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Standard 1159-95
Typical Duration
Less than 1 cycle
Types
Oscillatory, Impulsive Sags, Swells, Interruptions Undervoltages, Overvoltages, Sustained Interruptions
2 - Short Duration Variations 1/2 cycles to 1 minute 3 - Long Duration Variations Over 1 minute 4 - Voltage Imbalance Steady state
5 - Waveform Distortion
6 - Voltage Fluctuations 7 - Frequency Variations
Steady state
Intermittent Less than 10 s
Harmonics, Notching
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Customer Utility
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VTHD=
V
V1
2
ITHD=
I
I1
2
2 h
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Harmonic Distortion
By definition, Waveform Distortion is a Steady State phenomenon. Sound and Electrical waveforms follow the same rules. The Sinusoidal wave is like a tuning fork, or a single note - the distorted wave form is like a chord on a piano.
SINUSOIDAL CURRENT
DISTORTED CURRENT
The easiest way to define a distorted waveform is by breaking it down into its component frequencies... SQ U ARE
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The Fourier Transform breaks down a periodic wave into its component frequencies.
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Fundamental (in US) is usually 50 Hz. In this case, other components are multiples of 50; e.g.: 150, 250, 350, etc.
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Harmonic Components:
Large 1st Harmonic (fundamental) Smaller 5th Harmonic Slightly larger 7th Harmonic
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THD in SMS
Magnitude of harmonic distortion is measured by the Total Harmonic Distortion, or THD THD is the sum of the harmonic components divided by the fundamental component
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Distorted Current
Non-Linear Load
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10 kVA
Tr
100 kVA
Tr
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kVA
kW
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kVAr
Displacement Angle?
800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800
Current
Voltage
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-.851
AMMETER (A) VOLTMETER, L-L (V) VOLTMETER, L-N (V) WATTMETER (W) VARMETER (VAr) VA METER (VA) POWER FACTOR METER FREQUENCY METER (Hz) DEMAND AMMETER (A) DEMAND POWER (W) DEMAND POWER (VA) WATTHOUR METER VARHOUR METER THD, CURRENT (%) THD, VOLTAGE (%) K-FACTOR [CT Primary] [PT Primary] [Sys. Type] [Dmd. Int.] [WH/Pulse] [Address] [Baud Rate] [Nom. Freq.] [Reset] [Reset] [Reset] [Reset] [Reset] [Rst. Min/Max] [Set Password] [Accept]
Kilo Mega
PHASE [Enter]
MODE
[Setup]
PowerL o g i c
CIRCUIT MONITOR SQUARE D
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Characteristic Signatures
T y pe of Lo ad S in g le P h a se P o w e r S u p p ly T y p ica l W a v e form C u rre n t D istortio n 80% (h ig h 3 rd ) h ig h 2 n d , 3 rd , 4 th a t p a rtia l lo a d s W e ig h tin g F a c tor (W i) 2 .5
S e m ico n v e rte r
2 .5
6 P u lse C o n v e rte r, ca p a citiv e sm o o th in g , n o se rie s in d u c ta n ce 6 P u lse C o n v e rte r, ca p a citiv e sm o o th in g w ith se rie s in d u c ta n ce > 3 % , o r d c d riv e 6 P u lse C o n v e rte r w ith la rg e in d u c to r fo r c u rre n t sm o o th in g
80%
40%
28%
0 .8
1 2 P u lse C o n v e rte r
15%
0 .5
A C V o lta g e R e g u la to r
0 .7
F lu o re sc e n t L ig h tin g
17%
0 .5
copyright
IEEE 1996
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Office Equipment
Characteristics Utilize switch-mode power supplies Current THD = 70% to 90% Displacement PF near unity Power Quality Issues Neutral current overloading Transformer heating Sag ride-through
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DC Drives
Characteristics Controlled rectifier front-end Current THD about 30% Can have poor displacement PF Power Quality Issues Voltage distortion, especially notching Transformer loading
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DC Motor Drive
Motor Voltage & Current
Characteristics Controlled rectifier front-end Current THD about 30% Poor displacement PF at low speeds Power Quality Issues Voltage distortion, especially notching Transformer loading
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700
600
Voltage (V)
500
0.500 400
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000
Time (mS)
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AC (PWM) Drives
Characteristics of Pulse-Width Modulation Drive PWMs operate with uncontrolled rectifier High current THD (can be over 100%) Poor true PF, unity dPF Power Quality Issues Susceptible to capacitor switching transients Transformer loading
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%-Fund.
THD provides an indication of the degree to which a voltage or current signal is distorted.
THD = 98%
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SW I TC H M O DE D C /D C R E G U LA T0 R
R E C TI FI ER
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DC Bus Wye
AC Line
Delta
Delta
Effect of Harmonics
Motor and Generators - Increased heating due to Iron & Copper losses at the harmonic
frequencies - Pulsating and reduced torque's (refusal of starting or increased slip)
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Transformer Heating
Transformers deliver full rated voltage and current [only] with approximately sinusoidal, balanced voltages, and current THD less than 5%.
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Derate Transformers
Equal Heating
Phase C Current
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Ih
100.0 65.8 43.6 20.3 7.0 0.6 2.6 3.0 1.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.6
I h (pu)
1.000 0.658 0.436 0.203 0.070 0.006 0.026 0.030 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.006
2 Ih 1.0000 0.4330 0.1901 0.0412 0.0049 0.0000 0.0007 0.0009 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 1.6714
2 2 Ih h 1.000 3.897 4.752 2.019 0.397 0.004 0.114 0.203 0.094 0.029 0.044 0.064 0.023 12.640
Denotes sum of
Sum of squares of per-unit harmonic currents Current magnitude in per unit Magnitude of harmonic current, amps) Harmonic number (evens usually not significant)
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Derating Transformers
Eddy Current Loss Factor (PECR) 1000 kVA Dry Transformer Derating Example Dry Transformers Percent Loss % Previous slide indicated K Factor is 3-8 1000 kVA K = 7.6, From table PECR= 8% (.08) 12-20 1500 kVA, 5kV HV
9-15 Percent Loss % 1 1-5 9-15
Oil Filled Transformers 2500 kVA, 480V,LV > 1500 kVA 5000 kVA > 5000 kVA, kVA
1 + K * PECR = % Capacity
% Capacity = 80 % (.80) Old kVA* % Capacity = New kVA
1 + PECR
** in table above, always assume the worse case use the maximum values
Effect of Harmonics
Power cables - Cables involved in system resonance may be subjected to voltage
stress and corona, which can lead to insulation breakdown - Causes Cable Derating, Nonsinusoidal current in a conductor causes additional heating, amplifying the I2 Rac loss.
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Neutral Overloading
Usually caused by electronic office equipment in a building with three-phase service Neutral currents may be higher than phase wire current Neutrals have no overcurrent protection
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L2 3.L2
L3 3.L3 L1 L2 L3
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Neutral Current?
Electronic Loads
Phase A (72 Amps)
?
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Neutral Current
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Transformer Heating
Option 1: Derate
Using known transformer eddy-current losses Approximating eddycurrent losses
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Utility System
1500 kVA 6%
Customer Transformer
Isolation Transformer
250kVA 4%
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Other Loads
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Conclusions
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If ASD load in plant exceeds suggested percentage of transformer rating or if power factor correction is needed, harmonic filters should be considered. Neutral conductors in 3-phase, 4-wire circuits should be rated at 170% of the maximum line current (especially in office partitions). Neutral conductors in fluorescent lighting circuits should be rated for maximum line current.
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