Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 62

E2-E3

CONSUMER MOBILITY Cellular Concepts & GSM Architecture


For BSNL internal circulation only

WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E2-E3 Consumer Mobility Module for the Topic: Cellular Concepts & GSM Architecture Eligibility: Those who have got the Upgradation from E2 to E3. This presentation is last updated on 27-03-2011. You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to see this topic.
For BSNL internal circulation only

Learning Objective
Define cell, cluster Characteristics of cellular system Understand ways in better communication Various subsystems of GSM Network GSM Architecture GSM network structure Functions of mobile station Radio subsystem Network and switching subsystems Operation and maintenance center

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM Antenna

A single antenna can transmit all the GSM carriers in a city


For BSNL internal circulation only

Capacity of the system


Extract from Traffic Table - Erlang B Model
Number of Access Channels GoS 0.5% 1.0% 2%

5 10 20 33 50 56 99 100

1.13 3.96 11.1 21.5 36.0 41.2 80.0 80.9

1.36 4.46 12.0 22.9 37.9 43.3 84.1 85.0

1.66 5.08 13.2 24.6 40.3 45.9 87.0 88.0

For BSNL internal circulation only

Capacity of the system


TRUNKING EFFICIENCY GoS 2%

Sr.No

Number of Access Channels

Erlang Capacity

Number of users served

1 2 3 4 5

5 10 20 50 100

1.66 5.08 13.2 40.3 88.0


For BSNL internal circulation only

16 50 132 403 880

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

2
7 1 6 5 4 3

GIVEN FREQ. RESOURCE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A CLUSTER OF CELLS
For BSNL internal circulation only

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS


2 7 1 3 7
R

2
D

3 1 4 5

Given Freq Resource

4
5

12 3 456 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern N=7

Frequency Reuse

N=7

For BSNL internal circulation only

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS


WHAT IS A CELL ? A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF channels is called a Cell. Or it is the area as seen by a mobile station. OR Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas. Each cell covers a limited number of mobile subscribers within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area) Typical Cell Radius Approx = 15 Km (Start up), 1 KM (Mature)
For BSNL internal circulation only

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

WHAT IS A CLUSTER ? A cluster is group of cells. Frequencies are nor reused in a cluster. The cluster is then repeated and the frequencies are reused and system capacity is increased. Typical cluster size is 4 or 7 cells.

For BSNL internal circulation only

Features of Digital Cellular Systems:


Small cells Frequency reuse Small, battery-powered handsets Performance of handovers Interference between cells

For BSNL internal circulation only

Cell clustering
There will be interference between the cells using same frequency. To reduce co-channel interference below the acceptable level, the co-channel cells must be set far apart. Number of cells in a cluster is denoted by K, also called as frequency reuse factor. K=i+j+i*j where i and j are integers.
For BSNL internal circulation only

CO-CHL INTERFERENCE
Co Chl Interference is a Function of Q

Q = D /R = 3K

Higher Q Lower Q

Reduced Co-Chl Interference Increased Co-Chl Interference

For BSNL internal circulation only

Capacity/Performance Trade-offs
If K increases, then performance increases If K increases, then call capacity decreases per cell. R If K decreases, then performance decreases If K decreases, then call capacity increases per cell.

For BSNL internal circulation only

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS


An Example Assume Number of Voice Channels = 395, Average Call Duration = 2 Minutes , GoS = 2% Using Traffic Tables we get :

Freq Voice Reuse Chls/Cell Pattern

Calls/Cell/hour S/I dB

4 7 12

99 56 33

2610 1376 739


For BSNL internal circulation only

14 18.7 28.3

CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT COUNTER MEASURES


Power Control Channel Coding Interleaving Equalization Slow Frequency Hopping Antenna Diversity

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM ARCHITECTURE

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM Various subsystems


Network Subsystem Includes the equipments and functions related to end-to-end call. Radio Subsystem Includes the equipments and functions related to the management of the connections on the radio path. Operations and Maintenance subsystem Includes the operation and maintenance of GSM equipment for the radio and network interface.

For BSNL internal circulation only

Network Architecture
1 MSC=16 BSC
1 BSC=1024 TRU
HLR

OSS

(
PSTN ISDN

B T S B T S

BSC BSC
A-bis interface

MSC VLR

Data Networks

A Interface
B T S

Air interface

MSC VLR

BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM.ss

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM ARCHITECTURE
Voice/Data-Circuit
PSTN

BSC

BTS BTS

GMSC

MSC

VLR

HLR

EIR

BSC

BTS BTS

AUC

Netowrk Management

BTS

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM ARCHITECTURE
A Um
SIM ME

Abis
BTS

BSC

HLR

VLR

OMC

MSC BSC BTS EIR AuC


PSTN ISDN PSPDN CSPDN

Mobile Station

Base Station Subsystem

Network Subsystem

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM Network Structure


GSM Service Area: Total area served by the combination of all member countries where a mobile can be served. PLMN Service Area: It is one N/W area. MSC Service Area: There can many MSC/VLR in one PLMN area . It is one Mobile Exch. Area. GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be routed through GMSC. Call connections between PLMNs , or to fixed N/Ws must be routed to a GMSC. The GMSC contains the Inter working functions to make these connections.

For BSNL internal circulation only

LOCATION AREA
There are several LA in a MSC/VLR combination A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. Within a LA a paging message is broadcast in order to find the called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system using the LAI.

For BSNL internal circulation only

CELL
A cell is an identity served by one BTS. It is area of Transmission/Reception between MS and BTS. The MS distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATION IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast over the air.

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM

PLMN Service Area

MSC I

VLR

II MSC
VLR

III MSC

VLR IV MSC VLR


V

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM

MSC Service Area

LA2 LA1 VLR MSC LA3

LA4

LA6 LA5

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM

Cells
LA2 LA3

LA1
VLR LA4 MSC LA5 C 1 C6 C 5 C 2 C3 LA6

C4
C=CELL

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM Relation between areas in GSM

Location Area Cell Location Area MSC Service Area PLMN Service Area GSM Service Area
For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM LA Coding

MCC 3 digit

MN C 3 digit
LAI

LAC 2 Octets

MCC:Mobile Country Code, MNC: Mobile N/W Code, LAC: Location Area Code
For BSNL internal circulation only

FUNCTIONS OF MOBILE STATION


Voice and data transmission Frequency and time synchronization. Monitoring of power and signal quality of the Serving & surrounding cells. Provision of location updates even during inactive state. Equalization of multi path distortions.

For BSNL internal circulation only

Mobile Equipment
Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held Mobile equipment is identified by unique IMEI(International Mobile equipment Identity) Shall display at least last ten received, dialled and missed calls Should Have Minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby time of 80 hrs 160 characters long SMS

For BSNL internal circulation only

SIM Card
Subscribers Identity module Has Unique Subscribers ID:IMSI and ISDN PIN( Personal Identification Number) Key Ki ( Authentication key) , Kc (Cipheringkey) and A3, A5 and A8 algorithms SIM has CPU, ROM, RAM and EPROM

For BSNL internal circulation only

Mobile Identification Numbers


IMEI MSISDN IMSI TMSI MSRN

For BSNL internal circulation only

MSISDN
Mobile Subscribers ISDN Number The MSISDN is registered in the telephone directory and used by the calling party for dialing. IT Is consists of MCC-Mobile country Code NDS-Network Destination Code--Give Routing Information to reach HLR N(S)N--National Significant Number
1 to 3 digits CC Variable NDC
N(S)N
For BSNL internal circulation only

Variable

SN

IMSI

International mobile subscribers Identity The IMSI is an unique identity assigned to each authorized GSM User. The IMSI is stored on the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR and AUC database.

For BSNL internal circulation only

IMSI
3 digits MCC 3 digits MNC Not more than 9 digits MSIN

IMSI : Not more than 15 digits


MCC--Mobile Country Code, (ITU)

MNCMobile Network National Code, assigned by Administration(DOT).

Mobile station Identification Number. It identifies the subs. In a PLMN. First 3 digit identifies the Logical HLR-id of Mobile subs.(Operator)
For BSNL internal circulation only

TMSI
Temporary Mobile subscribers Identity It is MSC/VLR specific alias designed to maintain user confidentiality. The VLR assigns a TMSI to each mobile subscribers entering the VLR area. Assigned only after successful authentication. TMSI changes on location update

For BSNL internal circulation only

MSRN
Mobile Station Roaming Number MSRN--is a temporary identity which is assigned during the establishment of a I/C call to a roaming subs. The MSRN is used in the HLR to set up a connection to the visited MSC/VLR. It is assigned on demand by HLR on per call basis.
CC NDC SN

CC--Country Code, NDC--National Destination Code, SN-- Subs. No.


For BSNL internal circulation only

RADIO /BASE STATION SUB SYSTEM (RSS) /BSS

MSC/VLR

BSC BSC

BSC

RSS
n BTS n BTS

For BSNL internal circulation only

Base Station System


It is set of BTS equipments and BSC as seen by MSC through A interface. BSS may be composed of one or more cells(BTS). The interface between BTS and BSC is A-bis interface. BSS is composed by BTS and BSC. BTS serves one cell and controlled by BSC. BTS handles 1 to 12 carriers and serves 8 to 90 subscribers simultaneously.

For BSNL internal circulation only

FUNCTION OF BTS -I
Transmit and receive signals from MS over air interface Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna Transcoding and rate adaption Functionality Time and frequency synchronization signals transmission. Transcoding to bring 13 Kbps speech to data rate of 16 Kbps and combining four of these signals to 64 Kbps. As these channels are to be mapped on PCM voice channels on A-bis interface.
For BSNL internal circulation only

FUNCTION OF BTS -II


Timing Advance is determined by BSC and BTS signals MS for proper Timing Advance. Frequency hopping Random access detection and sending it to BSC for channel assignment. Uplink radio channel measurements corresponding to Downlink measurement made by MS.

For BSNL internal circulation only

TRANSCODER
This device takes 13 kbps speech adds additional synchronisation data to bring upto level of 16 kbps. Four channels are combined in transcoder to provide 64 kbps channel within bss. O/p data rate of transcoder is 64 kbps. 30 such 64 kbps channels are multiplexed on to 2.048 MBPS on A-bis CHANNEL. This carries 120 speech and control signals.

For BSNL internal circulation only

FUNCTIONS OF BSC-I
It is connected to BTS at one side and MSC on other side. Radio resource management for cells under its control. Asigns frequencies and timeslots to MS in its area. Inter-cell handover (INTRA BSS) Reallocation of frequencies to the BTSs in its area. Power control of BTS and MS

For BSNL internal circulation only

FUNCTIONS OF BSC-II
Time delay measurement of the received signals from MS with respect to BTS clock. Performs traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from BSC to MSC. Provides the time and frequency synchronization signal broadcasted by BTS.

For BSNL internal circulation only

Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)


SS7 Signaling

Traffic Path
F

VLR

D C HLR E AUC

EIR

MSC

Other MSC

(PSTN)
(BSS)

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM MSC ( MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE)


Manages communication between GSM users & users of other network Call setup functions, basic switching are done by MSC. MSC takes into account the impact of RRs allocation and mobile nature of User in addition to normal exchange functions. MSC performs Switching function for all mobiles located in MSC service area.

For BSNL internal circulation only

MSC Functions - I
Paging, specifically call handling Location updation Handover management Billing for all subscribers based in its area. Handles different identities and numbers related to MS. Identities are used in interface part of MS and MSC and Numbers in fixed part of network. Transfer encryption parameters from VLR to BSS and MS for carrying out ciphering.
For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM MSC Functions - II


Echo canceller operation control
Signaling interface to databases like HLR, VLR. Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and subscribers Handle interworking function while working as GMSC
For BSNL internal circulation only

VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)-I


It is collocated with MSC. It constitute database that support the MSC in storage and retrieval of subscribers data It controls mobiles roaming in its area. VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA. VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area. VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing.

For BSNL internal circulation only

Data Stored in VLR


The data is present in VLR as long as MS is registered in area associated with it. So called as Dynamic or temporary database. VLR Stores following data IMSI & TMSI MSISDN MSRN. Location Area Supplementary service parameters MS category Authentication Key
For BSNL internal circulation only

Home Location Register(HLR)-I


It constitute database that permanently store data related to given set of subscribers. It is a reference database for subscribers parameter. It stores various identification numbers and address, authentication parameters, services subscribed and special routing information. Current subscriber status and associated VLR. Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an MSC. One PLMN may contain one or several HLR. It stores SMS gateway identification till SMS is delivered to MS.

For BSNL internal circulation only

Home Location Register(HLR)-II

Permanent data in HLR IMSI, MS-ISDN number. Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not ) Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ). Supplementary services like call forwarding

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM Home Location Register(HLR)-III


Temporary data in HLR The data changes from call to call & is dynamic MSRN RAND /SRES and Kc VLR address, MSC address. Messages waiting data used for SMS

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM AUTHENTICATION CENTRE (AUC )-I


AUC is a separate entity but physically included in HLR Protect communication through air interface against intruders . Authentication (Ki) and ciphering (Kc) keys are stored in this data base. Keys change randomly with each call Keys are never transmitted to MS on air but Only calculated response are sent.

For BSNL internal circulation only

AUTHENTICATION & ENCRIPTION


AUC
Database
IMSI1 IMSI2 IMSI3

ki1 ki2

Kc
Algorithm for Ciphering A8 Algorithm for Authenticatio n A3

SRES RAND

HLR

Kc 64 bits SRES 32 bits RAND

ki3

Generation of Random Number RAND

For BSNL internal circulation only

GSM
EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER ( EIR )
This data base stores IMEI for all registered mobile equipments . IMEI is unique identity of Mobile Equipment. Only one EIR per PLMN. Three classes of Mobile Equipments stored in EIR are White list : IMEI, assigned to valid ME. Black list : IMEI reported stolen Gray list: IMEI having problems like faulty software, wrong make of equipment etc.
For BSNL internal circulation only

INTERWORKING FUNCTION

It provide the Interfacing Capability to Data N/Ws. IWF. A part of MSC, provides the subscriber with access to data rate and protocol conversion facilities so that data can be transmitted between GSM Data Terminal Equipment ( DTE ) and a land line DTE.

For BSNL internal circulation only

ECHO CANCELER(EC)

It is used on PSTN side of MSC for all voice calls. It is required to reduce the effect of GSM delay( Echo) when mobile is connected to PSTN circuit. It cancels delay of the order of 70 ms.

For BSNL internal circulation only

Operations and Maintenance Centre(OMC)

The centralized operation of the various units in the system and functions needed to maintain the subsystems. Dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network

For BSNL internal circulation only

Functions Of OMC
Functions -O&M data function -Configuration management -Fault report and alarm handling -Performance supervision/management

-Storage of system software and data


For BSNL internal circulation only

For BSNL internal circulation only

Вам также может понравиться