REMANUFACTURING THE ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING

REMANUFACTURING THE ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING

B.E.DISSERTATION

Submitted to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
.

By PRAKSHEP AMBADKAR (ENRL NOS. 09817152) Guide

Prof. M G WALECHA
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING P. R. POTE (PATIL) COLLEGE OF ENGINEEING & MANAGEMENT AMRAVATI 444 604 AUGUST 2012
P R POTE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

REMANUFACTURING THE ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING

P. R. POTE (PATIL) COLLEGE OF ENGINEEING & MANAGEMENT AMRAVATI 444 604 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the

dissertation entitled, REMANUFACTURING THE

ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING, which is being submitted herewith for the award of B.E., is the result of the work completed by PRAKSHEP AMBADKAR under my supervision and guidance within the four walls of the institute and the same has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.

Prof. M G WALECHA Guide

Examiner

Prof. P. R WADNERKAR Head of Department

Prof. Dr. S. D. Wakde Principal

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REMANUFACTURING THE ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING

DECLARATION

hereby

declare

that

the

dissertation

entitled, REMANUFACTURING

THE

ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING was carried out and written by me under the guidance of Prof. M G WALECHA, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. R. Pote (Patil) College Of Engineering & Management , Amravati. This work has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree or diploma or certificate nor has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place:

PRAKSHEP AMBADKAR

Date:

(ERL NOS. 09817152)

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REMANUFACTURING THE ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING

CONTENTS

SR NOS.

TITLE
Certificate Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract List of figures List of tables 1. Introduction 1.1 what is remanufacturing? 1.2 Why remanufacturing 1.3 Benefit in practice Literature survey Theoretical foundation Remanufacturing at work

PAGE NOS.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Advantages And Disadvantages Future Research Conclusions References

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Sr nos. 2.1

List of Figures Title Source: Adapted From Waste Management

Page nos.

Hierarchy
2.2 3.1

3.2 3.3

Material Flow An example of a generic remanufacturing process, based on the five key steps described. Maintenance and Recycling Belong Together Repairing the Product (A Fork Lift Truck) Can Rely On
The Five Key Step of Remanufacturing

3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Analyses of 534 Operations Disassembly of an Engine Future Trends in Cleaning

for

the

Workplaces in Engine Remanufacturing Cost Distribution between the Five Key Steps Clutch Assembly

List of Tables
Sr nos. 3.1 Title Difference between remanufacturing and repairing Page nos.

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INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is Remanufacturing?

Remanufacturing is the process of disassembly and recovery at the module level and, eventually, at the component level. It requires the repair or replacement of worn out or outmoded components and modules. Parts subject to degradation affecting the performance or the expected life of the whole are replaced. Remanufacturing is recycling by manufacturing good as new products from used products Remanufacturing is a form of a product recovery process which differs from other recovery processes in its completeness: a remanufactured machine should match the same customer expectation as new machines. Through a series of industrial processes in a factory environment, a discarded

product is completely disassembled. Useable parts are cleaned, refurbished, and put into inventory. Then the product is reassembled from the old parts (and where necessary, new parts) to produce a unit fully equivalent and sometimes superior in performance and expected lifetime to the original new product". Remanufacturing conserves 85% of the OEM resources

In the process of remanufacturing electronic equipment, there are often valuable and reusable raw materials that can be identified and reclaimed. There are markets for precious metals such as gold, copper, aluminum and steel. These can be processed and reused, reducing waste and defraying your cost for recycling. Keywords: - OES - Original Equipment Manufacturer

1.2 Why REMANUFACTURING? Integrated Green Technology Chain

The environmentally responsible industrial professionals once will recognize that perform

remanufacturing is the key link in an integrated green technology chain to his new cradle successfully. to grave-product and recycling

responsibilities and liabilities

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Affordable Prices
For the consumer, remanufacturing is not just the most ecologic but also the most economic way of having access to state- of- the- art technology products at

affordable prices but always the up to- date quality of new products.

Material Saving
When remanufacturing is done then component is dissembled the good part is ready to use in other component while the damaged part is recycled.

Cost saving whilst maintaining the highest quality standards. Environmental compliance Product upgrades Customer service improvement.

1.3 Benefits In Practice

To a certain extent this full dozen of various views of remanufacturing in number and in sequence already reflects key messages. More important of course they also in practice offer plenty of benefits and growth potential to industry and society. Therefore it is no surprise that in todays world one can already discover an impressive range of application examples representing remanufacturing as the ultimate form of recycling. Remanufacturing has its roots and displays a long tradition already since the very first moves and outcomes of the industrial age like steam engines, railways, power generation and electrical equipment, machine tools etc. Furthermore remanufacturing always has been a strong partner throughout the up rise of the automotive sector, which undoubtedly was the main industrial driving force so far. Remanufacturing will continuously strengthen its important role in the automotive industry. The OEM sold the product and has access to an established network for distribution of the original product. Consequently, the OER also has access to a network for distribution of the remanufactured product as well as a network collection of discarded products.

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Keeping up with Future Products Looking ahead, remanufacturing will certainly also keep up with the most up to date technologies and products, offering new opportunities and incentives also with in the fast moving electronic industries with their computers, communication and multimedia products.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Remanufacturing and rebuilding is a process that has been around for over 60 years to restore old products to like new performance and save energy, natural resources, landfill space and reduce air pollution by less re-smelting. This industry also creates hundreds of thousands of jobs and new tax-paying businesses.

By extending product life and by giving products numerous lives, remanufacturing saves 85 % of the energy that went in to manufacturing the product the first time. A product can always be resmelted but if we can add numerous lives to that product before it gets resmelted we have really helped save our environment and benefit society.

Public policy makers and scientists are becoming

more

concerned about

the

consequences of global warming and sustainable development. We all know that there is only a certain amount of natural resources on this planet. The closer we get to zero waste, the more future generations will enjoy the same material wealth that we enjoy today. The days of throw-away products and single use products are over with. Its time to move forward with more and more remanufacturing.

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Fig Nos. 2.1 Source: Adapted From Waste Management Hierarchy

Fig Nos. 2.2 Material Flow

Success Stories
US navy has saved million of dollars & reduced maintenance costs. Remanufacture is now being considered as a solution for many vehicles such as the U.S. Army Bradley. World over sector accounts for 70-80% remanufacturing business. UK remanufacturing industry employs more than 50,000 people and contributes around 5 billion to GDP.

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3. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
The concept of Remanufacturing

A remanufactured product is often the term of a worn-out/ broken/ used product that has been restored to its original specifications or has been modernized and upgraded to new specifications. Hence, remanufacturing not only promotes the multiple reuse of materials, but it also allows for the steady upgrading of quality and functions of products, and does this without the need to manufacture completely new products and throw away used ones. The used worn-out/ broken products that arrive into the remanufacturing process are often called cores, Hence, this term core will also be used in this dissertation thesis. Remanufacturing is an industrial process whereby products referred a s cores are Restored to useful life. During this process the core pass through a number of remanufacturing steps, e.g. inspection, disassembly , cleaning, part replacement/ refurbishment , reassembly, and testing to ensure it meets the desired standards product

Remanufacturing, in any event, is becoming the generic term for the process of Restoring discarded products to useful life (Lund, 1996). The remanufacturing process Steps , mentioned in the definition above, could be put in a different order, or some steps even omitted, depending on product type, remanufacturing volume, etc. fig 1one way of structuring the remanufacturing steps.

Disassembly

Cleaning

Inspection

Reconditioning

Reassembly

Final Testing

Fig..3.1 An example of a generic remanufacturing process, based on the five key steps described.

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The issue of what steps are to be included in a generic remanufacturing process is further discussed. Bras and Hammond (1996) aggregated the steps into the following category:

Cleaning Damage correction (repair, refurbishment and replacement Quality assurance (testing and inspection) Part interfacing (disassembly and assembly)

According to experiences of study visits by the author, remanufacturing companies choose different sequences of executing the remanufacturing steps. For example, the cores could either be disassembled followed by inspection (e.g. error detection) or the inspection could be the first step, without first being disassembled. In research, the remanufacturing process often is described with the inspection step taking place after the cleaning and disassembling steps. This, however, is not efficient if the product has fatal errors, which make it less meaningful to remanufacture. In addition, the product is easier to inspect when cleaned, and some products might be impossible to inspect if not cleaned. Hence, it is wise to choose a sequence that enables efficient remanufacture, as well as a strategy that takes into account the type of product being remanufactured.

Manufacturing, Repairing and Remanufacturing

There are two main streams and facts that keep our manufacturing industries moving as well as repairing and remanufacturing operations going: Continuous technological progress, inventions and new developments regularly lead to innovative products and further demands (technology push and market pull). Besides, and may be more important in a products every day life, even the most carefully engineered and manufactured product can not last forever.

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Repairing or Remanufacturing?
So when a product becomes defective, that means too worn out or damaged to perform properly, and the question arises how to put it back into service, repairing or remanufacturing will immediately be considered. At first glance, both processes will achieve the same important result: They equally avoid the expenses of buying a new product as well as of disposing of the old one. Looking into the different process steps and into the characteristics of the products coming out of the processes, it becomes clear, that in fact there are some significant differences regarding overall quality and warranty accompanying a repaired or a remanufactured product.

Table Nos. 3.1 Difference between Remanufacturing and Repairing

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Maintenance and Recycling

So, generally speaking, repairing more or less extends the useful life of a product while remanufacturing establishes its next full life cycle. Regarding ownership, a repaired product will return to its original owner, while remanufactured products are anonymous and ownerless like new products before they enter their customers ownership. With such descriptions and approaches, engineers as well as lawyers try to define the borders between repairing and remanufacturing or, more generally speaking, to keep apart the processes of maintenance (which is superior to repairing) and recycling (which summarizes different processes including remanufacturing). To a certain extent of course, these definitions are correct. But there are always some cases, where for example carefully repaired products equal the quality of remanufactured products or where remanufactured products are overhauled for the original owner, etc. Therefore it should be recommended, not to try to separate maintenance and recycling from each other, but to understand them as close relatives or at least sympathetic neighbors with the process of repairing as their common border or junction line.

Fig Nos. 3.2 Maintenance and Recycling Belong Together

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This connection between maintenance and recycling has in the meantime also become accepted by the relevant national and international standardization organizations. Moving from theory to practice, not only the definitions, but more important the events of repairing and remanufacturing can be watched close together or even depend on each other: To give an example, if the maintenance specialist, who has opened the engine compartment of the fork lift truck in the photo below finds out, that servicing the engine by refilling oil will not help any longer, but that the engine has to be replaced, he will certainly repair the fork lift truck with a remanufactured engine.

Fig Nos. 3.3 Repairing the Product (A Fork Lift Truck) Can Rely On Theoretically, also an individual repair of the engine would be possible. However, due to the high labor costs involved and a lack of specialized tools and overhauling equipment on site, such an approach will not be successful in practice. So the fork lift truck receives a remanufactured engine. On all our roads, of course not just fork lift trucks, but many many cars, and that means millions of them, just keep on rolling because they are repaired (maintained) by remanufactured (recycled) engines and parts.

Remanufacturing Five Key Steps

The remanufacturing process itself takes place in a factory environment. It is organised as an industrial process, so that it can benefit from the advantages of a series production. These are a constant quality level and rationalization. Remanufacturing is carried out in the following five steps:

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Fig Nos.3.4 the Five Key Step of Remanufacturing

During each step, especially during reconditioning and reassembly, adequate quality assurance measures are also applied. In particular the final testing of the product is sometimes claimed as an independent procedure which might deserve the status of a sixth step. However, following the philosophy of understanding remanufacturing as a process equal to manufacturing, where standards define all quality assurance measures as an integrated part of the manufacturing operation in concern, one should consequently not isolate final testing, but regard it as an essential part of the fifth step that assures the quality of the product. In any case, remanufactured products arrive at their customers with the same quality level, performance, endurance and warranty like a new product. As remanufacturing applies many principles of manufacturing, it also benefits from valuable manufacturing know-how. This not only applies to quality assurance. Experiences with production technologies and machine tools or with assembly sequences and equipment known from manufacturing processes can also be transferred to remanufacturing purposes. This is true mainly for the two last steps which are component parts reconditioning and product reassembly. The first steps of the remanufacturing process, namely disassembly and cleaning, are new technologies on an industrial level. Here remanufacturing itself has set new standards and plays the pioneering role of creating new solutions and adding technological know-how towards the closed loop from an old to a like new product.
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In the following each of the five manufacturing steps is briefly summarized, dealing with the main challenges, technologies and an outlook towards future developments. These explanations mainly address the technologically interested reader and are given in a common sense for various automotive and electronic products.

Disassembly
As a prerequisite of all further steps to remanufacture a unit to its like new condition, in this first step it is completely disassembled to the single part level. Of course this applies only to such an extent where joining can be loosened without damaging or destroying a part. Epoxy seals of electric windings, spot welds, joining obtained by pressing, forming, forging etc. cannot be disassembled. Fortunately, many mechanical designs show a majority of joining that can be loosened non destructively. The analysis of the 534 single operationswhich is necessary for the complete disassembly of an automotive engine showed the following result: There were only 8 joining (less than 2 %) obtained by pressing or riveting, the majority were easily unscrew able parts or just disassembly tasks like taking apart two components, e. g. pulling a piston out of its boring.

Fig nos. 3.5 Analyses of 534 Operations for the Disassembly of an Engine Disassembly means much more than just reverse assembly. This is a fact, because there is no easy reverse operation for assembly operations like gluing, riveting, pressing, welding. The disassembly task also includes an identification and immediate scrapping of parts, which are apparently not recondition able like broken housings, burnt windings etc. It also includes

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the separation of all components which are fundamentally not reusable like gaskets, rivets etc. Disassembly is also more difficult than assembly because dirt, rust and oil can cause the job of the workers to be slowed down. This encourages efforts to develop new solutions for the mechanization or even automation of disassembly operations. In recent years, also some experiments with industrial robots for disassembly operations have taken place. Results from such experiments showed, that disassembly by an industrial robot might well be technically feasible for certain suitable products with many screws like telephones, engines or gearboxes. However, such approaches always quickly reach their economic limits and constraints due to the necessary large batch sizes for robot operation. Those are not available in most remanufacturing operations and would therefore lead to costly efforts and downtimes for continuous resetting of the equipment, tools, jigs and fixtures etc. Technical downtimes due to damaged or non original screws in the product etc. will also occur. In practice therefore, manual or moderately mechanized disassembly will remain the adequate solution for the future.

Cleaning
The second step in the remanufacturing process is the cleaning of all parts coming from the disassembly process to their recondition able or reusable condition. Cleaning is much more than washing away dirt and dust from the parts. It is also de-greasing, de-oiling, de-rusting and freeing the parts from old paint. For this variety of purposes and complexity of the task many cleaning methods have to be applied subsequently or simultaneously. These methods include washing in cleaning petrol, hot water jet or steam cleaning, chemical detergent spraying or chemical purifying baths, ultrasonic cleaning chambers, sand blasting, steel brushing, baking ovens and many more. Remanufacturers cleaning processes are becoming more environmentally friendly as they move to newer and more efficient cleaning technologies. They do not want to generate hazardous wastes because it is not good for the environment and the cost of disposal is skyrocketing. Many cleaning processes, comparable to disassembly, cannot be derived from common manufacturing processes and have required the development of new technological solutions by remanufacturers and their equipment suppliers.

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Cleaning technologies also underwent significant changes in recent years, successfully moving away from chemical detergents with environmental impacts such as the ozone layer depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Many remanufacturing companies are pioneers who have to be honored for having shown, that the replacement of CFCs which was for a long time considered not to be replaceable by other cleaning processes, is feasible. Additionally it can lead to similar or even superior cleaning results at lower cost, if the know-how to run other cleaning equipment and processes is developed. Forecasting a more general trend in cleaning technologies, it is worth wile to have a look at the share of the four parameters which altogether contribute to the cleaning result. The four cleaning process parameters are: 1. Chemical Effects (e.g. Detergents) 2. Temperature Influence (e.g. Heat) 3. Mechanical Action (e.g. Brushing Water Jet) 4. Time (e.g. Duration of Process). There are clear indications that chemicals will be among the losers and mechanical action, including ultrasonic vibration will be among the winners of future cleaning process parameters.

Fig Nos.3.6 Future Trends in Cleaning Glass bead or steel shot blasting not only brings back a shiny surface of the part again, but also hardens the surface. This results in a better resistance against abrasion of the remanufactured products parts than of the original new parts.

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Inspection and Sorting

A further step of great importance in remanufacturing is to assess the condition of the disassembled and cleaned parts as to their reusability or recondition ability. This task has two aspects: First, the definition of objective criteria and condition characteristics to determine the condition of the components. Second, the development and application of suitable and affordable testing equipment. As the like new criteria, or the respective condition testing equipment from new manufacturing will only apply later after the reconditioning processes, at this point part assessment mainly relies on visual inspection. For this, however, magnifying glasses, microscopes, high resolution cameras with electronic image processing and other devices already exist from comparable tasks elsewhere. They are of great help also for inspection tasks in remanufacturing. Besides optical appearance, many part condition characteristics can be inspected using objective technological criteria. Spring tensions can be measured, hidden leakages of housings etc. can be detected by air pressure or underwater tests, electric shortcuts can be measured etc. Depending on the various inspection results, parts are being sorted into three classes Reusable without reconditioning Reconditionable Not reusable or reconditionable. Besides this sorting process, considerable effort is often required for the manual sorting of similar, but not identical components, e.g. screws. A facilitation of these efforts can on one hand be expected from using gauges for screw diameters, lengths etc. instead of visual separation of different parts. Significant help can on the other hand also come from standardization efforts in the manufacturing industry, aiming at a reduction of part numbers and variants for even more different final product applications.

Reconditioning
Reconditioning is the remanufacturing step ensuring a like new condition on the part level again. It is the most important step in many applications. Depending on the product or unit

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remanufactured, it can occupy up to one half of the workplaces of a remanufacturing plant, as a case study of automotive engine remanufacturing.

Fig nos.3.7 Workplaces in Engine Remanufacturing The equipment for this task, like lathes, milling and drilling machine tools, machining centers, grinders etc. is more or less the same as in manufacturing plants. As batch sizes of remanufacturing are smaller, the amount of manual labor is higher and the degree of automation is lower in remanufacturing plants. There are also cases however, where the original transfer lines used for the former new parts production have been moved to the remanufacturing plant and are now working for parts remanufacturing. Through metal cutting reconditioning processes the geometrical dimensions of the parts will change, e.g. the diameter of a crankshaft through the grinding process. The remanufactured engine will receive bearings of slightly larger diameter to match the original tolerances. In many cases such geometrical changes stay within the original tolerances and have no influence at all. The collectors of starter and alternator rotors are perfectly smooth again after the turning reconditioning process. They not only look glossy as new, but will of course deliver the same powerful current to the carbon brushes as they did in the unit`s first life cycle, although they have become slightly smaller in diameter. Besides geometrical reconditioning, materials` properties are also restored to original standards by processes like hardening for example which are also known from new parts production. After professional reconditioning one cannot even tell whether it`s a new or a remanufactured part.

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If high optical demands are put on products, surface treatments such as chrome galvanizing, spray painting, powder coating etc. are also carried out as important remanufacturing processes. Reusable parts obtained by the many different reconditioning processes represent a considerable portion of the components in remanufactured units and products. Non-reusable parts have to be replaced by new spare parts. To save new parts, the number of disassembled units can be increased in relation to the number of reassembled units, in order to receive enough reusable parts, at least the most important ones, from cores instead of more expensive new parts sources.

Reassembly
The reassembly of the parts to remanufactured products takes place on small batch assembly lines, using the same power tools and assembly equipment that used in new product assembly operations. The assembly procedure is followed by a functional inspection or test run of each remanufactured product. By this 100% inspection the reliability of remanufactured products, which can be observed in later operation, is often higher than of similar new products inspected only by random sampling, and at any time higher than the reliability of just repaired products.

Remanufacturing Cost
Since remanufacturing starts from the core (used part), not from ore and new parts like manufacturing, remanufacturing operates and turns out its products at lower cost than manufacturing. Of course individual figures vary significantly, depending on the industry sector and products remanufactured. One can consider remanufacturing to realize the same product at about half of the cost of a new one. Overall, remanufactured products are sold in a price range between 40% and 80% of a new product price, with an average of 60%.This complies not only with the cost but it is a win-win situation for both the customer receiving an attractively priced product and the remanufacturer being able to run his business profitably. Looking at relative cost, there is a cost distribution between the five key steps of remanufacturing that also receives its main influence, naturally, from the type of product or unit remanufactured.

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Fig Nos.3.8 Cost Distribution between the Five Key Steps Remanufacturers are responsible for the safety and reliability of their products just as manufacturers. This is why quality control and quality assurance measures throughout the entire remanufacturing process with all its five steps is such an important issue. Remanufacturers take quality serious. Most of them therefore apply the same standards of quality and business management systems which are required and applied by original car manufacturers.

Clutches
Clutches belong to the parts with the toughest jobs in a car`s or truck`s everyday life. Stop and go traffic, pulling heavy trailers, starting from hillside red traffic light. Any driver knows such situations he might hate or not but certainly his clutch does. Earlier or later, it will wear out under such severe conditions .Remanufacturing of clutches is the answer to this problem as well. It is a profitable business both for big OEM`s as well as for many small and medium sized remanufacturers. The main parts of clutch are:- flywheel , clutch plate , pressure plate , studs, diaphragm spring, throw out bearing, clutch housing, release fork, bell housing, manual transmission.

Fig nos.3.9 Clutch Assembly. Fig nos. 3.9 Clutch Assembly.

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Clutch remanufacturing is a tough job too, when it comes to loosening rivets, managing powerful spring tensions, and handling the heavy parts of trucks. Fortunately however, there are cranes, machine tools like presses and many other factory equipment that help with that. Clutches are completely disassembled and cleaned, their discs are stripped from old linings and receive new ones.

Disassembly
The main parts of clutch are:- flywheel , clutch plate , pressure plate , studs, diaphragm spring, throw out bearing, clutch housing, release fork, bell housing, manual transmission.

Cleaning and Inspection

Using a high quality cleaning agent, clean the metal and friction discs. Carefully examine the discs to make sure they are fit for reuse. If any of the friction material has been worn off of the friction discs, the clutch discs should be replaced. And part like flywheel, clutch plate, throw out bearing, pressure plate is inspected & replaced if needed.

Pressure plates receive a new grinding to a mirror-like shape again. All springs are measured regarding length and tension or are replaced where necessary.

Carefully reassembled and undergone a comprehensive function test, a remanufactured clutch is ready for its next tough job. Clutch remanufacturing is also a business of fast movers. Remanufacturing numbers count for several million annually worldwide.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1. The biggest advantage of using compatible cartridges is they are low cost consumables. Compatible and Remanufactured cartridges are available for all printers and give good quality printing at a lower cost often half the cost of the branded cartridge. 2. Used parts are returned to the remanufacturing for reuse. 3. The remanufacturing processes saves 80% of the energy and material it would take to manufacture new part. 4. Disassembly is time taking process. 5. Operation should be very accurate done.( minimum tolerance is there) 6. Some of the mechanical component is difficult to reconditioning.

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FUTURE RESEARCH
The research within the remanufacturing area is not completed by this dissertation. There are many topics within remanufacturing that need further research. Some of the topics that have been found after conducting this research are: More economic studies of when and where it is beneficial for a company to start a business of remanufacturing. More in depth studies at remanufacturing companies to achieve a more detailed picture of the specific company situation. More analyses concerning how large the potential is for the remanufacturing sector has in industry. More research about how to link functional sale and remanufacturing businesses. More research concerning how products could be adapted for the combination of the concepts, functional sales & remanufacturing.

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CONCLUSIONS
Remanufacturing is the most efficient and effective way to save resources, whether energy or material of any form of recycling. As a process it has been around for more than 60 years, restoring old products to like new performance. By extending product life, remanufacturing saves 85% of the energy that went into manufacturing the original product. The days of throw away and single use product are things of the past.

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REFERENCES
Centre of remanufacturing and reuse, www.crr.us.in use for download. For guidance remanufacturing the ultimate form of recycling By: - Rolf Steinhilper. Remanufacturing sea-magazine. National Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery http://www-reman-rit.edu .

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