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Elementary Trigonometry
CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL
1 Definitions.
(1) Angle : The motion of any revolving line in a plane from its initial position
3.
Terminal side
(initial side) to the final position (terminal side) is called angle. The end point O about which the line rotates is called the vertex of the angle. (2) Measure of an angle : The measure of an angle is the amount of
1. 4.
IN ITI
2.
rotation from the initial side to the terminal side. (3) Sense of an angle : The sense of an angle is
7. 8. 5.
Positive angle 9.
determined by the direction of rotation of the initial side into the terminal side. The sense of an angle is said to be positive or negative according as the initial side rotates in anticlockwise or clockwise direction to get the terminal side.
11.
10.
6.
Page No:2
(4)
Right angle : If the revolving ray starting from its initial position to final position describes one
quarter of a circle. Then we say that the measure of the angle formed is a right angle. (5) Quadrants: Let X ' OX and YOY ' be two lines at right angles in the
II quadrant
Y
I quadrant
plane of the paper. These lines divide the plane of paper into four equal parts. Which are known as quadrants. The lines X ' OX and YOY ' are known as x-axis and y-axis. These two lines taken together are known as the co-ordinate axes. (6)
X
O
IV quadrant
III quadrant
Angle in standard position : An angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex conicides
with the origin O and the initial side coincides with OX i.e., the positive direction of x-axis. (7) Angle in a quadrant : An angle is said to be in a particular quadrant if the terminal side of the
angle in standard position lies in that quadrant. (8) Quadrant angle: An angle is said to be a quadrant angle if the terminal side coincides with one of
the axes.
(2)
Centesimal or French system : It is also known as French system, here a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts called grades and each grade is divided into 100 equal parts, called minutes and each minute is further divided into 100 seconds. Therefore, 1 right angle = 100 grades (= 100 g ) 1 grade = 100 minutes (= 100 ' ) 1 minute = 100 seconds (= 100 ' ' )
Page No:3
(3)
Circular system : In this system the unit of measurement is radian. One radian, written
as 1 c , is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle. Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O. Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc AP whose length is equal to the radius r of the circle. Then by the definition the measure of AOP is 1 radian (= 1c ) .
13.
P A
1o =
Do =
D right angles 90
q =
..(i)
Again,
1 radian =
R radians =
q =
..(ii)
and
1 grade =
G grades =
q =
..(iii)
D G 2R = = 90 100
This is the required relation between the three systems of measurement of an angle.
Note
: q One radian =
Page No:4
15. A 14. r
Sectorial area : Let OAB be a sector having central angle q C and radius r. Then area of the sector
OAB is given by
1 2 r . 2
Important Tips
F The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is 30 (= p/6 radians). The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30
o o
in one hour. F The minute hand rotate through an angle of 6 in one minute.
o
tan q =
cot q =
sec q =
cosec q =
(1) Relation between trigonometric ratio (function) (i) sin q .co sec q = 1 (iii) cos q . sec q = 1 (ii) tan q . cot q = 1 (iv) tan q =
sin q cos q
(v) cot q =
cos q sin q
(2) Fundamental trigonometric identities (i) sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 (ii) 1 + tan 2 q = sec 2 q (iii) 1 + cot 2 q = cosec 2q
Page No:5
Important Tips
F If x = sec q + tan q , then
1 = sec q - tan q . x 1 = cosec q - cot q . x
(3) Sign of trigonometrical ratios or functions : Their signs depends on the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle lies. (i) In first quadrant : x > 0, y > 0 sin q =
y x y r > 0, cos q = > 0, tan q = > 0, cosec q = > 0 , r r x y
sec q =
r x > 0 and cot q = > 0 . Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometric functions are positive. x y
y x y r > 0, cos q = < 0, tan q = < 0, cosec q = > 0, r r x y
sec q =
r x < 0 and cot q = < 0 . Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec function are positive and x y
all others are negative. (iii) In third quadrant : x < 0, y < 0 sin q =
y x y r < 0, cos q = < 0, tan q = > 0, cosec q = < 0 , r r x y
sec q =
r x < 0 and cot q = > 0 . Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative x y
II quadrant S x < 0, y > 0 sin and O cosec III quadrant T x < 0, y < 0 tan and
cos q =
and cot q =
In brief : A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical ratio in different quadrant. "Add Sugar To Coffee".
Page No:6
Important Tips
F F F First determine the sign of the trigonometric function. If q is measured from X OX i.e., {(p q, 2p q)} then retain the original name of the function.
3p p If q is measured from Y OY i.e., q , q , then change sine to cosine, cosine to sine, tangent to cotangent, cot to 2 2
quadrants : Let X ' OX and YOY ' be the coordinate axes. Draw a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity. Let M (x , y ) be a point on the circle such that AOM = q then x = cos q and y = sin q ; - 1 cos q 1 and - 1 sin q 1 for all values of q . II-Quadrant (S)
sin q decreases from 1 to 0 cos q decreases from 0 to 1 tan q increases from to 0 cot q decreases from 0 to sec q increases from to 1 cosec q increases from 1 to
I-Quadrant (A)
M (x, y ) Xy 17.
16.
1.2
18. x N
1.1
19.
B(0,
Y
sin q increases from 0 to 1 cos q decreases from 1 to 0 tan q increases from 0 to cot q decreases from to 0 sec q increases from 1 to cosec q decreases from to 1
III-Quadrant (T)
decreases from 0 to 1
IV-Quadrant (C)
sin q increases from 1 to 0 cos q increases from 0 to 1 tan q increases from to 0 cot q decreases from 0 to
q decreases from 1 to
cosec q increases from to 1
Page No:7
Note : q +
and are two symbols. These are not real number. When we say that tanq
p p it means that tan q increases in the interval 0, 2 2 p . Similarly for other trigonometric functions. 2
P (x, y)
A
that OP ' = OP . Clearly M and M coincide and DOMP is congruent to DOMP ' then P ' are (x, y).
sin(-q ) = -y -y x = - sin q ; cos(-q ) = = cos q ; r r r tan( -q ) = -y = - tan q x
Note :
q A function f (x ) is said to be an even function if f (- x ) = f (x ) for all x in its domain q A function f (x ) is said to be an odd function if f (- x ) = - f (x ) for all x in its domain. q sin q , tan q , cot q , cosec q are odd functions and cos q , sec q are even functions.
(2) Trigonometric function of (90 q ) : Let the revolving line, starting from OA, trace out any acute angle AOP, equal to q. From any point P, draw PM ^ to OA. Three angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles, and since OMP is a right angle, the sum of the two angles MOP and OPM is right angle. OPM = 90 o - q [When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM is the base and MO is the perpendicular]
Page No:8
P
MO sin(90 o - q ) = sin MPO = = cos AOP = cos q PO cos(90 o - q ) = cos MPO = PM = sin AOP = sin q PO
,
90oq 90o
MO tan( 90 o - q ) = tan MPO = = cot AOP = cot q , PM cot(90 o - q ) = cot MPO = PM = tan AOP = tan q MO PO = sec AOP = sec q MO
(3) Trigonometric function of (90+q ) : Let a revolving ray OA starting from its initial poisiton OX, trace out an angle
XOA = q and let another revolving ray O A starting from
Y
A
A P (x, y ) q M Y X
(y, x) P
X
q O
the same initial position OX, first trace out an angle q. So as to coincide with OA and then it revolves through an angle of
90 o
in
anticlockwise
direction
to
form
an
angle
XOA ' = 90 o + q .
Let P and P ' be points on OA and OA ' respectively such that OP = OP ' = r . Draw perpendicular PM and PM ' from P and P ' respectively on OX . Let the coordinates of P be (x, y). Then OM = x and PM = y clearly, OM ' = PM = y and P ' M ' = OM = x . So the coordinates of P ' are y, x
sin(90 + q ) = M ' P' x = = cos q , OP ' r
M ' P' x -x = = = - cot q OM ' - y y
cos(90 + q ) =
tan( 90 + q ) =
cot(90 + q ) = - tan q
sec(90 + q ) = -cosec q
cosec(90 + q ) = sec q
Page No:9
( - )
(90 q) or
( 90 + )
(180 - )
(180 + ) (270 - )
(270 + )
( 360 - )
or or
- 2
( - )
or
( + )
or
3 - 2
or
3 + 2
or
(2 - )
+ 2
sinq cosq
sinq cosq
cosq sinq
cos q
sinq cosq
sinq cosq
cosq sinq
cos q sinq
sinq cosq
sinq
tan q
tanq
cotq
cotq
tanq
tanq
cotq
cotq
tanq
Important Tips
F F
sin n p = 0, cos n p = (-1)n
cos q , if n is odd
sin q , if n is odd
q
sinq cosq tanq
0 0 1 0
p/6
1/2
3 /2 1/ 3
p/4
1/ 2 1/ 2
p/3
3 /2
p/2
1 0
p
0 1 0
3p/2 1 0
2p 0 1 0
1/2
3
Page No:10
cosq
tanq
tan q
cotq
1
2
secq
sec 2 q - 1 sec q
cosecq
1 co sec q
1 - cos 2 q
1 + tan q
1 + cot q
2
cot q 1 + cot 2 q
cosq
1 - cos 2 q cos q cos q 1 - cos q
2
1 + tan 2 q
1 sec q
cosec 2q - 1 cosec q 1
tanq
sin q 1 - sin q
2
tanq
1 tan q
1 cot q
sec q - 1
2
cosec 2q - 1
cot q
1 - sin 2 q sin q
cosec 2q - 1
cotq
1 + cot 2 q cot q
sec q - 1
2
secq
1 1 - sin q
2
1 cos q
1 1 - cos 2 q
1 + tan 2 q
secq
sec q
cosec q cosec 2q - 1
cosec
1 sin q
1 + tan 2 q tan q
1 + cot q
2
sec 2 q - 1
cosecq
Important Tips
F Values for some standard angles sin 15 o = cos 75 o = 3 -1 2 2
sin 18 o = cos 72 o = 5 -1 4
cos 15 o = sin 75 o =
3 +1 2 2
tan 15 o = cot 75 o = 2 - 3
cos 36 o = sin 54 o =
5 +1 4
;
2+ 2 2
tan 75 o = cot 15 o = 2 + 3
sin 22
1o 1o = cos 67 = 2 2
2- 2 , 2
cos 22
1o 1o = sin 67 = 2 2
; cot 22
1o 1o = tan 67 = 2 2
2 +1
tan 22
1o 1o = cot 67 = 2 -1 2 2
Page No:11
9 Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and Differences of Two Angles.
(1) sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (3) cos( A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B (5) tan( A + B) =
tan A + tan B 1 - tan A tan B cot A cot B - 1 cot A + cot B
(2) sin( A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B (4) cos( A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (6) tan( A - B) =
tan A - tan B 1 + tan A tan B cot A cot B + 1 cot B - cot A
(7) cot( A + B) =
(8) cot( A - B) =
(9) sin( A + B). sin( A - B) = sin 2 A - sin 2 B = cos 2 B - cos 2 A (10) cos( A + B). cos( A - B) = cos 2 A - sin 2 B = cos 2 B - sin 2 A (11) tan A tan B =
sin A sin B sin A cos B cos A sin B sin( A B) = = cos A cos B cos A cos B cos A. cos B sin(B A) sin A. sin B
p A np , B m p + 2
p A np + , B m p 2
10 Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and Differences of Three Angles.
(1) sin( A + B + C ) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C - sin A sin B sin C or sin ( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C(tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A. tan B. tan C ) (2) cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C - sin A sin B cos C - sin A cos B sin C - cos A sin B sin C
cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C(1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A)
(3) tan( A + B + C ) =
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C 1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A
cot A cot B cot C - cot A - cot B - cot C cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C. cot A - 1
(5) sin( A1 + A 2 + ...... + A n ) = cos A1 cos A 2 ..... cos A n (S 1 - S 3 + S 5 - S 7 + ...) (6) cos( A1 + A 2 + .... + A n ) = cos A1 cos A 2 ... cos A n (1 - S 2 + S 4 - S 6 ....) (7) tan( A1 + A 2 + ..... + A n ) =
S 1 - S 3 + S 5 - S 7 + .... 1 - S 2 + S 4 - S 6 + ....
Where; S 1 = tan A 1 + tan A 2 + .... + tan A n = The sum of the tangents of the separate angles.
Page No:12
S 2 = tan A1 tan A 2 + tan A1 tan A 3 + .... = The sum of the tangents taken two at a time. S 3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ... = Sum of tangents three at a time, and so on.
If A1 = A 2 = .... = A n = A, then
(8) sin nA = cos n A(n C1 tan A - n C 3 tan 3 A + n C 5 tan 5 A - ....) (9) cos nA = cos n A(1 - n C 2 tan 2 A + n C 4 tan 4 A - ...) (10) tan nA =
C1 tan A - n C 3 tan 3 A + n C 5 tan 5 A - .... 1 - n C 2 tan 2 A + n C 4 tan 4 A - n C 6 tan 6 A + ...
n
(11) sin nA + cos nA = cosn A(1 +nC1 tan A -nC2 tan 2 A -nC3 tan 3 A +nC4 tan 4 A +nC5 tan 5 A -nC6 tan 6 A - .....) (12) sin nA - cos nA = cos n A(-1 + n C1 tan A + n C 2 tan 2 A - n C 3 tan 3 A - n C 4 tan 4 A + n C 5 tan 5 A + n C 6 tan 6 A...) (13) sin(a ) + sin(a + b ) + sin(a + 2 b ) + ..... + sin(a + (n - 1)b ) =
sin{a + (n - 1) (b / 2)}. sin(n b / 2) sin( b / 2)
b b cos a + (n - 1) . sin n 2 2 (14) cos(a ) + cos(a + b ) + cos(a + 2 b ) + .... + cos(a + (n - 1)b ) = b sin 2
(2) 2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B) - sin( A - B) (4) 2 sin A sin B = cos( A - B) - cos( A + B)
Therefore, we find out the formulae to transform the sum or difference into product. (5) sin C + sin D = 2 sin
C+D C-D cos 2 2 C+D C-D cos 2 2
Page No:13
Important Tips
F
sin(60 o - q ). sin q sin(60 o + q) = 1 4 sin 3q
1 4
cos 3q
tan( 60
-q ). tan q tan( 60
+q ) = tan 3q
sin 2 n A cos A. cos 2 A. cos 2 2 A. cos 2 3 A....... cos 2 n -1 A = n , if A = n p 2 sin A = 1, if A = 2n p = 1, if A = (2n + 1)p
(3) tan 2 A =
(4) sin 3 A = 3 sin A - 4 sin 3 A = 4 sin(60 o - A). sin A. sin(60 o + A) (5) cos 3 A = 4 cos 3 A - 3 cos A = 4 cos(60 o - A). cos A. cos(60 o + A) (6) tan 3 A =
3 tan A - tan 3 A = tan( 60 o - A). tan A. tan( 60 o + A) , where A n p + p / 6 2 1 - 3 tan A
(7) sin 4q = 4 sin q . cos 3 q - 4 cos q sin 3 q (8) cos 4q = 8 cos 4 q - 8 cos 2 q + 1 (9) tan 4q =
4 tan q - 4 tan 3 q 1 - 6 tan 2 q + tan 4 q
Page No:14
p
A + 2 A is 2 cos 2 is+v A 2 cos A 2
3p +, If 2n p - p / 4 A / 2 2n p + i.e., 4 -, otherwise
A A A A (2) sin - cos = 1 - sin A or (sin - cos ) = 1 - sin A 2 2 2 2
p 4
si A + A 2 is p n 2 co is si A 2 A n 2 co si A 2 is 2+ A n co A is si A 2 ve n 2 co 3p
5p +, If 2n p + p / 4 A / 2 2n p + i.e., 4 -, otherwise
A tan 2 A + 1 - 1 1 - cos A 1 - cos A = = = , 2 tan A 1 + cos A sin A
5p 4
7p 4
(ii) cot
(4) tan 2
(5) cot 2
Important Tips
F Any formula that gives the value of sin
A n p + (-1)n A in terms of sin A shall also give the value of sine of . 2 2 A 2n p A in terms of cos A shall also give the value of cos of . 2 2 A np A in terms of tan A shall also give the value of tan of . 2 2
Page No:15
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), then a 2 + b 2 = r 2 or, r = a 2 + b 2 \ a sin q + b cos q = r(sin q cos a + cos q sin a ) = r sin(q + a ) But - 1 sin q < 1 So, - 1 sin(q + a ) 1 ; Then - r r sin(q + a ) r Hence, - a 2 + b 2 a sin q + b cos q a 2 + b 2 Then the greatest and least values of a sin q + b cos q are respectively
a 2 + b 2 and - a 2 + b 2 .
Note :
q sin 2 x + cosec 2 x 2, for every real x. q cos 2 x + sec 2 x 2, for every real x.
tan( A + B + C ) =
n or sin( A + r - 1B) = r =1
F F
F F
Page No:16
All problems on conditional identities are broadly divided into the following three types 1. Identities involving sine and cosine of the multiple or sub-multiple of the angles involved
Working Method
Step (i) : Use C D formulae. Step (ii) : Use the given relation (A + B + C = p) in the expression obtained in step-(i) such that a factor can be taken common after using multiple angles formulae in the remaining term.
Page No:17
Step (iii) : Take the common factor outside. Step (iv) : Again use the given relation (A + B + C = p) within the bracket in such a manner so that we can apply C D formulae. Step (v) : Find the result according to the given options. 2. Identities involving squares of sine and cosine of multiple or sub-multiples of the angles involved
Working Method
Step (i) : Arrange the terms of the identity such that either sin 2 A - sin 2 B = sin( A + B). sin( A - B) or
cos 2 A - sin 2 B = cos( A + B). cos( A - B) can be used.
Step (ii) : Take the common factor outside. Step (iii) : Use the given relation ( A + B + C = p ) within the bracket in such a manner so that we can apply C D formulae. Step (iv) : Find the result according to the given options. 3. Identities for tangent and cotangent of the angles
Working Method
Step (i) : Express the sum of the two angles in terms of third angle by using the given relation
(A + B + C = p ) .
Step (ii) : Taking tangent or cotangent of the angles of both the sides. Step (iii) : Use sum and difference formulae in the left hand side. Step (iv) : Use cross multiplication in the expression obtained in the step (iii). Step (v) : Arrange the terms as per the result required. Important Tips
F Method of componendo and dividendo If
p a = , then by componendo and dividendo q b p+q a+b = p-q a-b
We can write
or
or
or
Page No:18
10 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS
1. Let a1, a2, , an be real constants, x be real variable and 1 1 1 f(x) = cos (a1 + x) + cos (a2 + x) + cos (a3 + x) + + n -1 cos (an + x). 2 4 2 Given that f(x1) = f(x2) = 0, prove that x2 x1 = mp for some integer m.
2.
3.
Show that the equation sin(x + a) = a sin 2x + b has four roots whose sum is equal to (2n + 1)p; where nz. Find the values of a and b such that 0 < a, b <p and satisfy the trigonometric equation cos a cosb 1 cos(a + b ) = . 8 Find the value of k(a > 0) such that the length of the longest interval in which the function p 1 1 f(x) = sin |sin kx| + cos (cos kx) is constant is . 4 In an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC, the bisector of angle B meets the side AC at D. Prove p that BC = AB + AD, if and only if triangle ABC is right angled triangle with A = . 2
4.
5.
6.
7.
a+b+c In a triangle ABC if r1 + r2 + r3 = s, then prove that 2 3D and hence show that 3 A B C 1 tan tan tan . 2 2 2 27
f(x, y, z) = cosx + cosy cosz, if x + y + z = p, then prove that 1 < f(x, y, z) < 3.
8.
9.
If in a triangle ABC, line joining the circumcentre and orthocentre is parallel to the side AC, then prove that tan A, tan B and tan C are in arithmetic progression. In a triangle the area D and the semiperimeters are fixed. Prove that the local extremum of a side is 2 2 a root of the equation sx (x s) + 4D = 0.
10.
Page No:19
(34 Days)
Estimated Days
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
2D - Geometry
Straight Lines Pair of Straight Lines
Differential Calculus
Functions
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability Differentiation Application of Differentiation Mean Value Theorems Monotonocity & Maxima & Minima of Functions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(27 Days) Co-ordinate System, DCs; DRs The Plane The Line Line & Plane
3D Geometry
5 8 8 6
Vector Algebra
L.C., L.I., L.D. Product of 2 Vectors Triple Product Application of Vectors
(22 Days) 6 6 6 4
155
Page No:20
(42 Days)
Estimated Days
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Integral Calculus
Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals Areas Differential Equations
(74 Days) Quadratic Equations & Expressions Matrices & Determinants Progressions Binomial Theorem Permutations & Combinations Probability Complex Numbers Total Number of Estimated Classes
Algebra