmission/Reception between MS and BTS. The MS distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATION IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast over the air.
GSM
MSC I
VLR
II MSC
VLR
III MSC
GSM
LA4
LA6 LA5
GSM
Cells
LA2 LA3
LA1
VLR LA4 MSC LA5 C 1 C6 C 5 C 2 C3 LA6
C4
C=CELL
Location Area Cell Location Area MSC Service Area PLMN Service Area GSM Service Area
For BSNL internal circulation only
GSM LA Coding
MCC 3 digit
MN C 3 digit
LAI
LAC 2 Octets
MCC:Mobile Country Code, MNC: Mobile N/W Code, LAC: Location Area Code
For BSNL internal circulation only
Mobile Equipment
Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held Mobile equipment is identified by unique IMEI(International Mobile equipment Identity) Shall display at least last ten received, dialled and missed calls Should Have Minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby time of 80 hrs 160 characters long SMS
SIM Card
Subscribers Identity module Has Unique Subscribers ID:IMSI and ISDN PIN( Personal Identification Number) Key Ki ( Authentication key) , Kc (Cipheringkey) and A3, A5 and A8 algorithms SIM has CPU, ROM, RAM and EPROM
MSISDN
Mobile Subscribers ISDN Number The MSISDN is registered in the telephone directory and used by the calling party for dialing. IT Is consists of MCC-Mobile country Code NDS-Network Destination Code--Give Routing Information to reach HLR N(S)N--National Significant Number
1 to 3 digits CC Variable NDC
N(S)N
For BSNL internal circulation only
Variable
SN
IMSI
International mobile subscribers Identity The IMSI is an unique identity assigned to each authorized GSM User. The IMSI is stored on the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR and AUC database.
IMSI
3 digits MCC 3 digits MNC Not more than 9 digits MSIN
Mobile station Identification Number. It identifies the subs. In a PLMN. First 3 digit identifies the Logical HLR-id of Mobile subs.(Operator)
For BSNL internal circulation only
TMSI
Temporary Mobile subscribers Identity It is MSC/VLR specific alias designed to maintain user confidentiality. The VLR assigns a TMSI to each mobile subscribers entering the VLR area. Assigned only after successful authentication. TMSI changes on location update
MSRN
Mobile Station Roaming Number MSRN--is a temporary identity which is assigned during the establishment of a I/C call to a roaming subs. The MSRN is used in the HLR to set up a connection to the visited MSC/VLR. It is assigned on demand by HLR on per call basis.
CC NDC SN
MSC/VLR
BSC BSC
BSC
RSS
n BTS n BTS
FUNCTION OF BTS -I
Transmit and receive signals from MS over air interface Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna Transcoding and rate adaption Functionality Time and frequency synchronization signals transmission. Transcoding to bring 13 Kbps speech to data rate of 16 Kbps and combining four of these signals to 64 Kbps. As these channels are to be mapped on PCM voice channels on A-bis interface.
For BSNL internal circulation only
TRANSCODER
This device takes 13 kbps speech adds additional synchronisation data to bring upto level of 16 kbps. Four channels are combined in transcoder to provide 64 kbps channel within bss. O/p data rate of transcoder is 64 kbps. 30 such 64 kbps channels are multiplexed on to 2.048 MBPS on A-bis CHANNEL. This carries 120 speech and control signals.
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-I
It is connected to BTS at one side and MSC on other side. Radio resource management for cells under its control. Asigns frequencies and timeslots to MS in its area. Inter-cell handover (INTRA BSS) Reallocation of frequencies to the BTSs in its area. Power control of BTS and MS
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-II
Time delay measurement of the received signals from MS with respect to BTS clock. Performs traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from BSC to MSC. Provides the time and frequency synchronization signal broadcasted by BTS.
Traffic Path
F
VLR
D C HLR E AUC
EIR
MSC
Other MSC
(PSTN)
(BSS)
MSC Functions - I
Paging, specifically call handling Location updation Handover management Billing for all subscribers based in its area. Handles different identities and numbers related to MS. Identities are used in interface part of MS and MSC and Numbers in fixed part of network. Transfer encryption parameters from VLR to BSS and MS for carrying out ciphering.
For BSNL internal circulation only
Permanent data in HLR IMSI, MS-ISDN number. Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not ) Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ). Supplementary services like call forwarding
ki1 ki2
Kc
Algorithm for Ciphering A8 Algorithm for Authenticatio n A3
SRES RAND
HLR
ki3
GSM
EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER ( EIR )
This data base stores IMEI for all registered mobile equipments . IMEI is unique identity of Mobile Equipment. Only one EIR per PLMN. Three classes of Mobile Equipments stored in EIR are White list : IMEI, assigned to valid ME. Black list : IMEI reported stolen Gray list: IMEI having problems like faulty software, wrong make of equipment etc.
For BSNL internal circulation only
INTERWORKING FUNCTION
It provide the Interfacing Capability to Data N/Ws. IWF. A part of MSC, provides the subscriber with access to data rate and protocol conversion facilities so that data can be transmitted between GSM Data Terminal Equipment ( DTE ) and a land line DTE.
ECHO CANCELER(EC)
It is used on PSTN side of MSC for all voice calls. It is required to reduce the effect of GSM delay( Echo) when mobile is connected to PSTN circuit. It cancels delay of the order of 70 ms.
The centralized operation of the various units in the system and functions needed to maintain the subsystems. Dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network
Functions Of OMC
Functions -O&M data function -Configuration management -Fault report and alarm handling -Performance supervision/management