LITERARY DEVICES Hyperbole Im as hungry as a starving lion. Hyperbole is a synonym for exaggeration.

Clearly, the speaker is not really as hungry as a starving lion. A hyperbole is just a figure of speech we use to emphasize a point. The opposite device is understatement: Im a little tired is a purposeful understatement if the speaker has been up for 48 hours. Repetition Duty does not trump honesty. Duty does not trump common sense. And duty, my friends, does not trump morality. Repetition is the conscious and purposeful replication of words or phrases in order to make a point. In this example, its clear that the limits of duty are being sketched out. The speaker is trying to show that duty is not the only or even the most important virtue. Imagery and Figurative Language Simile Her eyes were like stars. Her eyes are literally human eyes. Figuratively, they are being compared to stars, meaning, most likely, that they are bright and shiny and cause wonderment. This is an example of a simile. Similes use like and as to make explicit comparisons between unlike things, such as eyes and stars. Metaphor Her eyes were pools of liquid light. Again, her eyes are literally human eyes. Figuratively, they are being compared to pools of liquid light. However, the comparison is implied, not stated. This is an example of a metaphor. Unlike similes, metaphors compare unlike things without explicitly stating the comparison with like or as. Personification Her eyes followed me up the stairs. Can eyes follow someone up the stairs? Not literally, but in this case an eyewhich is not a personis given a persons abilities, namely, following someone else up the stairs. This is an example of personification. Symbolism Her eyes looked but did not see. All was dark. Literally speaking, eyes either see (healthy eyes) or they dont see (blind eyes). An eye that looks but does not see is blind in a figurative sense. Very often, vision and light are symbols for understanding and enlightenment. In this example, the woman is most likely unaware ofor in the darkabout something. This is an example of symbolism. Sound Patterns Her eyes were rippling pools of liquid light in which I splashed playfully. This metaphor also uses sound patterns to underscore its meaning. Note that the letters l and p repeat: rippling pools of liquid lightsplashed playfully. The author may have repeated l and p sounds to evoke the sound of water (like in the word splash itself) or simply to link together

the words that make up the metaphoror both. There are many types of sound-pattern devices, each with its own difficult Greek name that you certainly wont need to know. Rhetorical Questions Can poverty ever be eradicated? Rhetorical questions are not meant to be answered. A rhetorical question is used to present whats taken to be an unanswerable question, such as these questions: Can a repeat offender ever be trusted not to commit another crime? Can a person ever have too much love? A rhetorical question can also be one in which the authors answer is clearly intended to be no or yes. In these two examples, the authors answer is clearly intended to be no (whether you agree with those answers or not). Idioms and Clichs Thatll cost you an arm and a leg. Idioms are inherited quirks of language that native speakers understand without question but which cause nonnative speakers endless trouble. Only a native speaker knows that if something costs an arm and a leg that means its expensive, not that you actually need to lose your limbs to purchase it. Many overused idioms and symbols are clichs, and clichs themselves can be used ironically (see irony below). Irony [Said to a mean boss]: Youve been so kind to me. The SAT loves irony. A statement is ironic if it expresses something different from or opposite to the literal meaning of the words. This example is called verbal irony or sarcasm, which can be thought of as heavy-handed irony: The overuse of antibiotics has led to the rise of resistant strains of many diseases. A statement or situation can be ironic or paradoxical when the words accurately report events that seem to be contradictory but which have actually occurred, as in this example: A soldier has returned from a war. He crashes his motorcycle and dies. His war experiences are told in flashback. Whenever he thinks about death, a motorcycle drives by. A specific literary use of irony is called dramatic irony. In the example above, the audience knows that the soldier will die in a motorcycle crash. The soldier himself, of course, doesnt know how he will die. (A flashback, by the way, is another literary device made popular by the movies. Flashbacks jump back in the storys chronology to give background information. For example, the opening scene of the film Lord of the Rings: Return of the King shows Gollum before he found the ring.) Foreshadowing A soldier goes to war. He survives many brutal battles, just barely missing being killed several times. The soldier becomes obsessed with his good luckwhy does he survive when so many others die? Every time the soldier has a brush with death, the author makes some subtle mention of a black motorcycle. Eventually, the soldiers best friend is killed in a motorcycle crash the day after the war has ended. The soldier himself comes home and not too long afterward, he dies by crashing his motorcycle.

In this example, the audience and character are equally ignorant about the outcome of the story. However, by using foreshadowing, the author begins to clue in his audience. The characters fate is slowly revealed to the audience but not necessarily to the character himself. Note that the ending to this story is doubly ironicwas the soldier meant to die in a motorcycle crash or did he bring it about through his own guilt about surviving while others perished? The theme of free will versus predetermination underlies this little story. Motif The motorcycle in the last two examples. A motif is a symbol that is carried through an entire work of fiction. The motorcycle symbolized death throughout both stories. In the Lord of the Rings, the One Ring is a motif for the corrupting nature of power. Now that you have all these concepts under your belt, its time to learn the most efficient way to use your knowledge on testlike items and sets.