of heat transport behavior on the wall region.

The convenience of not having to introduce another parameter into the formulation is quite attractive. Numerical Procedure The solution of equation (4) with the appropriate boundary conditions was done numerically. In order to extend the range of y + to the order of 105, a variable step size was used. This step size was tailored to be a constant over each (approximate) decade in y+ and the same number of steps were used for each decade in y + . The eigenvalues for the resulting nonsymmetric matrices were numerically determined and an orthogonal set was constructed through the use of transposed matrix operations (Carnahan et al. 1969). With approximately 20 steps per decade, integrations out to y+ of 5x 10s are possible. This corresponds to x+ values of up to 107 (with the outer boundary conditions still being satisfied). Four Prandtl (or Schmidt) numbers were chosen for the numerical calculations: 0.5, 0.7, 2.0, 7.0. A turbulent Prandtl number of 0.9 was used for all of the numerical calculations. A roughness Reynolds number Rek was chosen to be 70 for cases (c) and (d). Results Values of St* for the four cases were calculated as functions of x+ and Pr. For cases (a) and (c), values of St* were also evaluated. The rough surface cases were examined for Re* =70 only. Adequate curve fits to these results are Case (a).Case (b) : Case (c) : St* = 0.155 Pr-- (x r77 + 79 + 111Pr 081Pr

Carnahan, B., Luther, H. A., and Wilkes, J. O., 1969, Applied Numerical Methods, Wiley, New York. Dipprey, D. F., and Sabersky, R. H., 1963, "Heat and Momentum Transfer in Smooth and Rough Tubes at Various Prandtl Numbers," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 6, pp. 329-353. Garg, H. P., 1982, Treatise on Solar Energy, Vol. 1 Fundamentals of Solar Energy, Wiley, New York. Jaluria, Y., and Cha, C. K., 1985, "Heat Rejection to the Surface Layer of a
Solar P o n d , " ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 107, pp. 99-106.

Kays, W. M., and M. E. Crawford, 1980, Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. Kind, R. J., Gladstone, D. H., and Moizer, A. D., 1983, "Convective Heat Losses From Flat-Plate Solar Collectors in Turbulent Winds," ASME J. Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 105, pp. 80-85. Nusselt, W., and Jurges, W., 1922, "Die Kuhlung Einer Ebenen Wand Durch Einen Luftstrom," Gesundheits Ingenieur, Vol. 52, No. 45, pp. 641-642. Pimenta, M. M., Moffat, R. J and Kays, W. M., 1975, Report No. HMT-21, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Schlichting, H., 1968, Boundary-Layer Theory, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 578-580. Sutton, O. G., 1934, "Wind Structure and Evaporation in a Turbulent Atmosphere," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A, Vol. 146, pp. 701-722. Van Driest, E. R., 1956, "On Turbulent Flow Near a Wall," J. Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 23, pp. 1007-1011. Williams, G. P., 1976, "Design Heat Requirements for Embedded SnowMelting Systems in Cold Climates," Transportation Research Record, Vol. 576, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 20-32.

~' ~'

36

(13) (14)
(15)

Heat Transfer Measurements From a Surface With Uniform Heat Flux and an Impinging Jet J. W. Baughn1 and S. Shimizu2

St* = 0.124 Pr-- (.x )-lx+

42

St; = 0.227 Pr--40(x+ )-o.i44Pr~0093

\ -0.122exp(-0.193 Pr)

Introduction There are numerous studies, mostly experimental, on the flow characteristics and heat transfer associated with jet imThese suggested curve fits are within 7 percent for the limits pingement on surfaces. These studies have considered both 0.5<Pr<7.0 and 10 4 <x + <10 7 . The average Stanton single jets and multiple jets (i.e., arrays) and many different numbers for cases (a) and (c) may be estimated from aspects of impinging jets including the effects of crossflow, jet orientation (oblique jets), jet temperature, rotating surfaces, 0040 Case ( a ) : St*/Stjf=1.13 Pr and different surface shapes. The present study is concerned with the case of a single circular turbulent air jet at the am013 Case (c) : St*/St*=1.17 p r -bient air temperature impinging on a flat stationary surface. within 5 percent for 0.5 < P r < 7.0 and 10 5 <x + <10 7 , where For even this simplest case, there is a very large body of the value of St* is found using equation (13) or equation (15), literature and a full review is not possible in this note. Gauntner et al. (1970) present an early survey of the literature on respectively. The thermal boundary layer growth was also examined. An flow characteristics of such a jet, Donaldson et al. (1971) initial slow development was observed for x + ^ 1 0 3 , after review heat transfer characteristics, and Martin (1977) reviews heat and mass transfer. Some of the earliest measurements of which the boundary layer grew as heat transfer were done by Gardon and Cobonpue (1962) and + + 0 84 A ~0.3(x ) by Gardon and Akfirat (1965, 1966). More recent for case (a) and Pr = 0.7. The other cases were similar. This measurements have been made by Goldstein and Behbahani development length increases with increasing Prandtl number, (1982), and Hrycak (1983). The effects of a jet temperature while the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases slightly different from the ambient temperature have recently been with increasing Pr. An exponent of 0.8 has been reported for studied by Hollworth and Gero (1985) and Striegl and Diller most experiments on the growth of this "internal boundary (1984). There are also some recent attempts to do numerical studies layer" (Brutsaert, 1984). of the heat transfer for an impinging jet on a surface. Amano and Brandt (1984) did a numerical study of the flow References
Bailey, R. T., Mitchell, J. W., and Beckman, W. A., 1975, "Convective Heat Transfer From a Desert Surface," ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 97, pp. 104-109. Brutsaert, W., 1984, Evaporation Into the Atmosphere, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Boston, corrected ed. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; Mem. ASME. Research Engineer, Canon Corporation, Yokohama, Japan. Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division June 9, 1988. Keywords: Augmentation and Enhancement, Measurement Techniques, Turbulence.

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it

r/D

Fig. 2

Nusselt number distribution along the surface (Re = 23,750)

Fig. 1

Diagram of impingement test section

characteristics of a turbulent jet and Polat et al. (1985) have done a numerical study of heat transfer. One of the difficulties in comparing recent numerical work with previous experimental results is the lack of data on the jet characteristics and in some cases the mixed thermal boundary conditions at the surface (Launder, 1987). The present work provides some new experimental results that attempt to overcome this difficulty by using a fully developed jet and a wellcontrolled thermal boundary condition (i.e., a uniform heat flux). No other similar measurements were found in the literature. Experimental Technique and Apparatus The experimental technique used is described by Simonich and Moffat (1982) and Baughn et al. (1986). In this technique, a uniform heat flux is established by electrically heating a very thin gold coating on a plastic substrate. The surface temperature distribution is measured using liquid crystals. An isotherm on the surface represents a contour of constant heat transfer coefficient and is a line of a particular color (a light green was used for most of the data here). The liquid crystal used here had a narrow range of approximately 1C over which the full color spectrum occurs. Temperature resolution of the green color was better than 0.1 C. The position of the green line is shifted by changing the electrical heating of the gold coating and thus the surface heat flux. This allows a complete mapping of the heat transfer coefficient over the entire surface. Since the temperature differences are small (on the order of 10C), the resulting heat transfer coefficients are independent of the level of heat flux used. The apparatus consisted essentially of a blower, a long pipe for development of the flow (2.5 cm i.d. and 72 diameters long), and a test section. The upstream development length of 72 diameters provides nearly fully developed flow at the jet exit. The turbulence level at the center of the jet at the exit was measured with a hot wire and was 4.1 percent at a Reynolds number of 21,000. This is consistent with the measurements of Hisida and Nagamo (1979). The velocity profile for a fully developed flow is available in Schlicting (1968) and the turbulence distribution is discussed by Hinze (1959). The test section, shown in Fig. 1, had a thin (0.64 cm thick) Plexiglas plate
Journal of Heat Transfer

Fig. 3 Effect of Jet distance on the heat transfer at the stagnation point (Re = 23,750)

on the front of which the plastic sheet containing the gold coating was glued and on the back of which there was Styrofoam for insulation. The liquid crystal was air brushed on the surface of the gold coating. A Mylar board surrounded the Plexiglas surface to ensure a flat smooth surface. The data reduction was straightforward and consisted of computing the surface heat flux from the gold coating voltage, current (determined from a shunt resistor), and the area. A radiation correction, using a measured emissivity of 0.5, was made to determine the convective component of the surface heat flux. The radiation correction was usually less than 5 percent. Conduction losses with this technique have previously been shown to be less than 1 percent due to the low thermal conductivity of the plastic substrate and are neglected. Using the ambient temperature and liquid crystal temperature, the heat transfer coefficient and corresponding Nusselt number based on the jet diameter were then calculated. A standard uncertainty analysis was performed using the method of Kline and McClintock. The uncertainty in the Nusselt number (based on 20:1 odds) was estimated at 2.4 percent. The uncertainty in the Reynolds number was estimated at 2.3 percent. The uncertainty in position r/D and Z/D was less than 1 percent. Details of the uncertainty analysis are given in Hechanova (1988).

Results The distribution of the Nusselt number along the surface (for Re = 23,750) is shown in Fig. 2. The symmetry around the jet was quite good as evidenced by the fact that the color band was very close to a perfect circle. One of the most interesting
NOVEMBER 1989, Vol. 111 /1097

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Introduction Considerable empirical data exist in the literature for forced convection heat transfer involving external flow over a variety of geometries, and for various ranges of Reynolds number. In fact, many current heat transfer textbooks (Kreith and Bohn, 1986; Incropera and Dewitt, 1981; Holman, 1986) present empirical correlations for flow over a flat plate, a sphere, a Acknowledgments spheroid, and tubes in cross flow, and for tubes of cylindrical, The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the square, hexagonal, and other assorted cross sections. A University of California UERG program. Professor Brian geometry that appears to be missing from this list is that of a Launder made the original suggestion that these data were thin circular disk. Although there has been considerable needed and made valuable suggestions during the course of theoretical and experimental research devoted to natural conwork. The assistance of Anthony Hechanova, who has con- vection for stationary and rotating circular disks and disk tinued this research, is also appreciated. systems, such as that reported by Zakerullah and Ackroyd (1979), Mochizuki and Yeng (1986), and Owens (1984), this author is not aware of any published empirical data for forced convection heat transfer involving flow past a simple staReferences tionary circular disk, whose axis is perpendicular to the flow. Abuaf, N., Urbaetis, S. P., and Palmer, O. F., 1985, "Convection TherSuch is the purpose of this paper. mography," General Electric Corporation Research and Development Report No. 85CRD168. The disk geometry and its orientation to the external flow is Amano, R. S., and Brandt, H., 1984, "Numerical Study of Turbulent Axschematically represented in Fig. 1. The disk has a diameter d, isymmetric Jets Impinging on a Flat Plate and Flowing Into an Axisymmetric thickness t, is at a uniform temperature T, and is oriented as Cavity," ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 106, pp. 410-417. shown in a fluid having a uniform approach velocity ty and a Baughn, J. W., Hoffman, M, A., andMakel, D. B., 1986, "Improvements in a New Technique for Measuring and Mapping Heat Transfer Coefficients," free-stream temperature Tj. The symbol Q represents the rate Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 57, pp. 650-654. of convective heat transfer from the disk to the moving fluid. Donaldson, C. duP., Snedeker, R. S., and Margolis, D. P., 1971, " A Study
of Free Jet Impingement. Part 2. Free Jet Turbulent Structure and Impingement Heat Transfer," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 45, Part 3, pp. 477-512. Gardon, R., and Cobonpue, J., 1962, "Heat Transfer Between a Flat Plate and Jets of Air Impinging on It," International Developments in Heat Transfer, ASME, pp. 454-460. Gardon, R., and Akfirat, C. J., 1965, "The Role of Turbulence in Determining the Heat-Transfer Characteristics of Impinging Jets," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 8, pp. 1261-1272. Gardon, R., and Akfirat, C. J., 1966, "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Impinging Two-Dimensional Air Jets," ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 88, pp. 101-108. Gauntner, J. W., Livingwood, J. N. B., and Hrycak, P., 1970, "Survey of Literature on Flow Characteristics of a Single Turbulent Jet Impinging on a Flat Plate," NASA TN D-5652. Goldstein, R. J., and Behbahani, A. I., 1982, "Impingement of a Circular Jet With and Without Cross Flow," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 25, pp. 1377-1382. Hechanova, T. E., 1988, "An Experimental Study of Entrainment Effects on Heat Transfer From a Surface With a Fully Developed Impinging Jet," M. S. Thesis, University of California, Davis. Hinze, J. O., 1975, Turbulence, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. Hippensteele, S. A., Russell, L. M., and Stepka, P . S., 1983, "Evaluation of a Method for Heat Transfer Measurements and Thermal Visualization Using a Composite of a Heater Element and Liquid Crystals,'' ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 105, pp. 184-189. Hishida, M., and Nagamo, Y., "Structure of Turbulent Velocity and Temperature Fluctuations in Fully Developed Pipe Flow," ASME JOURNAL OF
HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 101, pp. 15-22.

distributions occurs when the jet is quite close to the surface (Z/D = 2). In this case, the maximum heat transfer is at the stagnation point; the heat transfer then has a minimum at r/D of approximately 1.3, and another maximum at approximately 1.8. For certain runs this results in three concentric circles of color on the test section. The effect of jet distance from the surface on the stagnation point heat transfer is shown in Fig. 3. As found by other investigators, the maximum stagnation point heat transfer occurs at a Z/D of approximately 6. It is hoped that these results will be generally useful to those attempting to model turbulent jets impinging on a surface.

Convective Heat Transfer Measurement Involving Flow Past Stationary Circular Disks G. L. Wedekind1

Hollworth, B. R., and Gero, L. R., 1985, "Entrainment Effects on Impingement Heat Transfer: Part IILocal Heat Transfer Measurements," ASME
JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 107, pp. 910-915.

Hrycak, P., 1983, "Heat Transfer for Round Impinging Jets to a Flat Plate," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 26, pp. 1857-1865. Launder, B. E., 1987, personal communication. Martin, H., 1977, "Heat and Mass Transfer Between Impinging Gas Jets and Solid Surfaces," Advances in Heat Transfer, Vol. 13, pp. 1-60. Polat, S., Mujumdar, A. S., and Douglas, W. J. M., 1985, "Heat Transfer Distribution Under a Turbulent Impinging JetA Numerical Study," Drying Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 15-37. Schlicting, H., 1968, Boundary Layer Theory, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. Simonich, J. C , and Moffat, R. J., 1982, " A New Technique for Mapping Heat-Transfer Coefficient Contours," Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 53, pp. 678-683. Striegl, S. A., and Diller, T. E., 1984, "The Effect of Entrainment Temperature on Jet Impingement Heat Transfer," ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 106, pp. 27-33.

Experimental Apparatus and Measurement Techniques The circular disks that were used as heat transfer models for the experimental data presented in this paper were commercially available disk-type thermistors.2 Five different models were tested. Thermistors were chosen as the heat transfer models because they provided a unique combination for indirectly measuring the surface temperature T, and the convective heat transfer rate Q (Wedekind, 1977). The thermistor was self-heated by means of Joule heating. Losses through the thermistor lead wires (0.22 mm dia) were minimized (less than 3 percent) by using an alloyed steel (such as 20 percent nickel steel), which had a poor enough thermal conductivity to minimize any "fin effect," yet a sufficient electrical conductivity that a negligible amount of Joule heating would exist in the lead wires themselves. Therefore, by setting up an electrical circuit such as that shown in Fig. 2, the thermistor current and resistance could be accurately and simultaneously measured during self-heating, thus making it possible indirectly to measure not only the convective heat transfer rate, but also the average temperature of the thermistor as well; the latter by having precalibrated the resistance/temperature characteristics of each thermistor heat transfer model. Thermistors have a high resistance coefficient; therefore, the heat transfer surface temperature T could be inProfessor of Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309; Mem. ASME. Thermistors are semiconductors of ceramic material made by sintering mixtures of metalic oxides such as manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, and uranium. Disks are made by pressing thermistor material under high pressure in a round die to produce flat coinlike pieces. These pieces are sintered and then coated with silver on the two flat surfaces. Reference: Thermistor Manual; Fenwal Electronics, Framingham, MA 01701. Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division June 1, 1987. Keywords: Forced Convection, Measurement Techniques.

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