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Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765KV)
Karamsad CB
Power Plant
CB Bus-bar
220 kV
Steel Tower
Bus-bar
66 kV Transmission
Secondary Transmission(66/132KV)
Urban Customers Distribution Transformer Primary (11/0.415 kV)
Distribution
V V Nagar
Secondary Distribution
Underground Cable
Secondary Grid
(66/11 kV)
Distribution Pole
To Other Residential Customer
Residential Customer
Substations
66Kv
RLDC::Brain
Generation :: Heart
USER
Sub-Transmission :: Sub-Arteries
Distribution :: Capillaries
The Generation
Human Body Power System Blood Pressure Voltage Heart Beat Frequency The Pulse 72 Beats/Minutes 50 Cycles/Seconds Cause Stress/Anxiety Load-Gen.-Mismatch Risk Heart Beat Deviation Frequency Deviation
GENERATION
Thermal Power Plant Hydro Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant Diesel Power Plant Gas Power Plant Combine Cycle plant Solar Tidal Wind Geothermal Bio-mass Fuel cells
NR
WR
SR
ER
NER
Installed Capacity :
1,79,151 MW
4780 3%
18626 11%
38387 22%
114448 64%
664.9, (83%)
29% 22%
3%
664.9, (83%)
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
0 Canada Sweden United States United Arab Emirates Australia New Zealand Taiwan Japan Switzerland Singapore France Germany Israel United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Korea, Rep Russian Federation Italy Greece South Africa U.S.S.R. (former) Malaysia Brazil Iran, Islamic Rep Thailand Turkey Iraq Namibia Egypt China Zimbabwe Korea, Dem People's Rep India Indonesia Pakistan Viet Nam Sri Lanka
HYDRO RESOURCES
RESOURCES ARE FAR AWAY FROM LOAD CENTERS. NECESSITATES LONG TRANSMISSION LINKS FOR EVACUATION
DELHI
Source: Powerline KOLKATTA MUMBAI (Siemens Ad), Oct-2006 COAL BELT BANGALORE CHENNAI
EHV Infrastructure
TRANSMISSI ON VOLTAGE
TOTAL
Circuit Kilometer
SolSolar Powe Solar Power Solar Power Potential Potential r Potential If tropical India were to convert just 1% of the 5,000 trillion kilowatt-hour of Potential solar radiation (or, arSolar Power simply, sunlight) it receives a year into energy, the Power country will have enough Potential to meet its energy needs.
In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is experienced 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/sq.m. The equivalent energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh of energy per year. The highest annual global radiation is received in Rajasthan and northern Gujarat.
8%
219992 305623 424744 574748 778095
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Or a targeted 9.5% growth in the power sector, a capacity addition of 78,577 MW has been proposed for the 11th Plan
Operation performance of power stations- salient features Gross annual generation crossed 800 BU (811 BU) Gross monthly generation figure has crossed 75 BU mark (75.5 in Mar11) Gross daily generation figure has crossed 2.5 BU mark (2.508 on 18th Mar11) Nuclear generation achieved a remarkable growth rate of 41.04% due to improved availability of nuclear fuel Generation from hydro based plants improved with a growth rate of 10.01% due to revival of good monsoon after 2 successive yrs of deficit rainfall conditions.
(US$m m ) 15 13.2
8,000
5,619
5,971
10.1
10
4,000
5 4.25
1,730
2.0
France
1.8
Italy
1.7
Brazil
1.7
0 Japan India Russia China US
Canada
Germany
China
India
Japan
Russia
800
8.8% 8.8% 7.1% 559 546 498 519 680 8.4% 632 7.3% 591 548 579 620
10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
(MU)
700 600
5
500 400
0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Brazil China India Russia Germany
Brazil
US
Source: (1) World Bank; (2) International Energy Outlook 2006; (3) Report of Working Group on Power for Eleventh Plan (2007-12)
37
Growth of Indian Power Sector: TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Required development of high voltage transmission system did suffer in the early years. During 80s, when NTPC had the jurisdiction of creating HV transmission system along with their super thermal power stations, transmission side of the industry got a boost. Subsequently, PGCIL was formed out of NTPC and from 1992, PGCIL has added significantly towards creation of HV transmission system and development of the national grid Transmission sector opened up for private sector participation with the amendment of the ES Act in 1998
Uneven distribution of power resources (coal, hydel,etc.) Transporting coal costlier than transmitting power. Scenario of simultaneous surplus (ER) and shortage (Other
regions)
Electricity Act 2003 Main features In addition, the focus was widened to upgrade and improve the financial and operational efficiency of the distribution companies. A massive funding scheme of the GoI called the Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program (APDRP) was initiated to provide funds to State Electricity Boards and distribution companies to improve system efficiency and provide incentives for better performance.
NEP 2005 The National Electricity Policy 2005, which introduced the concept of universal service, mandated that all villages should be electrified by 2007-2008 and all households by 2011-2012.
NEP 2005 The National Electricity Policy 2005, which introduced the concept of universal service, mandated that all villages should be electrified by 2007-2008 and all households by 2011-2012.
Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) under the competitive bidding route, are expected to add substantial thermal capacity. In 2008, the GoI promulgated the Hydro Power Policy to encourage private investments, improve resettlement and rehabilitation and enhance the financial viability of hydropower development. Earlier in 2007, the MoP had issued the approach and guidelines for the development of merchant power plants (MPPs). Two main programs of the GoI are aimed at improving electricity distribution. The APDRP provides loans and grants to augment investments in distribution system upgrades. The Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikiran Yojana (RGGVY), launched in 2005, aims at electrifying all villages and providing access to electricity to all rural households over a period of four years. Petroleum and
Two main programs of the GoI are aimed at improving electricity distribution. The APDRP provides loans and grants to augment investments in distribution system upgrades. The Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikiran Yojana (RGGVY), launched in 2005, aims at electrifying all villages and providing access to electricity to all rural households over a period of four years.
National Regional
State
Local
1950s
1960s
1970s
1990s
Isolated systems Isolated systems developed in and around industrial & urban areas Establishment of CEA under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 for coordinated development of Power Sector The Act also provided for formation of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) in the States
National Grid Focus of planning the generation and the transmission system shifted from the orientation of regional self-sufficiency to the concept of optimization of utilization of resources on All India basis A strong National Grid system would enable such an all-India generation planning and development
March 2003 West synchronized With East & Northeast October 1991 East and Northeast synchronized
Central Grid
South Grid
North
East
West
South Northeast
MERGING OF MARKETS
Objectives underlying the formation of National Grid To transfer power from surplus regions to deficit regions Utilise maximum diversified regions resources from
MW
30000 25000 20000
Source: CEA
IR CAPACITY : 22350MW
4180 MW
13620 MW
NORTHEASTERN REGION
6660 MW
WESTERN REGION EASTERN REGION
2840 MW
3780 MW 3620 MW
SOUTHERN REGION
Acquiring Right of Way (ROW) for constructing transmission system is getting increasingly difficult. This necessitates creation of high capacity Transmission Highways , so that in future, constraints in ROW do not become bottleneck in harnessing natural resources
Four major power regions of the country namely, North-Eastern, Eastern, Western and Northern are now operating as one synchronous grid.
ADDED STABILITY BOUNDARY-LESS OPERATION HUB AND SPOKE ARRANGEMENT GENERATORS HAVE READY EVACUATION PATH THE NATIONAL GRID ENVISAGED BY POWERGRID IS A HYBRID NETWORK COMPRISING A 765 kV HUB WITH 400 kV AC AND 500kV HVDC SPOKES
K IS H E N P U R
JULLAN DHAR MOGA BALLABG ARH (D E L H I R IN G ) H IS S A R M 'B A D B E A R IL L Y LU CKNO W G 'P U R M 'P U R PURNEA VARANASI S IL IG U R I/B IR P A R A 500M W SATNA B IN A SEO NI S IP A T KORBA R A IP U R W ARDA CHANDRAPUR 1000M W V IN D H Y A CHAL BARH KAH ALG AO N B 'S H A R IF M A IT H O N JAM SHEDPUR A 'P U R MEERUT TEHRI
C H IC K E N N E C K
BHUTAN
T EESTA TALA RANG ANADI B O N G A IG A O N
D IH A N G D A M W E KATHALGURI M A R IA N I
NR
J A IP U R
B H IW A D I
AGRA
S H IR O H I
25 00 MW
M IS A BADARPUR T IP A IM U K H
ZERDA
DEHGAM
NAGDA
NO RTH KARANPURA
NER
B A N G LA DESH
H IR M A
ER
R O UR KELA
P A D G H EA M R A V A T I DHABOL KO YNA
W RP A R L I L O N IK A N D
KARAD
TALCHER JEYPO RE
KO LH APUR
SR
NARENDRA S IR S I
RAM AGUNDAM W M 00 20
W
G AZUW AKA
CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTHEAST AND PIT HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER STARVED REGIONS
V IJ A Y A W A D A
K A IG A
20
00
PONDA
K R IS H N A P A T N A M C H IT T O O R
M YSORE
K O Z H IK O D E
LA KS HA DW EE P
C O C H IN KAYAM KULAM T R IV A N D R U M
KAYATHAR KU DANKULAM
Control Centres
Bulk electric power systems comprise of hundreds of generating units interconnected by an intricate web of transmission & distribution spread across vast geographical stretches. For ensuring a reliable and quality supply to the consumers, the power system must be operated within the prescribed reliability standards. The system operators positioned at wellequipped control centres provide the coordination services that are vital for operating the system within the operating limits.
Load Despatch Centers in India The control of the grid is planned to be done at 3 levels of hierarchy namely NLDC, RLDC and SLDC.
Surplus Regions
NR NER
2300
National Grid
1 5
ER WR
Regional Grids
State Utilities
33
Deficit Regions
Role of NLDC
NLDC
Economy and Efficiency of National Grid Monitoring of operations and grid security of National Grid Restoration of synchronous operation of National Grid Trans-national exchange of power Feedback to CEA & CTU for national Grid Planning Dissemination of information Levy and collection of fee and charges - CERC Disse Supervision
Coordinate
RLDC
Coordinate
Role of RLDC
RLDC
Exclusive functions
Real time operation , control & contingency analysis Generation scheduling/ re-scheduling Restoration Metering & data collection Compiling & furnishing of operation data Operation of Regional UI pool Account. Reactive energy account and Congestion charge account Operation of ancillary services
Role of RLDC
RLDC
Apex body
Directions
SLDC State
Central
For ST Open AccessNodal Agency
Licensee Generating company Generating station / Substations any other concerned person
Functions optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity Monitor grid operation Keep accounts of electricity transmitted Exercise Supervision and control over the ISTS Real time operations
Role of SLDC
SLDC Apex body in a State
Ensure compliance Monitor grid operations Directions and Keep accounts of electricity exercise transmitted supervision and Activities of control Licensee, Real-time operation generating company, exercise supervision and control generating station, sub-station Power System and any other concerned person Optimum scheduling and despatch Directions
State
RLDC
Intra-State STU
Inter-state CTU
Intra-State STU
CEA
83
Role of RPC
RPC
Facilitate the stable and smooth operations of the system Functions: regional level operation analysis facilitate inter-state/inter-regional transfer of power facilitate planning of inter-state/intrastate transmission system coordinate maintenance of generating units coordinate maintenance of transmission system protection studies Planning for maintaining proper voltages Consensus on issues related to economy and efficiency
MS SRPC shall certify Availability of transmission system Prepare Regional Energy Account, Weekly UI, Reactive & Congestion charge account
Decisions
Role of CTU
CTU
to undertake transmission of electricity through ISTS Planning shall operate RLDC
State1
CTU/to provide non-discriminatory Open Access Will not engage in trading and generation For LTOA & MTOA nodal agency
Role of STU
STU
to undertake transmission of electricity through intra-state transmission system Planning shall operate SLDC
transmission system
Intra-state transmission system
CTU
CEA
Role of CEA
will formulate short-term and perspective plans for transmission system
specify technical standards for construction of electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid specify safety requirements for construction, operation and maintenance of electrical plants and electrical lines specify grid standards for operation and maintenance of transmission lines specify conditions for SEMs Promote and assist timely completion of schemes To collect and record electrical data- cost, efficiency To carry out investigation ( Electrical system) Shall Prepare National Electricity Plan (NEP)
Objective specify principles, specify procedures specify criteria promote coordination 89 information exchange
Planning Philosophy
Long-term plan (10-15 years) Annual plan (5 year forward term)
CTU
CEA
inter/intra state transmission system continuously updated to reflect load projections and generation scenarios NEP Avoid congestion
Planning schemes shall also consider: CEAs: Long-term perspective plan Electric Power Survey of India report Transmission Planning Criteria and guidelines RPC Feedback NLDC/RLDC/SLDC feedback CERC Regulations Renewable capacity addition (MNRES)
90
Planning
On the basis of PPA No PPA/ no consensus CTU may approach CERC in accordance with CERC (Grant of Regulatory approval for Capital Investment to CTU for execution of ISTS)
Planning data:
submission by STUs/Users to CTU:
91
STU shall plan to evacuate power from ISTS ISTS & intra-state transmission systems are complementary & interdependent If LTA Applications require strengthening of intra-state transmission system applicant shall coordinate with STU
92
Planning Data Under the Planning Code, the Regional entities, STUs, State Generating Companies, IPPs, licensees are required to supply two types of data: i) Standard planning data ii) Detailed planning data
The completion of these works, in the required time frame, shall be ensured by CTU through the concerned persons
Conclusion
The formation of the NEW grid has taken us from regional grid operation to national grid operation. Advantage regional grids: able to reap all the benefits associated with synchronous interconnection Risk: regional grids to handle the inherent risks of a Large Grid Greater emphasis on network reliability, protection systems, grid discipline and handling emergencies.
Thank you