Ionic Strength and Activity Coefficients

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Ion
Ca
Cl
Na
H2PO4

Conc. (M) alpha

0.1
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.005
0.4
0.005
0.4

z
4
1
1
1

zC
0.4
0.2
0.005
0.005

Activity Coefficient
0.290
0.658
0.687
0.687

Ionic Strength
0.305

Notes:
Copyright 2000 Brian M. Tissue, all rights reserved.
activity-coefficients.xls
ver. 12/21/00
Enter the ions and ion concentrations in the gray boxes.
(See the Lookup Table for listed ions.)
Ionic strength is:

where z is charge and C is concentration.

Activity coefficients are calculated from:

where gamma is the activity coefficient and alpha is the hydrated ion radius.
This equation is for aqueous solutions at 25C.

373.949
377.4106
377.6229
377.6472
380.6455
380.7026
380.7167
380.7289
380.741
380.741
379.0906
105.85

Lookup Table
Ion
Charge
Ag
1
Al
3
Ba
2
Be
2
Br
-1
BrO3
-1
CO3
-2
HCO3
-1
HCOO
-1
C2O4
-2
CH3COO
-1
C6H5COO
-1
Ca
2
Cd
2
Ce
3
Ce
4
Cl
-1
ClO3
-1
ClO4
-1
CN
-1
Co
2
Cr
3
CrO4
-2
Cu
2
F
-1
Fe
2
Fe
3
H
1
Hg
2
Hg2
2
I
-1
IO3
-1
IO4
-1
K
1
La
3
Li
1
Mg
2
Mn
2
MnO4
-1
Na
1
NH4
1
Ni
2
NO2
-1
NO3
-1
OH
-1
Pb
2
PO4
-3
HPO4
-2
H2PO4
-1
Rb
1

alpha (nm)
0.25
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.3
0.35
0.45
carbonate
0.45
bicarbonate
0.3
formate
0.45
oxalate
0.45
acetate
0.6
benzoate
0.6
0.5
0.9
1.1
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.35
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.35
0.4
0.25
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.25

From J. Kielland, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . 1937, 59 , 1675.

(As tabulated in many analytical chemistry texts.)
(alpha is the radius of the hydrated ion.)

S
HS
SCN
SO3
HSO3
SO4
Sn
Sn
Sr
Th
Tl
Zn
Zr

-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-2
2
4
2
4
1
2
4

0.5
0.35
0.35
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.6
1.1
0.5
1.1
0.25
0.6
1.1

. Soc . 1937, 59 , 1675.

chemistry texts.)

X
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00

X1
Bubble Point (Pa)
20925.8
20902.6
20878.5
20853.5
20827.4
20800.3
20772.0
20742.4
20711.5
20679.3
20645.5
20610.1
20573.0
20534.0
20493.0
20449.8
20404.3
20356.3
20305.5
20251.7
20194.7
20134.0
20069.5
20000.6
19926.9
19848.0
19763.2
19671.8
19573.1
19466.1
19349.8
19222.9
19083.8
18930.7
18761.4
18573.1
18362.6
18125.5
17856.6
17549.0
17193.6
16778.3
16286.8
15695.8
14971.8
14064.1
12892.7
11323.1
9110.7
5759.1
83.0

Y1
Dew Point (Pa)
20925.8
16359.4
13334.9
11184.2
9576.4
8329.1
7333.1
6519.6
5842.5
5270.3
4780.2
4355.9
3984.8
3657.6
3366.9
3107.0
2873.1
2661.6
2469.4
2293.9
2133.2
1985.3
1848.9
1722.5
1605.3
1496.1
1394.2
1299.0
1209.7
1125.8
1046.9
972.4
902.2
835.7
772.7
713.0
656.3
602.3
550.9
502.0
455.2
410.5
367.8
326.9
287.7
250.1
214.0
179.3
146.0
113.9
83.0

X1
Bubble Point (kPa)
20.93
20.90
20.88
20.85
20.83
20.80
20.77
20.74
20.71
20.68
20.65
20.61
20.57
20.53
20.49
20.45
20.40
20.36
20.31
20.25
20.19
20.13
20.07
20.00
19.93
19.85
19.76
19.67
19.57
19.47
19.35
19.22
19.08
18.93
18.76
18.57
18.36
18.13
17.86
17.55
17.19
16.78
16.29
15.70
14.97
14.06
12.89
11.32
9.11
5.76
0.08

VLE Diagram For Malathion-Water Mixture at

25000.0

Pressure, Pa

20000.0

15000.0

10000.0

5000.0

0.0
0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

X, wt% Malathion

VLE Diagram For Malathion-Water Mixture at 370

25.00

20.00

Pressure, kPa

Y1
Dew Point (kPa)
20.93
16.36
13.33
11.18
9.58
8.33
7.33
6.52
5.84
5.27
4.78
4.36
3.98
3.66
3.37
3.11
2.87
2.66
2.47
2.29
2.13
1.99
1.85
1.72
1.61
1.50
1.39
1.30
1.21
1.13
1.05
0.97
0.90
0.84
0.77
0.71
0.66
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.46
0.41
0.37
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.18
0.15
0.11
0.08

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50
0.60
0.70
X, wt% Malathion

Water Mixture at

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

X, wt% Malathion

Water Mixture at 370 OC

Malathion P2 sat

Malathion P1 sat

P (kPa)
20.93
8.33
4.78
3.11
2.13
1.5
1.05
0.71
0.46
0.25
0.08

X1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

Y1
0
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.998
0.999
0.999
1

ln 1 = 2 2 [12 + 2 21 12 1]
ln 2 = 1 2 [21 + 2 12 21 2]

ln 1 = 12 (1 = 0)
0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

ln 2 = 21 (1 = 0)

= [21 1 + 12 2 ]1 2

X2

Y2
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

1
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0
A12
A21

1
999.6
292.775
128.2875
66.29625
37.3875
21.83125
12.65321
7.180313
3.46875
1
-25.8892
146.1954

2
1
0.017689
0.00571
0.002123
0.000678
0.00043
0.000251
0.000226
0.00011
0.000119

In 1
6.907355
5.679404
4.854274
4.194133
3.621336
3.083342
2.537911
1.971343
1.243794
0

In 2
0
-4.03484
-5.16562
-6.15506
-7.2957
-7.75171
-8.29071
-8.39431
-9.11603
-9.03265

Ge/RT

Ge/(x1x2RT)