Study Exp

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206
Experiment No. 1 STUDY OF CARBURETOR
Name of the Candidate Roll No Date of Performance Date of Submission Grade

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Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.
Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

Prepared By GK & PPR AY:- 2011 - 2012
Aim :-
To study the carburettors.
Introduction :-
Carburetor :A carburettor is a device used in an internal combustion engine, such as the type found in an automobile. Invented by Karl Benz in the 1800s and patented in 1886, a carburetors job is to mix air and fuel. Up until the mid-tolate 1980s, these devices were the primary fuel-delivery method for engines. After that time, fuel injection took over as the most used method for fuel delivery, as it is considered more efficient and better in terms of emissions. In fact, the mid-to-late 1990s saw an end to the carburetors use in new cars.
Carburation :In an engine, carburetion combines the proper ratio of oxygen with a gaseous form of a fossil fuel, like natural gas or gasoline, so it can combust. Internal combustion engines run by igniting fuel that has been sprayed into a fine vapor and mixed with air. This mixture, called an emulsion, will burn with the right amount of energy to fuel the engine. Carburetion usually involves all these stages, from vaporizing the gasoline to letting in the air and finally moving the mixture to where it can be combusted. Carburetion is responsible for allowing an engine to perform at an optimal level whether it is starting, running at full throttle, or idling. Any combustion engine, such as on a lawnmower, chainsaw, or automobile, must utilize some form of carburetion. If there is too much fuel or too little oxygen, the engine runs "rich" and wastes fuel, produces smoke, creates too much heat, or ruins parts of the engine. If there is too little fuel or too much air, the engine runs "lean" and might sputter, stop, or cause engine damage.

Factor affecting Carburetion :Following are the factors affecting the carburetion process; a) The engine speed :Since modern engines are of high speed type , the time available for mixture formation is very limited. For example, an engine running at 3000 rpm has only about 10 miliseconds (ms) for mixture induction during intake stroke. When the speed becomes 6000 rpm the time available is only 5 ms. Therefore in order to have high quality carburetion the velocity of the air stream at the point where the fuel is injected has to be increased. This is achieved by introducing a venture section in path of the air. The fuel is discharged from the main metering jet at the minimum cross section of venture ( called throat). b) The vaporization characteristics of the fuel:Factors which ensure high quality carburetion within short period are the presence of highly volatile hydrocarbon in the fuel. Therefore suitable evaporation characteristics of the fuel , indicated by its distillation curve , are necessary for efficient carburetion especially at high engine speeds. c) The temperature of incoming air:Higher atmospheric temperature increases the vapourization of fuel ( Percentage of vapour fuel increases with increase in mixture temperature ) and produces more homogeneous mixture. d) The design of carburettor:The design of the carburettor , the intake system and the combustion chamber have considerable influence on , and uniform distribution of mixture to various cylinders of engine.

Automotive engine air- fuel mixture requirement :For the successful operation of the engine the carburetor has to provide mixture which follow the general slope of the curve ABCD (Single cylinder) ABCD ( Multi-cylinder) in Fig:A which represents a typical automotive engine requirements. As indicated in figure:C there are three general ranges of throttle operation. In each of these , the automotive engine requirement differ. As a result , the carburettor must able to supply the required air fuel ratio to satisfy these demands. These ranges are :
Idling ( Mixture must be enriched ) :An idling engine one which operates at no load and with nearly closed throttle. Under idling conditions, the engine requires a rich mixture, as indicated by point A in figure. This is due to the existing pressure conditions within the combustion chamber and the intake manifold which cause exhaust gas dilution of the fresh charge. The pressure indicated in are the representative values which exist during idling. The exhaust gas pressure at the end of exhaust stroke does not vary greatly from the value indicated in figure, regardless of the throttle position. Since the clearance volume is constant, the mass of exhaust gas in the cylinder at the end of exhaust stroke tends to remain fairly constant throughout idling process.

Cruising ( Mixture must be leaned) :In the cruising range from B to C in figure, the exhaust gas dilution problem is relatively insignificant. In this range it is desirable that the carburetor provides the engine with the best economy mixture. Power Range ( Mixture must be enriched) :a) To provide best Power :Since the high power is desired , it is logical to transfer the economy settings of the cruising range to that mixture which will produce the maximum power , or a setting in the vicinity of the best power mixture, usually in the range of 12:1. b) Prevent overheating of exhaust valve and area near it :At high power , the increased mass of gas at higher temperature passing through the cylinder results in the necessity of transferring greater quantities of heat away from critical areas such as those around the exhaust valve. Enriching the mixture reduces the flame temperature and cylinder temperature. This reduces the cooling problem and also reduces the tendency to damage exhaust valves at high power.


Types Of Carburettor :a) Simple Carburettor :Simple carburettor mainly consist of a float chamber , fuel discharge nozzle and the metering orifice valve systems , a venture , a throttle valve and a choke. The float and a needle valve system maintains a constant level of gasoline in the float chamber. If the fuel in the float chamber falls below the designed level , the float goes down , thereby opening the fuel supply valve and admitting the fuel. When the designed fuel level has been reached the float closes the fuel supply valve thus stopping additional fuel flow from the supply system. Float chamber is vented either to the upstream side of the venturi. A simple carburetor the type described above suffers from a fundamental drawback in that it provides the required A:F ratio only at one throttle positions the mixture is either leaner or richer depending on if the throttle is opened less or more.

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206 b) Solex Carburettor :This type of carburetor is downdraught type. This has the provision for the supply of richer mixture required for starting and weaker mixtures during cruising the vehicle. It consist of following circuits 1) Normal Running :- A float (1) with the tapered needle valve at the top face of the float is fixed in the float chamber. This tapered valve takes the care of the fuel level in the float chamber. The metering jet (2) supplies the fuel and the air comes from the venture(3) .The fuel from the main jet goes in to the well of the air bleed emulsion system. The emulsion tube has lateral holes (4) as shown in figure. Air correction jet (5), calibrates the air entering through it and ensures automatically the correct balance of fuel and air. The metered emulsion of fuel and air is supplied through the nozzles (6) . This nozzles are drilled horizontally in the vertically stand pipe. In the middle of choke tube or venturi. The conventional butterfly valve throttle valve is shown by (7).
2) Idling and slow speed running :From the well of emulsion system a hole leads to pilot jet (13). During the idling, the throttle is practically closed and therefore the suction created by the engine on the suction stroke gets communicated to the pilot jet (13). Fuel is inducted from there and mixed with little quantity of air coming from small pilot air bleed orifice (14) . This form an emulsion which is sent down the vertical tube to below the throttle valve, but through the idling volume control screw (15). 3) Acceleration :In order to avert flat spot during acceleration a diaphragm type acceleration pump is incorporated. This pump supplies extra fuel needed for acceleration through pump injector (18). Pump lever is connected to accelerator. when the pedal is pressed by foot the lever move towards left and presses the pump diaphragm towards left.


MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206 c) Carter Carburetor : Carter carburetor consist of following circuits. 1) Float circuit :- The float chamber (1) as usual contains a float as shown in figure. A needle valve closes the fuel inlet when the fuel in the float chamber attains a specific level. When the fuel level falls needle valve will open and admit more fuel. 2) Starting Circuit :- Choke is used for starting. It is mounted eccentrically, which facilitates its automatic opening After the engine has started. As the choke valve (2) is closed, the whole of the engine suction is applied at engine nozzle (4) , which than delivers the fuel. As the air flow is quite small the mixture supplied is very rich. 3) Idle and low speed circuit :- Separate idling passage is provided with low speed port (12) and idle port (9). 4) Part-throttle circuit :- In this circuit the fuel is delivered by the main nozzle only. 5) Full throttle circuit :- When the throttle valve (8) is fully opened maximum amount of air is passing through the venture (3). Thus a higher rate of fuel flow is desired, which is achieved by means of metering rod (7). Metering rod consist of a number of steps of diameter sizes at its bottom and is connected with the accelerator pedal through the linkage. When the accelerator pedal is pressed, the throttle is held wide open and simultaneously the metering rod is lifted up thus delivering more fuel. 6) Acceleration pump circuit :- When acceleration is desired, accelerator pedal is pressed which actuates the pump, giving an extra spurt of fuel for acceleration. Leaving the accelerator pedal causes the pump piston to move up, thereby sucking more fuel from the float chamber.
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d) S.U Carburetor:- Solex and carter carburetors are examples of

constant choke type but S.U Carburetors differ from them by being constant volume or constant depression type with automatic variable choke. A simplified sketch is shown if figure. It consists of sliding piston. The lower end of the piston is provided with taper needle which is inserted in to the main jet. When the piston is moved up and down the needle also move up and down with main jet. The upper end of the piston is given a flat form which is known as a suction disc is guided by means of piston and piston rod guide as show in figure. The piston always remains loaded by the helical spring .The movement of piston controls the air passage. The portion above the disc is called as suction chamber which connects the air passage by means of slot provided in the piston. The main jet of the carburetor can be moved up and down along the taper needle by a operating lever for the dash board. This movement is required to adjust the mixture strength throughout the operating range of the carburetor. The carburetor consists of an ordinary butterfly type throttle valve. The lower portion of the suction disc is connected to atmosphere by means of an air rectifier hole and the upper portion to the throttle air passage. This type of systems doesnt have any separate idling, slow running and accelerator system.

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Experiment No. 2 STUDY OF IGNITON SYSTEM

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EXPERIMENT NO :- 2
Aim :To study the Ignition System.
Energy requirements for ignition :The total energy required to cause the flame to be self sustaining and promote ignition, is given by the product of the surface area of the spherical area of the spherical flame and the enthalpy per unit area. Ignition should occurs in a time interval sufficiently short to ensure that only a negligible amount of energy is lost other than to establish the flame. An ignition process obeys the law of conservation of energy. Hence it can be treated as a balance of energy between: 1) That provided by an external source. 2) That released by chemical reaction. 3) That dissipated to the surrounding by means of thermal conduction, convection and radiation.
Requirements of an ignition system:- Following are the requirements of

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ignition system:It should provide good spark between the electrodes of the plugs at the correction timing. It should function efficiently over the entire range of engine speed. It should be light, effective and reliable in service. It should be compact and easy to maintain. It should be cheap and convenient to handle. The interference from the high voltage source should not affect the functioning of the radio and television receives inside an automobile.

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Types of Ignition System :- Following are the types of ignition system

1) Battery Ignition System :- Most of the modern spark ignition engines use
battery Ignition system. In this system , the energy required for producing spark is Obtained from a 6 or 12 volt battery. The construction of these type of system varies depending upon type of ignition energy storage as well an on the ignition performance which is required by the particular engine.
The essential components of this type of ignition system are:Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory
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a) Battery:- To provide electrical energy for ignition , a storage battery is used. It is charged by dynamo drives by the engine. Owing to electrochemical reactions, it is able to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Two types of batteries are used for ignition system purpose ie are lead acid battery and alkaline battery. The former is used in light duty and later one for heavy duty commercial purpose. b) Ignition Switch :- Battery is connected to primary winding of the ignition coil through an ignition switch and ballast resistor. With help of ignition switch the ignition can be turned on or off. c) Ballast resistor :- A ballast resistor is provided in series with the primary winding to regulate the primary current. The object of this is to prevent injury to the spark coil by overheating if the engine should be stalled with the breaker in the closed position.This coil is made up of iron wire, and iron has the property that its electrical resistance increases very rapidly if a certain temperature is exceeded. d) Ignition coil :- Ignition coil is the source of energy in the conventional ignition system. This coil stores the energy in the magnetic field and delivers it at appropriate time in the form of ignition pulse through the high tension ignition cables to the respective spark plugs. The purpose of ignition coil is to step up the 6 or 12 volts of battery to high voltage, sufficient to induce an electric spark across the electrodes of the spark plug. e) Contact breaker :This is mechanical device for making and breaking primary circuit of the ignition coil. f) Capacitor :- The construction of the ignition capacitor is as same as every electrical capacitor. g) Disributor :- The function of distributor is to distribute the ignition surgesto the individual spark plugs in the correct sequence and at correct instants in time. h) Spark plug :- Spark plug provide two electrodes with a proper gap across which high potential discharges to generate spark and ignite the combustible mixture within combustion chamber. A type of spark plug used in an engine depends upon particular engine requirements.

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Working of battery ignition system:A battery of 12 volts is generally employed. Battery ignition system for a cylinder engine is shown in figure. There are two types of circuits in system viz, the primary and the secondary circuits. The battery, primary winding of the ignition coil, condenser, and the contact breaker from the primary circuit, whereas the secondary winding of the ignition coil, the distributor and spark plugs constitute secondary circuit. When ignition switch is in on position, the current flowing in the primary circuit will grow exponentially during the make period of contact breaker. The current flowing through primary coil which is wound on iron soft core, produces a magnetic field in the core. A cam driven by the engine shaft, is arranged to open the breaker points whenever an ignition discharge is required. When the breaker points open, the current which had been flowing through the points now flows into condenser, which is connected across points. As the condenser becomes charged the primary current falls and magnetic field collapse. The collapse of field induces a voltage in a primary winding, which charges a condenser voltage to a voltage much higher than battery voltage. The condenser than discharges into the battery, thus thereby reversing the direction of primary current and the magnetic field. The rapid collapse and reversal of magnetic field in the core induces very high voltage in the secondary winding of the ignition coil. The secondary winding consist of large no of turns of very fine wire wound on the same core of primary. The high secondary voltage is led to the proper spark plug by means of rotating switch called the distributor. Limitations of Battery ignition system :a) The primary voltage decreases as the engine speed increases due to limitations in the current switching capability of the breaker system. b) Time available for build-up of the current in the primary coil and the stored energy decreases as the engine speed increases due to the dwell period becomes shorter. c) Because of high source impedance the system is sensitive to sidetracking across the spark plug insulator.

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2) Magneto Ignition system :- Magneto is a special type of ignition system with

its electric generator to provide the necessary energy for the system. It is mounted on engine and replaces all the components of coil ignition system except the spark plug. In the type known as a shuttle magneto, the engine rotates a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet. In the inductor magneto, the magnet is rotated and the coil remains stationary. On each revolution, a cam opens the contact breaker one or more times, interrupting the current, which causes the electromagnetic field in the primary coil to collapse. As the field collapses there is a voltage induced (as described by Faraday's Law) across the primary coil. As the points open, point spacing is such that the voltage across the primary coil would arc across the points. A capacitor is placed across the points which absorbs the energy stored in the primary coil. The capacitor and the coil together form a resonant circuit which allows the energy to oscillate from the capacitor to the coil and back again. Due to the inevitable losses in the system, this oscillation decays fairly rapidly. A second coil, with many more turns than the primary, is wound on the same iron core to form an electrical transformer. The ratio of turns in the secondary winding to the number of turns in the primary winding, is called the turns ratio. Voltage across the primary coil results in a proportional voltage being induced across the secondary winding of the coil. The turns ratio between the primary and secondary coil is selected so that the voltage across the secondary reaches a very high value, enough to arc across the gap of the spark plug.

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Experiment No. 3 STUDY OF FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM ( C I Engine)

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Aim :To study the Fuel Injection System System ( Diesel Engine).
Introduction :The fuel supply system in a diesel engine has to perform certain functions. These are given below:1) Storing of Fuel :- Fuel tank is usually positioned along the side of vehicle chassis. 2) Filtering:- Water and dirt must be removed from the diesel for which two filters are employed. Primary filter is usually in the form of coarse wire gauze and is often optional. It prevents large solid particles and water from going to the fuel feed pump. Secondary filter is used after the fuel feed pump and is meant to remove fine particles of dust, dirt etc. 3) Delivery of fuel to injection pump :- From the fuel tank the fuel is delivered to the fuel injection pump by means of fuel feed pump. The rate of fuel delivery depends upon engine requirements. 4) Injecting the fuel into engine cylinders :- Exact amount of fuel is metered , atomized and injected under high pressure to each cylinder in correct sequence and at correct moment according to the engine requirements. This is done by means of fuel injection pump in conjunction with injector for each cylinder. 5) Controlling the engine speed:- Diesel engine speed tends to overshoot to dangerous values on reduction of load. This is controlled by means of a governor, which besides limiting maximum speed also regulates the fuel supply under all condition.

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Types of fuel injection system:- Following are the types of fuel injection
system:7) Common rail fuel injection system. 8) Individual Pump and nozzles with separated pumps 9) Distributor system 10)Unit injector system

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1) Common Rail fuel injection system :- In the common rail system, as

shown in figure:A , a HP pump supplies fuel, under high pressure, to fuel header. High pressure in the header forces the fuel to each of nozzles located in the cylinders. At the proper time, a mechanically operated ( by means of push rod and rocker arm ) valve allows the fuel to enter the proper cylinder through nozzle. The pressure in the fuel header must be that, for which that injector system was designed., i.e, it must enable to operate and disperse the fuel in the combustion chamber. The amount of fuel entering in the cylinder is regulated by varying the length of push and stroke.

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2) Individual pump and nozzle system :- The details of this type of

system is shown in Fig:B and Fig.C. In this system, each cylinder is provided with one pump and one injector. In this arrangement, a separate metering and compression pump is provided for each cylinder. The pump may be placed close to the cylinder as shown in Fig:B or they may be arranged in a cluster as shown in Fig:C. A high pressure pump plunger is actuated by means of cam, and produces the necessary fuel pressure to open injector valve at the correct time. The amount of fuel injected depends upon the effective stroke of the plunger.

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3) Distributor System :- Fig
shows schematic diagram of a distributor system the pump which pressurizes the fuel also meters and times it. The fuel pump after metering the required amount of fuel supplies it to rotating distributor at the correct time for supply to each cylinder. The number of injector strokes per cycle for the pump is equal to the number of cylinders. Since there is one metering element in each pump, a uniform distribution is automatically ensured. Not only that, the cost of the fuel injection system also reduces to a value less than two-thirds of that for individual pump system.

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4) Unit Injector system :- The unit injector system is shown in figure
, is one in which the pump and the injector nozzle are combined in one housing. Each cylinder is provided with one of these unit injectors. Fuel is brought up to injector by a low pressure pump, where at the proper time, a rocker arm actuates the plunger and thus injects the fuel in to the cylinder. The amount of fuel injected is regulated by the effective stroke of plunger. The pump and the injector unit can be integrated in one unit as shown in figure.

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Experiment No. 4 STUDY OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim :To study the Lubrication System of an IC Engine.
Introduction :- Internal combustion engine operate at comparatively high speed.

When increased in speed after starting the peripheral speed of the journal grows. High peripheral speed causes increased lubricating oil pressure in the journal bearing. The temperatures of the piston assembly and the bearings appreciably grow after continuous operation at high speed. The function of the lubrication system will be to provide oil between bearing parts in order to cool the bearing surfaces by maintaining sufficient rate of oil flow through these surfaces. Lubricating oil also washes out any wear product from journals or other mating parts.
Function Of Lubrication System :a) Lubricant reduces friction between moving parts. b) It reduces wear and tear of moving parts. c) It minimizes power loss due to friction. d) It helps in noise reduction which is created by moving parts. e) Lubricant provide cooling effect by carrying away the heat generated in the moving parts.
Types of Lubrication System :1) Oil mist lubrication 2) Dry Sump Lubrication 3) Wet Sump Lubrication

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1) Oil mist Lubrication :- This type of lubrication system is used in scooters

and motor-cycles. About 3% to 6% of lubricating oil is added with petrol in the petrol tank. The petrol evaporates when engine is working. Lubricant oil is left behind in the form of mist. The parts of engine such as cylinder wall, piston , connecting rod are lubricated by being wetted with oil mist. Advantages :A) Low cost and doesnt requires the fuel pump, filter etc. Disadvantages :A) It causes heave exhaust smoke due to burning of lubricating oil partially or fully and also forms deposits on piston crown and exhaust ports which affect engine efficiency. B) Since oil comes in close contact with acidic vapours produced during the combustion process gets contaminated and may result in the corrosion of the bearing surfaces. C) This system requires separate mixing prior to use or use of some additive to give the oil good mixing characteristics. D) During closed throttling operations as in the case of vehicle moving down the hill, the engine will suffer from insufficient lubrication as the supply of fuel is less.

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2) Dry Sump Lubrication :- In this system major part of oil is stored in a tank
outside the engine or the crank case. The oil flows down into small recesses at the bottom of crank case. It is continuously pumped out from these recesses into the storage tank by a pump and there is practically no storage of oil in the sump. The delivery pump installed inside the storage tank delivers oil under pressure through oil cooler and filter to different sections of the engine. This system of lubrication is employed only in high power engine and in low height engine. The oil, after lubricating different parts, flows down into the recesses both in front and rear of crank case. The oil from the recess is continuously pumped out into the storage tank. A separate delivery pump is provided in the oil tank which delivers oil through the oil cooler and filters into the main line. A bypass valve is provided before the oil cooler to return any excess oil delivered by the pump. Usually a drain valve is provided in the main line. This valve ensures constant oil pressure before the bearing irrespective of varying speed and temperature of the engine.

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3) Wet Sump Lubrication :- In this system the lubricating oil is stored in pan at
the bottom of the crank case. The oil pan is separated from the crank case space by a screen. Oil is delivered under pressure to different sections of the engine by a delivery pump. The parts which are supplied with oil under pressure are main bearing, the crank pin bearing, piston pin bearing, the cam shaft bearing and the valve operating mechanism. Oil is generally sprayed from connecting rod big end to the cylinder liner and the cams. A course filter is in series with the oil line and a fine filter is connected to the oil line in parallel. The course filter usually cleans all the oil supplied to the engine. System with high circulation rate is provided with oil cooler where the oil is cooled by air or water.

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Experiment No. 5 STUDY OF COOLING SYSTEM

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Aim :To study the Cooling System of an Internal Combustion engine.
Need Of Cooling System :The cooling The cooling system forms an intrinsic part of an automobile engine. It performs multitude of functions such as removing excess heat from the engine, maintaining efficient temperature and allowing engine to perform its task within a short span of time. Ideally, automobile cooling system keeps the engine running at an optimum temperature whatever the operating conditions are. Automobile Cooling System consists of components or equipment installed in vehicles for removing heat from all the moving parts so that they can work suitably without melting, seizing and overheating. More specifically, automotive cooling system makes use of coolant, lubricating oil and fan to maintain and regulate the temperature of other parts of an engine.
Characteristics of efficient cooling system :a) It should be capable of removing 30% of heat generated in the combustion chamber while maintaining the optimum temperature of the engine under all operating condition of the engine. b) It should remove heat at faster rate when engine is hot. However during starting of the engine cooling should be minimum, so that the working parts of the engine reach their operating temperature within short period of time.

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Types of Cooling system :- Following are the types of cooling system

a) Liquid or indirect cooling system. b) Air or direct cooling system. a) Liquid or indirect cooling system :- In this system mainly water is used and made to circulate through the water jacket provided around the cylinder, cylinder head, valve ports and seats where it extracts most of the heat. Water cooling can be achieved in following ways: 1) Direct or non return system 2) Thermosyphon system 3) Forced circulation cooling system 4) Evaporative cooling system 5) Pressure cooling system

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1) Thermosyphon cooling :- Early cars and motor vehicles used thermosyphon circulation to move cooling water between their cylinder block and radiator. As engine power increased, increased flow was required and so engine-driven pumps were added to assist circulation. More compact engines then used smaller radiators and required more convoluted flow patterns, so the circulation became entirely dependent on the pump and might even be reversed against the natural circulation.

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206 2) Forced circulation cooling system :The water or coolant is circulated through jackets around the parts of the engine which are to be cooled, and is kept in motion by centrifugal pump which is driven by the engine. The water is passed through the radiator where it is cooled by air drawn through the radiator by a fan and by the air draft due to the forward motion of the vehicle. A thermostat is used to control the water temperature required for the cooling.
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3) Evaporative Cooing system :- This system is predominantly used in

stationary engines. In this , the engine will be cooled because of evaporation of the water in the cylinder jackets in to the steam. Figuure shows the schematic diagram of evaporative cooling with air cooled condenser. In this case water is circulated by the pump a and when delivered to the overhead tank B part of its boil out. The tank has partition C. The vapour rises above the partition C and because of the condensing action of the radiator tubes D, condensate flows in to the lower tank E from which it is picked up and returned to tha tank B by the small pump F. The vertical collapsing of the tanks B and E when the pressure inside them due to condensation falls below atmospheric.

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Advantages of Water cooling systems :(a) Uniform cooling of cylinder, cylinder head and valves. (b) Specific fuel consumption of engine improves by using water cooling system. (c) If we employ water cooling system, then engine need not be provided at the front end of moving vehicle. (d) Engine is less noisy as compared with air cooled engines, as it has water for damping noise.
Disadvantages Water cooling systems :(a) It depends upon the supply of water. (b) The water pump which circulates water absorbs considerable power. (c) If the water cooling system fails then it will result in severe damage of engine. (d) The water cooling system is costlier as it has more number of parts. Also it requires more maintenance and care for its parts.

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b) Air cooling system:- Air cooling can be achieved in two ways:

i) Use of Cooling fins. ii) Use of baffles. i) Cooling fins :- Cooling fins are either cast or integral with cylinder and cylinder head or can be fixed to cylinder block separately. Various shapes of cooling fins are shown in figure. The heat dissipating capacity of the fins depends upon their cross section and length. Heat is gradually dissipated from the fin surface, the temperature of the fin decreases from its root to tip. Hence fin surface nearer to the tip dissipates heat at a lower rate and is less efficient. On the other hand as the quantity of heat flowing toward tip gradually decreases, the thickness of the fin can be decreased.

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206 iii) Baffles :- The rate of heat transfer from the cylinder walls can be substantially increased by using baffles which force the air flow through space between the fins. Various shapes of baffles are shown in figure.
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MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206 Advantages of Air Cooled System :(a) Radiator/pump is absent hence the system is light. (b) In case of water cooling system there are leakages, but in this case there are no leakages. (c) Coolant and antifreeze solutions are not required. (d) This system can be used in cold climates, where if water is used it may freeze. Disadvantages of Air Cooled System:(a) Comparatively it is less efficient. (b) It is used in aero planes and motorcycle engines where the engines are exposed to air directly.
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MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Experiment No. 1 STUDY OF CARBURETOR

Name of the Candidate Roll No Date of Performance Date of Submission Grade

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

To study the carburettors.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

d) S.U Carburetor:- Solex and carter carburetors are examples of

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Experiment No. 2 STUDY OF IGNITON SYSTEM

Name of the Candidate Roll No Date of Performance Date of Submission Grade

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Requirements of an ignition system:- Following are the requirements of

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Types of Ignition System :- Following are the types of ignition system

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

2) Magneto Ignition system :- Magneto is a special type of ignition system with

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory

MESs PIIT EMSR, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 206