Abstract Writing

GradWRITE! Workshop Student Development Services The Writing Support Centre University of Western Ontario

1 Abstract writing is a highly specialized form of academic writing. It requires a clear and concise writing style that conveys complicated information in a limited amount of space. Abstracts reach a more broad audience than almost any other form of academic writing. Approximately 10 to 500 times more people will read an abstract than the associated article or attend a presentation.

Outline
Components of an Abstract Writing an Abstract Writing a Good Abstract

2 This presentation will detail the components of typical abstracts, provide step-by-step abstract writing instructions and give advice on turning average abstracts into exceptional ones.

Abstracts: Denition
A brief representation of a larger document or presentation Here, starting with abstract for a research-centred journal article

3 An abstract is a brief representation of a larger document or presentation. For the remainder of this presentation, we will focus on the components of abstracts associated with research articles. The unique aspects of abstracts for literature reviews and presentations will be addressed later.

Purpose
Help reader decide whether to read the text or not Summarize the ndings of the text Help scholars nd your article

4 Abstracts serve three specic purposes. The rst, and most important, is to help the reader decide whether to read the entire article. By writing an academic abstract, you are not trying to trick someone into reading your paper. You are trying to be as clear and informative as possible, so that the reader knows what to expect in the content of the paper. Abstracts also summarize the ndings of the paper. Reading an abstract should give the reader a clear indication of the importance of your research. Positioned at the beginning of the text, abstracts introduce readers to the content of your article.Finally, academic search engines use the content of abstracts to nd relevant articles. It is essential to use key words specic to your discipline, so that scholars can nd your article when looking for research in your eld.

Qualities of an Abstract
One or more well-developed paragraphs Short (100-300 words; 3-5%) Stands alone Includes all the major elements of the larger text (in order) No new information

5 Abstracts of research articles are usually one well-developed paragraph, although some cases require multiple paragraphs. They are characterized by their brevity, and while space restrictions vary, most abstracts range from 100 to 300 words or approximately 3 to 5% of the word count of the associated text. Most journals give clear guidelines for abstract length. Abstracts should contain enough information to stand separate from their associated texts. To accomplish this, abstracts should address all of the major sections and elements of the text. They should also not contain any information that is not included in the associated text.

Structure of an Abstract
Topic Research Question Methods Results Conclusion

6 Abstracts should follow the same clear and logical structure of their associated text. Begin the abstract by introducing the topic of the article and quickly address the research question being investigated. Next, detail the methods used to answer the question. Finally, outline the key results from your research and make a nal statement to conclude the abstract.

Writing an Abstract
Finish your paper Take a break Read over your paper and identify the key points for each section

7 Before sitting down to write an abstract, you need to complete the associated article. How can you expect to give a clear summary of the important aspects of a text if you have not nished writing the text? After nishing off your article, the next important step is to take a break. As the last component of a manuscript, abstracts are often written late at night by exhausted writers. Because abstracts are read by so many people and are so important to how your research is received, it is essential that they receive your best effort. While not always possible, leaving the text for a few days will also give your writing some necessary distance. While the abstract is the last component you write, it is the reader rst exposure to your research. Coming back to the text with relatively fresh eyes will help you understand the perspective of your intended audience.With a clear and relaxed mind, your rst step towards actually writing your abstract should be to read over your paper and identify the key points from each section. Underlining, highlighting or jotting down some notes are effective methods to point out the important elements of a text.

Writing an Abstract
One to two sentences for: Topic and research question Methods Results/ndings Conclusions/recommendations

8 From here, you should write down one or two sentences covering each section of your paper. Make sure you address the most important aspects of each section. We will address the contents of each section later when we discuss the qualities of good abstracts. Notice the absence of the literature review. Abstracts summarize your key ndings and should not waste precious space discussing what others have found.

Writing an Abstract
Connect the ideas with appropriate transitions Add and remove text as needed Revise, edit and proofread

9 With a rough abstract in place, you should use some transitions to connect your content and smooth off the edges.Finally, look at your abstract as a whole and determine whether there are segments that could be omitted or any aspects of your paper that should be included.You should have as many people as possible read over your abstract. Both people within your discipline and those outside of it will be able to give you valuable feedback on how your abstract will be received by your audience. Abstracts are short, so asking someone to read it over will not require a large investment in time.

Literature Reviews and Critical Essays

Structure: Problem/Topic you are investigating Thesis statement Your conclusions based on the literature review *Methods for review if novel

10 Abstracts for literature reviews and critical essays share the same spirit as research articles: that is to stand as complete and concise representations of larger works, but since the structure of these texts differ from research articles, their abstracts will also be different.These abstracts should begin by introducing the topic and problem and problem being investigated.The thesis statement, if a component of the associated article, should be clearly and completely included at near the beginning. The author should then detail the original evidence that supports the main purpose or argument of the paper. Again, the emphasis is not placed on the referenced literature but on the conclusions you made as an author based on these outside references.Finally, writing some reviews and essays involve unique methods, be they meta-analysis of statistical data or traveling to exotic locations to examine ancient texts. If the methods required to write an article are particularly novel, they should be included in the abstract in the same order as they appeared in the text. Otherwise, the methods for review should not appear in the abstract.

Conference Abstracts
Two Purposes: Should I attend this talk/reading? What was that great talk/reading about?

11 Abstracts for conferences serve slightly different purposes than those for written articles. An individual reading an abstract in a conference booklet is deciding whether or not to attend your presentation or reading. In a sea of academic ideas, your abstract should give prospective attendees an accurate idea of the content of your presentation. After the fact, your abstract may be the only document of your research to an attendee of your presentation. Individuals will often consult conference proceedings months or years after the fact, as they recall a short presentation only now relating to their current research. A complete conference abstract allows researchers to refresh their memories about your ndings.

Conference Abstracts
Usually written before the results are in or the paper is nished Write as though you are done Less formal than journal abstracts Use only the space needed, not given

12 Conferences usually involve the presentation of new and in-progress research. Additionally, many conferences require abstracts months before the actual presentation. As such, abstracts for conferences are often written before the research is complete. This can complicate writing an abstract for a conference presentation.As much as possible, a conference abstract should be written as though the presentation or associated paper is completed. Your intended audience is composed of individuals at a conference hoping to get an accurate idea of the ideas that will be covered during your presentation.The atmosphere at most academic conferences is generally less formal than that in the academic publishing industry, and this relaxed atmosphere can leech into your abstracts, but it is important to maintain most of the conventions of professional communication.Conference abstracts should adhere to the format guidelines set out by the organizers. In some cases, authors are given more space than should be needed for an abstract (for example, a whole page of single spaced text). Authors should only use the amount of space needed to convey the key components of a presentation. Filling up the extra space with unnecessary details will only bore the reader. Leaving that blank space provides the attendee an opportunity to write his or her own notes regarding your presentation.

Good Abstracts: Content

Seamlessly blend the elements of the associated text into one coherent paragraph Include only relevant information Use a clear and concise writing style

13 We have talked about the characteristics of typical abstracts, and surely writing an abstract that meets these requirements should not be difcult to write after completing a whole article on your research. But what makes a good abstract? What are the characteristics of mediocre abstracts?A good abstract seamlessly blends the elements of the associated text into a coherent and powerful paragraph. Each section contains only the most relevant information. We will now go through the different components of writing an effective abstract.

Good Abstracts: Topic/Purpose

Make thesis/hypothesis/objectives stand out Avoid repeating information from the title If possible, avoid references Introduce specic terminology (e.g. denitions, scientic and chemical names)

14 It is important to set the stage very early in your abstract with a clear statement of your purpose. Your thesis, hypothesis or objectives should be very clear.While the abstract is usually the rst component of the text read by the audience, we forget that the title is actually the reader rst exposure to the text. To save some space, information clearly laid out in the title need not be repeated in the abstract.Because your abstract should focus on the ndings of your research, it should not contain any outside references.You should also use this section to introduce discipline-specic terminology essential to understanding your research. This helps researchers contextualize your article, introduces the major topic and helps the search engines place your work in relevant search elds. You should avoid using too many terms here. Just focus on the main concepts explored in your article.

Good Abstracts: Methods

Mention novel techniques Be specic 20 and 40 kg/acre of nitrogen rather than two treatments of nitrogen

15 Aside from detailing the general methods used for you study, abstracts should bring attention to any novel techniques that you employed. Unique methods are sometimes the only reason some people will read an article.Where possible, it is important to be specic when detailing the methods used. In this example, it did not take much more space to describe the exact treatments. This gives the reader a much better indication of what actions were performed.

Good Abstracts: Results

If many results, only present the most important Be specic Example: ...increased by 50% rather than ...increased.

16 For content related to the results, you should only present the results that directly address your thesis, hypothesis or objective statements.Like the methods section, being specic in sentences describing your results can give the reader a much better indication of the results of your study. In this example, we see how big an effect the experiment had, not just that it had an effect. The extra words are not wasted here; they contribute to a better understanding of the ndings.

Good Abstracts: Conclusions

Just the major implications Relate back to your purpose and research question

17 Again, only the major implications or your results should be included here.You should relate your results back to the content addressed in the rst few sentences of your abstract.

Good Abstracts: Writing Style

Clear and concise Remove or shorten any unnecessary words or phrases

18 While including the right content is essential for an abstract, using an appropriate writing style will help you effectively convey that content. Effective abstracts have a clear and concise writing style. Complicated ideas must be conveyed in as few words as possible. There simply isnt the room for long and convoluted sentences.Removing or shortening any unnecessary words or phrases is at the essence of clear and concise writing. If anything can be removed while maintaining the same meaning, then your text is probably better off.

Active Voice
Avoid the passive voice Example: Gasoline was sweetened by iron bauxites in air. Iron bauxites sweetened gasoline in air. The level of sweetening was measured by...

19 Writing in the passive voice lessens the impact of your writing. It also uses more words. Converting sentences into the active voice can make your writing more forceful.However, it is not a cure-all. There will be some cases where the passive voice is the most effective way to convey information.

Miscellaneous
Avoid abbreviations, acronyms and jargon If necessary, dene unfamiliar terms, introduce acronyms E.g. ...rapid eye movement (REM).

20 Abbreviations, acronyms and other non-essential jargon should be avoided. You do not want to spend too much of your limited space explaining terminology. Because an abstract is meant to stand on its own, you must dene each term you introduce.For additional help on achieving a clear and concise writing style, take a look at the GradWRITE! Workshop on writing for clarity and conciseness.

Mediocre Abstracts
Mediocre abstracts read like a table of contents in sentence form Example: The behavior of editors is discussed. What should be covered by an abstract is considered. The importance of the abstract is described. Dictionary denitions of abstract are quoted. At the conclusion a revised abstract is presented.
From The Scrutiny of the Abstract by K.K. Landes in The bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 35, 1951.
21 Writing an effective abstract is about more than simply writing a few sentences summarizing each section of an article. Mediocre abstracts are not much different than a table of contents in sentence form. They refer the reader to the information found in the associated article but do not give the reader any indication of its ndings. Read this abstract to see an extreme example of the Table of contents abstract. Oddly enough, it is an abstract for an article about writing abstracts. At rst glance, the choppy sentence structure might be the rst aspect that jumps out at you, but reading it closely reveals an abstract that gives little information about the arguments and ndings of the associated article.

Mediocre Abstracts
An improved example: The abstract is of utmost importance, for it is read by 10 to 500 times more people than hear the presentation or read the entire article. It should not be a mere recital of the subjects covered, replete with such expressions as is discussed and is described. It should be a condensation and concentration of the essential qualities of the paper.
From The Scrutiny of the Abstract by K.K. Landes in The bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 35, 1951.
22 Now read an improved abstract associated with the same article. Notice the concrete arguments and examples used throughout the abstract. After reading this example, you should get a much clearer idea of the arguments and details of the associated article, not just the contents.

Resources
Instructions to Authors American National Standard for Writing Abstracts http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/ Z39-14.pdf

23 The Instructions to authors outlined by each journal, conference or department will have specic guidelines to follow for each of your abstracts. For more guidance on writing abstracts, check out this .pdf.