KPK Costbook 2012

1
foreword
KPK Research Di gest Annual 2012 i s a compendi um of
essenti al constructi on cost data and proj ect i nformati on
presented i n a succi nct reference gui de, appl i cabl e to 8
countri es, namel y, Chi na, Hong Kong, I ndi a, Mal aysi a,
Si ngapore, Sri Lanka, Thai l and and Vi etnam.
The i nformati on i s i ntended as a gui de for prel i mi nary
budgeti ng and approxi mate esti mati ng. I t shoul d not be
used as a basi s for prepari ng bi ds or for enteri ng i nto any
fi nanci al and contractual commi tments. Reference must be
made to and suppl emented by detai l ed further studi es and
understandi ng of the l ocal constructi on i ndustry and
speci fi c bui l di ng proj ect characteri sti cs and attri butes.
The constructi on costs, uni t rates and pri ces are rel evant as
at 4th Quarter 2011.
2
kpk research 4
contents

KPK Research
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and
recording, without the written permission of KPK Research.
KPK Research and KPK Quantity Surveyors disclaim any responsibility
or liability for any errors or omissions however caused or for loss or
damages arising therefrom.
construction costs (national currency)
construction costs (graphical)
m & e services
construction costs (individual countries)
8
construction costs 5
construction costs (USD) 12
16
24
functional &
sports facilities costs
32
preferential denominator floor area
individual countries
37
38
construction costs (international)
3
directory
professional services
103
106
unit rates
procurement
exchange rates
conversion factors
calendar
97
98
101
construction procurement essentials
contract administration handbook
85
107
general information
kpk
composite unit rates
major unit rates
53
71
material & labour prices 78
4
KPK research
KPK Research
Tel: 65-65363303
Fax: 65-65362633
E-mail: kpkresearch@kpkqs.com.sg
KPK Research accords high priority to essential research and
development efforts in a diverse range of topics from construction
cost trends, cost studies and market sector analyses to construction
legal cases of practical relevance and significance, procurement
approaches, contract forms, professional practice and contract
administration essentials.
The resultant findings and commentaries are shared with and
disseminated to our Clients, fellow professional colleagues, business
associates and professional institutions in the industry as well as
tertiary institutions through the authorship and publication of Client
Practice Notes and Research Digests, and at knowledge-sharing
seminars, workshops and training sessions.
865 Mountbatten Road
#07-01 Katong Shopping Centre
Singapore 437844
5
construction costs
Construction Costs Per Square Metre
Professional, supervision and administrative fees and expenses
and i n the case of Si ngapore, accredi ted checkers fees and
registered inspectors fees;
Planning and submission fees, documentation fees, survey fees

and miscellaneous charges;
Statutory contributions and authority charges;
Development charges;
Property tax;
Furniture, fittings and equipment;
Interior fitting out works, office equipment and
partitioning systems;
Infrastructure works;
Works outside site boundary;
Diversion of services and drains;
Services connection fees;
Land costs, quit rent, assessment charges, legal fees and
stamp duties;
The construction costs for a variety of building types are given in unit
area (square metre) of the built-up floor area of the building in the
national currencies of the country and have been based on an
analysis of tender returns under competitive tendering conditions.

The built-up floor area is the total area of covered enclosed floor
space fulfilling the functional requirements of the building measured
to the outside structural face of the external enclosing walls and
excludes carparks (above and below ground). Where this does not
apply or is different, it is noted in the preamble preceding each
country section.
The construction costs per unit area assume a standard building type
built under typical conditions generally expected in the country.
Prevailing market conditions, design provisions, quality standards,
building legislation and codes do vary between countries and
consideration must be made when using the data.
The rate per square metre includes piled foundation works,
sub-structure works and M&E services. Unless otherwise noted, no
allowances have been made for the following:
5
construction costs

COMMERCIAL
Offices, Average/Prestige Standard, High Rise
Average standard offices include air-conditioning and standard
finishes.
Prestigious standard offices include curtain walling (or similar
cladding system) and quality finishes.
Shopping Centres, Average/High Standard
Average standard shopping centres are based on standard finishes
and limited M&E services within shop units.
High standard shopping centres are based on good quality
finishes and full M&E services within shop units. .
HOTELS
3-Star/4-Star/5-Star/Resort Hotels
Costs include interior decoration, furniture and fittings, sanitary
fittings and accessories.
Costs exclude any hotel operating equipment and accessories
and pre-opening expenses. .
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Multi-tenancy factories with standard finishes and no air-
conditioning.
Flatted Warehouses
Warehouses with standard finishes and no air-conditioning.
Fluctuations in construction costs; and
Advertisement and promotion costs;
Financial charges;
Value Added Tax, Goods and Services Tax and the like.
Except i onal soi l condi t i ons and excavat i on i n rock;
6
construction costs
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary/Secondary Schools
Standard design and specifications for public schools
RESIDENTIAL
Terrace/Semi-Detached/Detached Houses
2 or 3 storey houses
Condominiums, Medium/Luxury Standard, High Rise
Medium standard condominiums with standard
communal and recreational facilities
Luxury standard condominiums with full
communal and recreational facilities
Service Apartments
Medi um standard servi ce apartments wi th standard faci l i ti es
Low Cost Flats, High Rise
Standard design and specifications for low cost flats.
CARPARKS
Multi-storey/Elevated Carparks
Without curtain walling.
Basement Carparks
1 to 3 level with mechanical ventilation.
Note:
Cost information for India is based on the following cities:
'. ,- ' |-, '-, c-, ',.-'., '.- . V.'
'. ,- '' |-, '-| | '.
.'-- ,,.'-, .| | .|-. ., ,'.- '-. ..,
have to be computed to derive the overall construction cost.
7
Shanghai
RMB/m
2
Beijing
RMB/m
2
Hong Kong
HK$/m
2
COMMERCIAL
Offices Average Standard, High Rise
Offices Prestige Standard, High Rise
Shopping Centres, Average Quality
Shopping Centres, High Quality
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
6,500 - 7,800
8,200 - 10,000
6,000 - 7,800
7,800 - 9,000
6,500 - 8,500
9,800 - 11,000
12,000 - 14,500
17,000 - 21,500 15,000 - 20,000
4,000 - 5,200
3,000 - 4,000
2,800 - 3,500
3,200 - 4,000
5,300 - 7,400
6,700 - 10,600
6,200 - 7,700
7,000 - 10,600
7,700 - 11,600
9,900 - 11,600
12,400 - 16,000
2,100 - 3,000
2,700 - 3,800 7,500 - 8,700
2,400 - 2,700
2,700 - 3,200
11,800 - 14,300
14,500 - 18,200
14,500 - 17,200
19,500 - 23,400
15,300 - 18,200
19,800 - 22,200
24,100 - 27,300
N/A
7,100 - 8,300
9,300 - 10,200
9,700 - 10,800
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Semi-Detached Houses
Detached Houses/Bungalows
Condominiums Medium Standard, High Rise
Condominiums Luxury Standard, High Rise
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Multi-Storey/Elevated Carparks
Basement Carparks
3,800 - 4,200 3,000 - 4,000
3,100 - 4,800
4,500 - 5,700
4,600 - 5,800
6,500 - 7,400
7,000 - 10,000
7,500 - 10,500
N/A
2,900 - 3,300
3,800 - 4,600
4,500 - 5,500
4,400 - 6,000
6,300 - 7,400
7,700 - 10,300
8,000 - 11,000
2,600 - 3,200
3,200 - 5,700
16,200 - 19,000
15,600 - 17,500
20,300 - 30,300
10,500 - 11,500
11,000 - 15,000
13,100 - 15,600
N/A
5,500 - 6,900
9,000 - 12,900
m
2
: Built-Up Floor Area as defined.

8
m
2
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
India (Tier I Cities) India (Tier II Cities)
INR/m INR/m
2 2
Sri Lanka
LKR/m
2
18,000 - 20,000
20,000 - 25,000
18,000 - 23,000
24,000 - 33,000
32,000 - 39,000
48,000 - 55,000
58,000 - 65,000
50,000 - 70,000
26,000 - 38,000
17,000 - 20,000
12,500 - 15,000
12,500 - 15,000
17,000 - 19,000
20,000 - 24,000
17,000 - 22,000
23,000 - 33,000
31,000 - 38,000
48,000 - 55,000
58,000 - 65,000
50,000 - 70,000
25,000 - 36,000
17,000 - 20,000
12,500 - 15,000
12,500 - 15,000
56,000 - 68,000
64,000 - 76,000
56,000 - 68,000
64,000 - 76,000
103,000 - 110,000
116,000 - 129,000
142,000 - 155,000
129,000 - 136,000
40,000 - 51,000
33,000 - 44,000
37,000 - 49,000
43,000 - 54,000
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
N/A
17,000 - 18,000
28,000 - 35,000
17,000 - 19,000
23,000 - 27,000
40,000 - 55,000
14,000 - 15,000
9,000 - 11,000
13,000 - 15,000
N/A
16,000 - 17,000
27,000 - 34,000
16,000 - 18,000
22,000 - 26,000
30,000 - 40,000
13,000 - 14,000
9,000 - 11,000
12,000 - 14,000
N/A
64,000 - 70,000
73,000 - 78,000
80,000 - 86,000
96,000 - 108,000
122,000 - 129,000
N/A
32,000 - 35,000
45,000 - 49,000
9
COMMERCIAL
Offices A verage Standard, High Rise
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted W arehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primar y School s
Seconda ry School s
Malaysia (West)
RM/m
2
Malaysia (East)
RM/m
2
2,250 - 3,300
3,450 - 4,900
2,450 - 3,250
3,550 - 5,200
3,600 - 4,600
4,600 - 5,500
5,500 - 6,900
4,100 - 5,700
1,300 - 1,900
1,450 - 1,900
950 - 1,300
950 - 1,450
2,250 - 3,200
3,500 - 4,700
2,300 - 3,200
3,250 - 4,600
3,350 - 4,500
4,300 - 5,100
5,250 - 6,850
4,400 - 6,150
1,450 - 1,950
1,450 - 1,950
1,300 - 1,600
1,350 - 1,700
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
850 - 1,200
1,250 - 1,800
1,800 - 2,850
1,350 - 1,900
2,100 - 3,200
2,650 - 3,700
950 - 1,100
1,000 - 1,350
1,450 - 2,000
1,750 - 3,500
1,650 - 2,350
2,350 - 3,250
2,650 - 3,850
1,300 - 1,600
950 - 1,300
1,600 - 2,750
1,000 - 1,300
1,550 - 2,800
m
2
10
m
2
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Singapore
S$/m
2
Thailand
BAHT/m
2
Vietnam
VND('000)/m
2
2,400 - 3,100
3,100 - 4,200
2,300 - 3,200
3,100 - 4,500
2,900 - 3,700
3,700 - 4,800
4,800 - 6,000
4,400 - 6,000
1,800 - 2,300
1,500 - 2,300
1,200 - 1,500
1,500 - 2,000
22,500 - 27,500
29,500 - 33,500
19,000 - 21,500
25,500 - 29,500
25,000 - 28,000
32,000 - 37,500
40,000 - 48,500
32,500 - 55,000
12,500 - 15,000
12,500 - 15,000
N/A
N/A
16,702 - 19,392
24,498 - 28,973
12,872 - 15,836
15,836 - 18,806
15,355 - 17,334
21,775 - 24,678
27,218 - 30,847
20,715 - 34,133
7,239 - 9,275
7,651 - 9,769
N/A
N/A
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
2,800 - 3,300
3,300 - 4,200
4,200 - 5,200
2,200 - 3,200
4,000 - 5,000
2,600 - 3,400
N/A
11,000 - 13,500
14,000 - 16,000
18,500 - 26,000
22,500 - 26,500
31,000 - 36,500
32,000 - 38,500
12,500 - 14,500
750 - 950

1,100 - 1,600
9,000 - 12,000
13,500 - 18,000
9,778 - 10,006
11,897 - 12,902
12,875 - 13,865
13,626 - 16,605
17,423 - 18,836
15,154 - 20,205
7,733 - 8,923
6,353 - 8,120
10,395 - 12,705
11
Shanghai
USD/ m
2
Beijing
USD/ m
2
Hong Kong
USD/ m
2
COMMERCIAL
Offices Av erage Standard, High Rise
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotel s
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Wa rehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primar y School s
Secondar y School s
RESIDENTIAL

Terraced Houses
Condominiums Luxur y Standard, High Rise
Ser vice Apartment s
CARP ARKS
Basement Carparks
construction costs (USD)
913 - 1,067
964 - 1,118
1,195 - 1,311
1,247 - 1,388
N/A N/A
707 - 887
1,157 - 1,658

330 - 472
425 - 598
378 - 425
425 - 503

409 - 503
503 - 897
1,022 - 1,227
1,290 - 1,573
944 -1,227
1,227 - 1,416
834 - 1,164
1,054 - 1,667
975 - 1,211
1,101 - 1,667
1,517 - 1,838
1,864 - 2,340
1,864 - 2,211
2,507 - 3,008
1,022 - 1,337
1,542 - 1,730
1,888 - 2,281
2,674 - 3,382
1,211 - 1,825
1,557 - 1,825
1,950 - 2,517
2,359 - 3,146
1,967 - 2,340
2,545 - 2,854
3,098 - 3,509
N/A
598 - 661
708 - 897
724 - 912
1,022 - 1,164
1,101 - 1,573
1,180 - 1,652
472 - 629
708 - 865
692 - 944
991 - 1,164
1,211 - 1,620
1,258 - 1,730
488 - 755
2,005 - 2,250
2,082 - 2,442
2,610 - 3,895
1,350 - 1,478
1,414 - 1,928
1,684 - 2,005

629 - 818
472 - 629
440 - 551
503 - 629
456 - 519
598 - 724
m
2
12
India (Tier I Cities)
USD/ m
2
India (Tier II Cities)
USD/ m
2
Sri Lanka
USD/ m
2
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotel s
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Wa rehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primar y School s
Secondar y School s
RESIDENTIAL
Te rraced Houses
Ser vice Apartment s
CARP ARKS
Basement Carparks
501 - 609
573 - 680
501 - 609
573 - 680
922 - 985
1,038 - 1,155
1,271 - 1,387
1,155 - 1,217
358 - 456
295 - 394
331 - 439
385 - 483
N/A
573 - 627
653 - 698
716 - 770
859 - 967
1,092 - 1,155
N/A
286 - 313
403 - 439
336 - 375
395 - 474
336 - 434
454 - 652
612 - 750

948 - 1,086
1,145 - 1,283
987 - 1,382
494 - 711
336 - 395
247 - 296
247 - 296
N/A
316 - 336
533 - 671
316 - 355
434 - 513
592 - 790
257 - 276
178 - 217
237 - 276
355 - 395
395 - 494
355 - 454
474 - 652
632 - 770

948 - 1,086
1,145 - 1,283
987 - 1,382
513 - 750
336 - 395
247 - 296
247 - 296
N/A
336 - 355
553 - 691
336 - 375
454 - 533
790 - 1,086
276 - 296
178 - 217
257 - 296
m
2
13
USD/
Malaysia (West)
m
2
USD/
Malaysia (East)
m
2
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted W arehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primar y School s
Seconda ry School s
RESIDENTIAL
Te rraced Houses
Ser vice Apartments
CARP ARKS
Basement Carparks
714 - 1,047
1,095 - 1,555
778 - 1,032
1,127 - 1,650
1,143 - 1,460
1,460 - 1,746
1,746 - 2,190
1,301 - 1,809
413 - 603
460 - 603
302 - 413
302 - 460
270 - 381
397 - 571
571 - 905
428 - 603
667 - 1,016
841 - 1,174
302 - 349
302 - 413
508 - 873
714 - 1,016
1,111 - 1,492
730 - 1,016
1,032 - 1,460
1,063 - 1,428
1,365 - 1,619
1,666 - 2,174
1,397 - 1,952
460 - 619
460 - 619
413 - 508
428 - 540
317 - 428
460 - 635

555 - 1,111
524 - 746

746 - 1,032

841 - 1,222
413 - 508
317 - 413
492 - 889
m
2
14
Singapore
USD/m
2
Thailand
USD/m
2
Vietnam
USD/m
2
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
802 - 931
1,176 - 1,391
618 - 760
760 - 903
737 - 832
1,045 - 1 185
1,306 - 1,481
994 - 1,638
347 - 445
367 - 469
N/A
N/A
469 - 480
571 - 619
618 - 666
654 - 797
836 - 904
727 - 970
371 - 428
305 - 390
499 - 610
726 - 887
951 - 1,080
613 - 693
822 - 951
806 - 903
1,032 - 1,209
1,290 - 1,564
1,048 - 1,774
403 - 484
403 - 484
N/A
N/A
355 - 435
452 - 516
597 - 839
726 - 855
1,000 - 1,177
1,032 - 1,242
403 - 468
290 - 387
435 - 581
1,865 - 2,409
2,409 - 3,263
1,787 - 2,486
2,409 - 3,497
2,253 - 2,875
2,875 - 3,730
3,730 - 4,662
3,419 - 4,662
1,399 - 1,787
1,166 - 1,787
932 - 1,166
1,166 - 1,554
2,176 - 2,564
2,564 - 3,263
3,263 - 4,040
1,709 - 2,486
3,108 - 3,885
2,020 - 2,642
N/A
583 - 738
855 - 1,243
m
2
15
Values reected only when exceeding USD 2,500/m2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Offices Average Standard, High Rise (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Offices Prestige Standard, High Rise (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Shopping Centres, Average Quality (USD)/m
2
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Offices Average Standard, High Rise (USD)/m
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Offices Prestige Standard, High Rise (USD)/m
2
Shopping Centres, Average Quality (USD)/m
2
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g
a
p
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T
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t
n
a
m
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(
T
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r

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C
i
t
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d
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(
T
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r

I

C
i
t
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s
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h
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h
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H
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K
o
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g
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L
a
n
k
a
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e
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
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a
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
S
i
n
g
a
p
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T
h
a
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l
a
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d
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t
n
a
m
I
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(
T
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r

I
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C
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s
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d
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(
T
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r

I

C
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t
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s
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S
h
a
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g
h
a
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B
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H
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K
o
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g
S
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L
a
n
k
a
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e
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
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a
s
t

M
a
l
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y
s
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a
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i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
3,263
16
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Shopping Centres, High Quality (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3-Star Hotels (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2
3,497
3,008
2,875
3,730
2,854
3,087
I
n
d
i
a

(
T
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r

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C
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d
V
i
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t
n
a
m
17
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2
4,662 3,509
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Resort Hotels (USD)/m
2
4,662
3,382
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Flatted Factories (USD)/m
2
I
n
d
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a

(
T
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r

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C
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s
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h
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H
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(
N
/
A
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S
r
i

L
a
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k
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s
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M
a
l
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y
s
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a
s
t

M
a
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s
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g
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M
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t

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T
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l
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n
d
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
3,146
2,517
18
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Flatted Warehouses (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Primary Schools (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Secondary Schools (USD)/m
2
I
n
d
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a

(
T
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r

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a
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a
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l
a
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d

(
N
/
A
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V
i
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t
n
a
m

(
N
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A
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a

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r

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a
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M
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(
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(
N
/
A
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S
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g
a
p
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e

S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e

19
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Terraced Houses (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Semi-Detached Houses (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Detached Houses / Bungalows (USD)/m
2
I
n
d
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a

(
T
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s
)

(
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a

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a
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a
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a

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r

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g
h
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L
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a
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t

M
a
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s
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a
s
t

M
a
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s
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S
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p
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T
h
a
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l
a
n
d
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
4,040
3,263
3,895
2,564
20
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Condominiums Medium Standard, High Rise (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Condominiums Luxury Standard, High Rise (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Service Apartments (USD)/m
2
I
n
d
i
a

(
T
i
e
r

I
I

C
i
t
i
e
s
)
I
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d
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a

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M
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t

M
a
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t
n
a
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I
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d
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a

(
T
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r

I
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C
i
t
i
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s
)
I
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d
i
a

(
T
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r

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C
i
t
i
e
s
)
S
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g
h
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B
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H
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g

K
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S
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L
a
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k
a
W
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s
t

M
a
l
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s
i
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E
a
s
t

M
a
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y
s
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a
S
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g
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p
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I
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(
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r

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I
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d
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a

(
T
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r

I

C
i
t
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s
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S
h
a
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g
h
a
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B
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j
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H
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K
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S
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L
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k
a
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M
a
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a
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t

M
a
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p
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T
h
a
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l
a
n
d
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
3,885
2,642
21
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Low Cost Flats, High Rise (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Multi-Storey / Elevated Carparks (USD)/m
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Basement Carparks (USD)/m
2
I
n
d
i
a

(
T
i
e
r

I
I

C
i
t
i
e
s
)
I
n
d
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a

(
T
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r

I

C
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s
)
S
h
a
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g
h
a
i

(
N
/
A
)
B
e
i
j
i
n
g

H
o
n
g

K
o
n
g

(
N
/
A
)
S
r
i

L
a
n
k
a

(
N
/
A
)
W
e
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
E
a
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e

(
N
/
A
)
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d

V
i
e
t
n
a
m
I
n
d
i
a

(
T
i
e
r

I
I

C
i
t
i
e
s
)
I
n
d
i
a

(
T
i
e
r

I

C
i
t
i
e
s
)
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i
B
e
i
j
i
n
g
H
o
n
g

K
o
n
g
W
e
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
E
a
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
I
n
d
i
a

(
T
i
e
r

I
I

C
i
t
i
e
s
)
I
n
d
i
a

(
T
i
e
r

I

C
i
t
i
e
s
)
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i
B
e
i
j
i
n
g
H
o
n
g

K
o
n
g
W
e
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
E
a
s
t

M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
S
r
i

L
a
n
k
a
S
r
i

L
a
n
k
a
22
NOTES
23
Shanghai
RMB/ m
2
Beijing
RMB/ m
2
Hong Kong
HK$/ m
2
m & e services
OFFICES
Air-Conditioning & Mechanical
Ventilation Services
Electrical & Telecommunication
Services
Hydraulic Services
Fire Protection Services
Lifts & Escalators

F ACTORIES / W AREHOUSES
* Generally without air-conditioning
** Special power supply costs excluded
HOTELS / RESORTS
SHOPPING CENTRES
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
550 - 600
480 - 580
100 - 130
120 - 140
160 - 200
580 - 1,000
500 - 650
90 - 120
150 - 220
160 - 220
1,210 - 1,900
710 - 950
300 - 490
280 - 470
420 - 810
500 - 800
450 - 750
70 - 100
160 - 200
30 - 100
500 - 650
350 - 500
80 - 110
150 - 200
30 - 80
360 - 420
420 - 550
270 - 360
270 - 380
470 - 610
700 - 900
450 - 800
220 - 250
150 - 180
250 - 400
700 - 1,000
450 - 680
180 - 230
150 - 220
150 - 260
1,560 - 1,900
900 - 1,360
510 - 730
420 - 610
490 - 750
460 - 750
480 - 530
50 - 100
130 - 150
170 - 220
650 - 800
420 - 500
80 - 120
140 - 200
200 - 250
1,500 - 1,750
690 - 1,020
280 - 420
360 - 520
420 - 690
24
INR/m
2
INR/m
2
Malaysia (East)
RM/m
2
Malaysia (West)
RM/m
2
OFFICES
FACTORIES / WAREHOUSES
HOTELS / RESORTS
SHOPPING CENTRES
m & e services
2,300 - 2,700
3,000 - 4,000
600 - 800
700 - 900
900 - 1,100
245 - 575
295 - 490
30 - 100
70 - 110
130 - 395

245 - 545
260 - 450
30 - 100
70 - 105
110 - 355
2,300 - 2,700
3,000 - 4,000
600 - 800
700 - 900
900 - 1,100

335 - 525
335 - 580
55 - 110
85 - 150
110 - 245
2,800 - 4,000
3,500 - 5,000
1,000 - 1,200
900 - 1,200
1,500 - 2,000
2,800 - 4,000
3,500 - 5,000
1,000 - 1,200
900 - 1,200
1,500 - 2,000
295 - 475
295 - 530
55 - 105
80 - 135
100 - 245
110 - 290
90 - 155
130 - 355
2,800 - 5,800
3,000 - 5,700
300 - 570
330 - 570
330 - 570
350 - 585
1,700 - 2,700
1,000 - 1,700
1,000 - 1,500
2,800 - 5,800
3,000 - 5,700
1,700 - 2,700
1,000 - 1,700
1,000 - 1,500
130 - 330
100 - 180
145 - 385
30 - 90
70 - 110
55 - 130
900 - 3,000
2,600 - 3,600
55 - 130
155 - 360
50 - 145
155 - 380
400 - 700
500 - 800
0 - 1,000
900 - 3,000
2,600 - 3,600
400 - 700
500 - 800
0 - 1,000
30 - 90
70 - 110
55 - 155
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
25
Singapore
S$/m
2
OFFICES
FACTORIES / WAREHOUSES
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
HOTELS / RESORTS
SHOPPING CENTRES
m & e services
210 - 300
180 - 280
50 - 105
50 - 100
90 - 230

85 - 175
105 - 200
25 - 50
40 - 70
60 - 155
360 - 570
315 - 475
210 - 250
110 - 160
135 - 200
290 - 400
270 - 345
70 - 155
60 - 120
170 - 330

9,000 - 14,500
9,200 - 14,300
2,100 - 3,100
1,500 - 4,500
3,000 - 4,000
5,000 - 10,500
5,000 - 13,500
1,400 - 2,500
1,800 - 3,800
0 - 4,100
11,200 - 24,500
12,400 - 21,000
5,000 - 7,500
2,500 - 5,700
3,500 - 4,000
9,500 - 15,500
10,000 - 18,500
2,000 - 4,000
1,500 - 4,600
6,500 - 9,000
Sri Lanka
LKR/m
2
26
m & e services
OFFICES
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
F ACTORIES / W AREHOUSES
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
HOTELS / RESORTS
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
SHOPPING CENTRES
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators

1,662 - 3,568
1,600 - 2,707
234 - 677
246 - 431
369 - 1,049
311 - 897
920 - 1,265
219 - 529
242 - 391
150 - 472
2,215 - 3,877
2,215 - 3,631
861 - 2,154
369 - 689
468 - 1,293
1,969 - 3,076
1,785 - 3,138
333 - 714
284 - 492
308 - 776
Vietnam
VND('000)/m
2
Thailand
BAHT/m
2
1,800 - 3,000
2,000 - 3,200
600 - 1,100
500 - 850
700 - 1,200
500 - 1,200
2,200 - 3,500
600 - 1,000
700 - 1,500
700 - 1,200
3,500 - 4,500
4,000 - 5,500
1,500 - 2,200
650 - 1,000
800 - 2,200
2,200 - 3,200
2,500 - 3,200
800 - 1,200
450 - 750
800 - 1,500
27
Shanghai
RMB/ m
2
Beijing
RMB/ m
2
Hong Kong
HK$/ m
2
SCHOOLS
Air -Conditioning & Mechanical
V entilation Ser vices
Electrical & Te lecommunication
Ser vices
Hydraulic Ser vices
Fire Protection Ser vices
Lifts & Escalators
CARP ARKS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Ser vices
Lifts & Escalators
AP AR TMENTS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
HOUSES
Ser vices
Hydraulic Ser vices
Lifts & Escalators
m & e services
150 - 200
350 - 450
60 - 80
80 - 100
N/A
80 - 100
220 - 350
60 - 80
120 - 140
100 - 120
350 - 450
300 - 350
120 - 160
100 - 180
140 - 180
300 - 450
280 - 320
100 - 120
N/A

N/A
100 - 180
200 - 280
60 - 120
100 - 160
N/A
360 - 480
360 - 490
280 - 390
360 - 440
200 - 350
80 - 180
180 - 300
60 - 90
130 - 160
90 - 120
200 - 320
360 - 490
150 - 280
200 - 280
130 - 200
400 - 600
280 - 350
150 - 200
160 - 200
130 - 180
610 - 690
690 - 900
360 - 490
250 - 320
350 - 420
N/A
230 - 280
90 - 140
N/A

N/A
550 - 750

900 - 1,090
360 - 480
130 - 180
N/A
28
INR/ m
2
INR/ m
2
Malaysia (East)
RM/ m
2
Malaysia (W est)
RM/ m
2
Ser vices
Hydraulic Ser vices
Lifts & Escalators
Ventilation Services *
Services **
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Services
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
Ser vices
Hydraulic Ser vices
Lifts & Escalators
m & e services
N/A
1,700 - 2,600
500 - 800
300 - 500
N/A
N/A
85 - 130
55 - 100
20 - 55
N/A
N/A
100 - 155
55 - 100
20 - 55
N/A
N/A
1,700 - 2,600
500 - 800
300 - 500
N/A
0 - 1,500
500 - 800
150 - 200
300 - 450
600 - 750
15 - 25
55 - 130
15 - 20
15 - 25
55 - 130
15 - 35
55 - 145
15 - 20
15 - 25
55 - 130
0 - 1,500
500 - 800
150 - 200
300 - 450
600 - 750
0 - 1,800
1,000 - 1,700
1,100 - 1,300
0 - 550
600 - 1,100
85 - 160
110 - 250
70 - 185
25 - 85
55 - 130
90 - 185
130 - 280
80 - 135
25 - 85
55 - 145
0 - 1,800
1,000 - 1,700
1,100 - 1,300
0 - 550
600 - 1,100
N/A
1,200 - 1,500
1,100 - 1,300
0 - 50
N/A
N/A
55 - 100
55 - 100
N/A
N/A
N/A
60 - 110
60 - 110
N/A
N/A
N/A
1,200 - 1,500
1,100 - 1,300
0 - 50
N/A
SCHOOLS
CARP ARKS
AP AR TMENTS
HOUSES

29
Singapore
S$/m
2
SCHOOLS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
CARPARKS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
APARTMENTS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
HOUSES
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
m & e services
65 - 160
90 - 140
45 - 120
25 - 65
30 - 70
40 - 80
40 - 70
30 - 60
25 - 60
25 - 35
100 - 280
150 - 300
130 - 190
20 - 60
40 - 130
80 - 130
100 - 170
100 - 130
3 - 5
0 - 10
0 - 3,500
1,800 - 3,500
600 - 1,200
1,200 - 2,500
0 - 2,800
0 - 6,500
3,500 - 6,400
4,200 - 5,800
1,500 - 2,500
2,500 - 5,400
4,000 - 6,000
4,100 - 5,200
3,500 - 4,500
N/A
N/A
5,000 - 10,000
5,500 - 9,500
1,900 - 3,100
1,000 - 2,100
3,500 - 4,500
Sri Lanka
LKR/m
2
30
SCHOOLS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
CARP ARKS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
AP AR TMENTS
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
HOUSES
Ser vices
Hydraulic Services
Lifts & Escalators
m & e services
58 - 219
299 - 828
58 - 109
35 - 98
150 - 380
575 - 1,208
748 - 1,714
460 - 851
161 - 541
150 - 449
478 - 562
645 - 874
369 - 797
N/A

N/A
N/A
615 - 1,058
333 - 702
74 - 210
N/A
Vietnam
VND('000)/m
2
Thailand
BAHT/m
2
1,500 - 2,000
2,500 - 3,500
500 - 1,000
300 - 750
N/A
200 - 500
500 - 1,500
200 - 400
500 - 750
800 - 1,200
1,200 - 2,000
2,500 - 3,000
750 - 1,200
500 - 750
800 - 1,200
500 - 1,200
1,500 - 2,200
600 - 800
N/A
N/A
31
functional & sports facilities costs
HOTEL
Cost/key - 3 Star
Cost/key - 4 Star
Cost/key - 5 Star
Cost/key - resort
CARPARK
Cost/lot - Multi-storey carpark
Cost/lot - basement
ACMV SYSTEM COST*
Cost/Refrigerant Ton
Shanghai
RMB
Functional
Beijing
RMB
Hong Kong
HK$
SPRINKLER SYSTEM COST
Cost/Sprinkler Point
520,000 - 700,000
730,000 - 1,050,000
1,300,000 - 1,700,000
N/A
78,000 - 100,000
180,000 - 220,000
19,000 - 20,000
420 - 530
480,000 - 640,000
700,000 - 960,000
1,270,000 - 1,600,000
N/A
72,000 - 94,600
265,000 - 322,000

16,000 - 20,000
450 - 580
874,000 - 1,210,000
1,269,000 - 1,746,000
1,885,000 - 2,420,000
N/A
229,000 - 256,000
377,000 - 537,000
Badminton Court
Basketball Court
Tennis Court
Shanghai
RMB
Unit
Beijing
RMB
Hong Kong
HK$
200,000 - 280,000
500,000 - 550,000
400,000 - 450,000
11,500,000 - 15,000,000*
1,350,000 - 5,800,000
120,000 - 200,000
300,000 - 400,000
350,000 - 400,000
6,500,000 - 10,000,000*
1,200,000 - 4,000,000
116,000 - 138,000
323,000 - 369,000
635,000 - 750,000
4,960,000 - 5,420,000
5,540,000 - 6,000,000 Golf Course
(18 holes over 60 hectares)
Swimming pool
(Olympic size)
No
No
No
Hole
No
Sports facilities
* ACMV cost for Office Building with central plant system only
Cost includes air-conditioning, mechanical ventilation systems and BAS
19,000 - 24,200
680 - 1,020
* denotes indoor swimming pool
32
HOTEL
Cost/key - 3 Star
Cost/key - 4 Star
Cost/key - 5 Star
Cost/key - resort
CARPARK
Cost/lot - basement
ACMV SYSTEM COST*
INR
Functional
INR
4,000,000 - 6,500,000
7,500,000 - 12,000,000
11,000,000 - 15,000,000
12,000,000 ^
300,000
330,000
50,000 - 60,000
3,000 - 3,250
4,000,000 - 6,500,000
7,500,000 - 12,000,000
11,000,000 - 15,000,000
12,000,000 ^
300,000
330,000
50,000 - 60,000
3,000 - 3,250
Badminton Court
Basketball Court
Tennis Court
INR
Unit
INR
600,000 - 700,000
1,560,000 - 1,675,000
1,580,000 - 1,775,000
10,000,000 - 13,000,000
24,000,000 - 30,000,000
600,000 - 700,000
1,560,000 - 1,675,000
1,580,000 - 1,775,000
10,000,000 - 13,000,000
22,500,000 - 28,000,000 Golf Course
Swimming pool
(Olympic size)
No
No
No
Hole
No
Sports facilities
^ Low end resort

33
HOTEL
Cost/key - 3 Star
Cost/key - 4 Star
Cost/key - 5 Star
Cost/key - resort
CARPARK
Cost/lot - basement
ACMV SYSTEM COST*
Malaysia (West)
RM
Functional
Malaysia (East)
RM
398,000 - 533,000
533,000 - 672,000
672,000 - 895,000
462,000 - 670,000
28,000 - 44,000
51,000 - 79,000
7,800 - 12,200
440 - 550
370,000 - 520,000
500,000 - 625,000
640,000 - 880,000
495,000 - 720,000
31,000 - 47,000
53,500 - 83,000
7,800 - 12,200
440 - 550
Badminton Court
Basketball Court
Tennis Court
Malaysia (West)
RM
Unit
Malaysia (East)
RM
21,000 - 25,000
44,000 - 50,000
100,000 - 130,000
2,000,000 - 2,400,000
1,300,000 - 2,000,000
21,000 - 25,000
44,000 - 50,000
100,000 - 140,000
2,150,000 - 2,780,000
1,275,000 - 1,950,000 Golf Course
Swimming pool
(Olympic size)
No
No
No
Hole
No
Sports facilities
Singapore
S$
180,000 - 240,000
240,000 - 350,000
420,000 - 600,000
340,000 - 410,000
28,000 - 32,000
38,000 - 43,000
5,000 - 5,500
130 - 220
Singapore
S$
35,000 - 40,000
46,000 - 55,000
95,000 - 110,000
1,800,000 - 2,300,000
1,400,000 - 1,800,000
34
HOTEL
Cost/key - 3 Star
Cost/key - 4 Star
Cost/key - 5 Star
Cost/key - resort
CARPARK
Cost/lot - basement
ACMV SYSTEM COST*
Functional
Thailand
BAHT
2,500,000 - 3,000,000
4,000,000 - 5,000,000
6,000,000 - 8,000,000
6,000,000 - 10,000,000
250,000 - 300,000
450,000 - 600,000
65,000 - 100,000
5,000 - 11,000
Badminton Court
Basketball Court
Tennis Court
Unit
N/A
N/A
1,300,000 - 1,500,000
N/A
N/A
Golf Course
Swimming pool
(Olympic size)
No
No
No
Hole
No
Sports facilities
Thailand
BAHT
Vietnam
VND('000)
N/A
1,925,572 - 2,139,786
N/A
2,942,500 - 3,531,000
222,338 - 284,188
300,300 - 367,290
39,430 - 78,624
1,000 - 1,412
N/A
N/A
1,275,120 - 1,506,120
N/A
N/A
Vietnam
VND('000)
Sri Lanka
LKR
8,000,000 - 8,500,000
10,000,000 - 11,000,000
15,000,000 - 18,000,000
N/A
1,200,000 - 1,250,000
1,350,000 - 1,450,000
175,000 - 250,000
10,000 - 10,800
Sri Lanka
LKR
2,000,000 - 2,500,000
5,000,000 - 5,500,000
7,000,000 - 7,500,000
80,000,000 - 95,000,000
45,000,000 - 55,000,000
35
NOTES
36
construction costs
Preferential Denominator Floor Area
The construction costs in the previous section are expressed in unit
cost per square metre of built-up floor area in order to provide a
common basis for comparison between the various countries.
The built-up floor area may not be applicable in all countries as some
countries may have their own preferred denominator floor area to suit
the local terminology.
A section has been created to set out the construction costs for
individual countries based on the local preferred denominator floor
area. The construction costs should be read in conjunction with the
data on the facing page.
Explanatory notes on the method of measurement of the floor area and
unit costs are set out as a preamble preceding each country data.
For countries where the denominator floor area is similar to the built-up
floor area, the construction costs remain the same.
37
SHANGHAI / BEIJING
GOODS AND SERVICES TAX / VALUE ADDED TAX
GST / VAT : Included in the cost data and rates.
Rate : 17 %
PREFERENTIAL DENOMINATOR FLOOR AREA GROSS FLOOR AREA
The total area of covered enclosed floor space fulfilling the functional requirements of
the building measured to the external structural face of external / enclosing walls.
CARPARKS
Where applicable, cost for associated carparks construction (above or below ground)
is included in the overall construction cost.
CURRENCY
Renminbi : RMB
Exchange Rate (Average 4th Quarter 2011) : US$1.00 = RMB 6.35
38
construction costs ( Shanghai / Beijing )
COMMERCIAL
Shopping Centres A verage Quality
Shopping Centres High Quality
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted W arehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primar y School s
Seconda ry School s

RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
SHANGHAI RMB/m
2
(GFA) BEIJING RMB/m
2
(GFA)
6,600 - 7,900
8,200 - 10,100
6,050 - 7,750
8,080 - 9,090
6,560 - 8,580
9,850 - 11,050
12,100 - 14,500
17,200 - 21,800
4,040 - 5,250
3,030 - 4,040
2,800 - 3,500
3,200 - 4,000
N/A
4,550 - 5,800
4,650 - 5,850
6,560 - 7,470
7,070 - 10,100
7,570 - 10,600
N/A
5,000 - 7,100
6,400 - 10,300
6,100 - 7,500
6,900 - 10,500
7,400 - 11,200
9,600 - 11,200
12,100 - 15,700
14,700 - 19,700
2,100 - 3,000
2,700 - 3,800
2,400 - 2,700
2,700 - 3,200
3,000 - 4,000
4,500 - 5,500
4,400 - 6,000
6,000 - 7,000
7,400 - 9,900
7,500 - 10,500
3,100 - 4,800
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
2,900 - 3,300
3,840 - 4,650
2,600 - 3,200
3,200 - 5,700
m
2
: preferential denominator floor area as defined in this section.
39
HONG KONG
GST / VAT : Not Applicable
PREFERENTIAL DENOMINATOR FLOOR AREA CONSTRUCTION
FLOOR AREA
Construction Floor Area (CFA) is defined as covered spaces fulfilling the functional
requirements of the building measured to the outside face of the external
walls/external perimeter. Area occupied by partitions, columns, internal structural or
party walls, bay windows, balconies, stairwells, lift shafts, plant rooms, water tanks
and the like are all included. Sloping surfaces such as staircases and carpark ramps
have been measured flat on plan.
CARPARKS
CURRENCY
Hong Kong Dollars : HK$
Exchange Rate (Average 4th Quarter 2011) : US$1.00 = HK$7.78
40
construction costs ( Hong Kong )
COMMERCIAL
Shopping Centres A verage Quality
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted W arehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primar y School s
Seconda ry School s
HK$/m
2
(CFA)

10,800 - 13,000
13,200 - 16,700
13,100 - 15,700
17,900 - 21,400
14,000 - 16,700
18,100 - 20,300
22,000 - 25,000
N/A
6,500 - 7,500
6,900 - 8,000
8,500 - 9,300

9,000 - 9,800
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Ser vice Apartments
14,300 - 16,000
14,900 - 17,300
18,500 - 27,500
9,500 - 10,500
11,300 - 13,600
11,900 - 14,300
N/A
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
5,100 - 6,300
8,300 - 11,800
m
2
41
INDIA
GST/VAT : Excluded from the cost data and rates.
Rate : 12% ( Approximate)
The total area of covered enclosed floor space fulfilling the functional requirements
of the building measured to the external structural face of external / enclosing walls.
The area generally includes all M&E areas but excludes shafts, driveways and
carparks ( above and below ground within the building as well as the annex building).
CARPARKS
is excluded in the overall construction cost.
CURRENCY
Indian Rupee: INR
Exchange Rate (Average 4th Quarter 2011) : US$1.00 = INR50.66
42
construction costs ( India )
COMMERCIAL
Shopping Centres Average Quality
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Tier II Cities INR/m
2
(GFA)
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
Tier I Cities INR/m
2
(GFA)
18,000 - 20,000
20,000 - 25,000
18,000 - 23,000
24,000 - 33,000
32,000 - 39,000
48,000 - 55,000
58,000 - 65,000
50,000 - 70,000
26,000 - 38,000
17,000 - 20,000
12,500 - 15,000
12,500 - 15,000
N/A
17,000 - 18,000
28,000 - 35,000
17,000 - 19,000
23,000 - 27,000
40,000 - 55,000
14,000 - 15,000
9,000 - 11,000
13,000 - 15,000
17,000 - 19,000
20,000 - 24,000
17,000 - 22,000
23,000 - 33,000
31,000 - 38,000
48,000 - 55,000
58,000 - 65,000
50,000 - 70,000
25,000 - 36,000
17,000 - 20,000
12,500 - 15,000
12,500 - 15,000
N/A
16,000 - 17,000
27,000 - 34,000
16,000 - 18,000
22,000 - 26,000
30,000 - 40,000
13,000 - 14,000
9,000 - 11,000
12,000 - 14,000
m
2
43
MALAYSIA
GST / VAT : Not Applicable
The Gross Floor Area is the total of all enclosed spaces fulfilling the functional
requirements of the building measured to the external structural face of the enclosing
walls.
CARPARKS
is excluded in the overall construction cost.
CURRENCY
Ringgit Malaysia : RM
Exchange Rate (Average 4th Quarter 2011) : US$1.00 = RM 3.15
44
construction costs ( Malaysia )
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
East RM/m
2
(GFA) West RM/m
2
(GFA)
2,250 - 3,200
3,500 - 4,700
2,300 - 3,200
3,250 - 4,600
3,350 - 4,500
4,300 - 5,100
5,250 - 6,850
4,400 - 6,150
1,450 - 1,950
1,450 - 1,950
1,300 - 1,600
1,350 - 1,700
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
1,000 - 1,350
1,450 - 2,000
1,750 - 3,500
1,650 - 2,350
2,350 - 3,250
2,650 - 3,850
1,300 - 1,600
1,000 - 1,300
1,550 - 2,800
2,250 - 3,300
3,450 - 4,900
2,450 - 3,250
3,550 - 5,200
3,600 - 4,600
4,600 - 5,500
5,500 - 6,900
4,100 - 5,700
1,300 - 1,900
1,450 - 1,900
950 - 1,300
950 - 1,450
850 - 1,200
1,250 - 1,800
1,800 - 2,850
1,350 - 1,900
2,100 - 3,200
2,650 - 3,700
950 - 1,100

950 - 1,300
1,600 - 2,750
m
2
45
SINGAPORE
GST / VAT : Excluded from the cost data and rates.
Rate : 7%
The total area of covered enclosed floor space fulfilling the functional requirements of
the building measured to the external structural face of external / enclosing walls. The
area generally excludes voids, carparks (above and below ground) and driveways.
The area is used for planning submission to approving authorities.
CARPARKS
CURRENCY
Singapore Dollars : S$
Exchange Rate (Average 4th Quarter 2011) : US$1.00 = S$1.28
46
construction costs ( Singapore )
m
2
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
S$/m
2
(GFA)
2,800 - 3,700
3,700 - 4,800
2,600 - 3,500
3,500 - 5,200
3,300 - 4,100
4,100 - 5,200
5,200 - 6,500
4,800 - 6,500
1,800 - 2,300
1,500 - 2,300
1,200 - 1,500
1,500 - 2,000
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
2,800 - 3,300
3,300 - 4,200
4,200 - 5,200
2,800 - 4,000
Condominiums Basic Standard, High Rise 2,200 - 2,800
4,000 - 5,800
3,300 - 4,100
N/A
47
THAILAND
VALUE ADDED TAX, WITHHOLDING TAX
VAT / WT and the like taxes : Excluded from the cost data and rates.
VAT Rate : 7% WT Rate : 3%
Gross Floor Area (GFA) is the total area of all enclosed floor spaces fulfilling the
functional requirements of the building measured to the external structural face of the
enclosing walls.
The area generally includes staircases, carparks (above or below ground), but
excludes voids for planning submission to local authorities.
CARPARKS
CURRENCY
Thai Baht : THB
Exchange Rate (Average 4th Quarter 2011) : US$1.00 = THB 31
48
construction costs ( Thailand )
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Baht/m
2
(GFA)
18,000 - 21,500
24,500 - 27,000
16,000 - 18,500
20,000 - 24,500
25,000 - 28,000
30,000 - 37,500
40,000 - 48,500
32,500 - 55,000
12,500 - 15,000
12,500 - 15,000
N/A
20,000 - 26,500
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
11,000 - 13,500
14,000 - 16,000
18,500 - 26,000
18,500 - 20,000
26,500 - 32,000
26,500 - 35,000
12,500 - 14,500
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
9,000 - 12,000
13,500 - 18,000
m
2
49
VIETNAM
GST / VAT : Excluded from the cost data and rates.
Rate: 10%
The total area of covered enclosed floor space (excluding basement) fulfilling the
functional requirements of the building measured to the external face of external /
enclosing walls. The area generally includes staircases, lift shafts (counted once at
ground floor / or at every floor), bay windows, balconies, planters and multi-storey
carparks and/or semi basement floor area if projecting higher than 1200mm above
ground level.
It excludes air-conditioning ledges, shafts, voids, M&E plant rooms at rooftop and
technical floors.
CARPARKS
CURRENCY
Vietnamese Dong : VND
Exchange Rate (Average 4th Quarter 2011) : US$1.00 = VND 20,833.33
50
construction costs ( Vietnam )
m
2
COMMERCIAL
HOTELS
3-Star
4-Star
5-Star
Resort Hotels
INDUSTRIAL
Flatted Factories
Flatted Warehouses
INSTITUTIONAL
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
VND(000)/m
2
(GFA)
17,537 - 20,362
26,948 - 31,870
14,159 - 17,420
17,420 - 20,686
16,890 - 19,067
26,129 - 29,613
32,662 - 37,017
20,715 - 34,133
7,239 - 9,275
7,651 - 9,769
N/A
N/A
RESIDENTIAL
Terraced Houses
Service Apartments
CARPARKS
Basement Carparks
10,864 - 11,118
11,897 - 14,335
12,875 - 13,865
15,261 - 18,598
20,908 - 22,603
18,185 - 24,246
7,733 - 8,923
6,353 - 8,120
10,395 - 12,705
51
NOTES
52
Composite Unit Rates
This section lists a selection of all-in composite unit rates commonly used
for estimatin g.
composite unit rates
Note:
Cost information for the countries featured is based on the following cities :
'
'. ,- ' |-,
'. ,- '' |-,
' '
V,
'.
\-|
''' S c-,
'-, c-, ',.-'., '.- S V.'
'-| | '.
- Colombo
'. '.,.
c
' ' V' |,
53
composite unit rates (architectural elements)
Ceiling Finishes
Skim coat plastering and emulsion paint
Plaster and emulsion paint
Fibrous plasterboard ceiling; timber framing; emulsion paint
Mineral fibre board ceiling; medium quality; exposed grid suspension system
Aluminium strip ceiling; medium qualit y
Cement and sand (1:3) paving
Ceramic tiled finish; medium quality; including screed backing
M arble finish; medium quality; including screed backing (non-european source)
Carpet; medium quality; including screed backing
T eak block parquet; 6mm thk; including screed backing
Ti m ber strip flooring; 12mm thk; including screed backing
Floor Finishes
Wall finishes; Internal
We ll burnt clay brick wall 115mm thk; internal ; plaster and paint to both sides
Gypsum wall partition; paint to both sides
Walls
Aluminium curtain walling system ; 6 mm thk tinted tempered glass; flat surfaces
Granite cladding; medium quality; flat surfaces
Alucobond aluminium cladding; flat surfaces
Facade
Reinforced concrete flat roof; 150mm thk; built-up waterproofing membrane
T iled pitch roof; timber roof truss framing; glazed clay interlocking tile s
M etal roof; structural steel roof truss framin g
Roofing
Granite finish; medium quality; including screed backing (non-european source)
54
Hong Kong
830
850
1,360
4,490
4,040
3,150
420
520
160
420
1,020
950
80
420
950
900
350
610
710
110
140
420
350
490
HK$
Beijing
575
510
660
1,300
1,150
1,050
175
240
57
225
805
650
38
225
660
465
295
315
380
58
68
215
240
240
RMB
Shanghai
630
600
880
1,450
950
1,200
N/A
210
70
260
1,050
700
40
240
750
450
300
350
370
60
75
260
180
250
RMB
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
55
Ceiling Finishes
Floor Finishes
Walls
Facade
Roofing
56
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
Malaysia
240
190
350
850
850
580
114
100
33
75
500
550
17
75
470
510
180
100
210
15
33
72
75
170
RM
2,700
4,500
4,900
13,000
5,000
5,000
750
1,800
380
1,750
5,200
4,500
230
1,200
5,000
4,200
1,000
3,500
3,200
275
350
900
1,050
1,700
INR
2,700
4,500
4,900
13,000
5,000
5,000
750
1,800
380
1,750
5,200
4,500
230
1,200
5,000
4,200
1,000
3,500
3,200
275
350
900
1,050
1,700
INR
57
Ceiling Finishes
Floor Finishes
Walls
Facade
Roofing
58
Unit Singapore
225
225
380
630
520
350
75
75
23
75
200
200
20
80
200
200
80
85
150
10
23
45
40
150
S$
Sri Lanka
13,025
4,845
10,065
16,125
16,635
7,500
3,000
8,870
1,328
N/A
20,640
14,486
550
5,103
19,995
13,845
8,360
4,495
8,000
1,328
1,353
3,540
2,428
3,060
LKR
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
59
Ceiling Finishes
Floor Finishes
Walls
Facade
Roofing
60
Unit Vietnam
1,557
1,438
1,916
3,240
2,357
1,779
424
422
133
617
1,855
1,797
63
679
1,777
1,719
390
862
1,022
111
132
368
307
1,124
VND(000)
Thailand
1,750
1,600
2,600
8,500
5,000
4,800
800
800
280
950
2,800
2,800
280
950
2,800
2,800
1,600
1,800
3,000
270
330
650
600
1,600
BAHT

m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
61
composite unit rates (external works)
Rubble pitching retaining wall; 225mm thick; including concrete base
Reinforced concrete retaining wall; 225mm thick; including concrete base
Retaining Walls (Based on an average height of 2m)
450mm wide (internal) precast concrete block drain; including concrete base;
1m high of rubble pitching retaining wall both sides
450mm diameter precast concrete storm water pipe; 1m deep;
concrete base and surround
Drains
Premixed road; sand bed, crusher run, base course and wearing course
Interlocking paver; including sand bed
Roads
62
Unit Shanghai
m
2
m
2
m
m
m
2
m
2
RMB
350
135
900
700
N/A
900
Beijing
RMB
320
170
890
750
750
1,050
Hong Kong
HK$
490
350
1,210
1,020
1,090
1,360
63
Drains
Roads
64
Unit India (Tier I Cities)
INR
1,300
950
N/A
3,250
N/A
8,900
INR
1,300
950
N/A
3,250
N/A
8,900
Malaysia
RM
76
87
230
260
330
540
m
2
m
2
m
m
m
2
m
2
65
Drains
Roads
66
Unit Sri Lanka
LKR
7,500
3,130
9,175
7,875
10,980
20,000
Singapore
S$
110
85
440
390
N/A
320
m
2
m
2
m
m
m
2
m
2
67
Drains
Roads
68
Unit Thailand
BAHT
1,200
900
2,100
2,400
N/A
3,200
Vietnam
VND(000)
823
516
1,995
N/A
N/A
4,452
m
2
m
2
m
m
m
2
m
2
69
notes
70
71
Major Unit Rates
Material Prices
Labour Prices
major unit rates
Note:
Cost information for the countries featured is based on the following cities :
'
'. ,- ' |-,
'. ,- '' |-,
V,
'.
\-|
- Shanghai & Beijing
'-, c-, ',.-'., '.- S V.'
'-| | '.
- Kuala Lumpur
- Bangkok
' ' V' |,
'- , .| |- | . .|..| |- |,,., |..
'.. ,,-.| - '-. ., . |\-. ,.- .|.|. '-, ...-
..- | .|.| .-'-. . ,|| . -.-, '.,
goods and materials, plant and equipment but exclude the cost of
preliminaries and site on-costs.
'- ,.- | .|..| |- - -\ |.|, . -\...- |.-
. .' ...|. '-, - .- |'- .| .'.' |'- |-
, . ,..-..
'- .- |- - '-. c'. . ., . ...- ,.'--
,,.'-, ..-, '. . .-|.- ,,-| '.| -\...-
contractors overheads and profit.
72
major unit rates
Items
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Excavation; basement (up to 3.00m deep)
Excavation; pad footings, pilecaps, trenches, ground beams etc.
(up to 1.50m deep)
Vibrated reinforced concrete; Grade 30
Reinforcement; high tensile/mild steel rod
BRC mesh reinforcement Ref No. A7
Sawn formwork; sides of vertical surfaces
Brickwall; well burnt clay brick; half brick
Metal roofing sheet; Colorbond; 0.65mm thk
Glazed clay roof tile, interlocking
Timber flush door; single leaf; frame and ironmongery; 900 x 2100mm high
Fire-rated timber door; single leaf; 1 hr fire-rated; frame and ironmongery;
900 x 2100mm high
Wall partition; framing; gypsum board lining both sides; painting; 100mm thk
Structural steelwork in roof trusses and purlins
Aluminium casement windows; natural anodised; 6mm thk; clear float glass
Plastering; cement and sand (1:3); wall; 12-20mm thk; internally
Skim coat plastering; ceiling; 4-6mm thk
Paving; cement and sand (1:3); floor; 20-25mm thk
Ceramic tiles; supply and lay to floor; 20mm thk cement and sand (1:3) screed
Painting to plastered wall; one coat sealer and two coats emulsion paint;
internally
Average expected preliminaries
73
major unit rates
Unit Shanghai Beijing
Hong Kong
RMB RMB
HK$
35
40
570
6.50
N/A
45
80
190
270
1,950
2,150
230
11.50
700
29
18
38
180
40
5-10%
96
80
986
8
69
164
175
381
271
3,133
3,804
504
30
1,345
80
52
69
381
57
10-15%
35
35
510
6.10
N/A
50
NA
250
300
2,200
2,600
210
12.00
650
35
25
40
260
38
6 - 8%
m
3
m
3
m
3
kg
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
no
no
m
2
kg
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
%

74
major unit rates
Items
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
(up to 1.50m deep)
900 x 2100mm high
internally
75
major unit rates
Unit India (Tier II Cities)
INR
200
150
6,000
56.00
200
475
825
1,100
750
20,000
35,000
1,750
100
4,500
275
225
350
1,200
180
6 - 8%
Malaysia
RM
25
18
290
3.80
16
37
48
80
95
460
850
100
7.80
320
26
8
17
75
7
6-12%
INR
250
175
6,000
56.00
200
475
825
1,100
750
20,000
35,000
1,750
100
4,500
275
225
350
1,200
180
6 - 8%
m
3
m
3
m
3
kg
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
no
no
m
2
kg
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
%
76
major unit rates
Items
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
(up to 1.50m deep)
900 x 2100mm high
internally
77
major unit rates
Unit Sri Lanka
LKR
Singapore
S$
25
30
147
1.60
8
35
30
80
150
900
1,300
75
5.00
300
19
8
20
80
4
8 - 12%
Thailand
BAHT
300
260
2,300
32.00
N/A
350
325
760
870
12,000
18,000
700
60
4,800
290
120
260
950
170
8-15%
Vietnam
VND(000)
134
111
1,560
24.39
86
170
175
469
406
6,254
8,476
400
35
2,521
72
50
63
536
61
4-8%
750
1,100
16,600
175
N/A
1,300
1,600
1,650
1,800
55,000
110,260
8,869
395
N/A
700
N/A
3,625
5,103
628
6-10%
m
3
m
3
m
3
kg
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
no
no
m
2
kg
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
%
78
material & labour prices
1 General Labourer DAY
2 Concretor DAY
3 Steel Bar Bender and Fixer DAY
4 Brick / Block Layer DAY
5 Carpenter / Joiner DAY

6 Plasterer / Pavior DAY

7 Plumber DAY
8 Electrician DAY
9 Painter DAY
10 Welder DAY
Material
Unit
1 Cement ; ordinar y Po rtland
2 G r anite ; coarse aggregate; 20mm
3 S a nd; for concretin g
4 Concrete; ready-mixed; Grade 30
5 Reinforcement ; m ild steel ; 16 - 32mm di a
6 Reinforcement ; high tensile ; 16 - 32mm di a
7 S tructural steel
8 B ricks ; common
9 T i mbe r; h ardwood; Chengal
10 P lywood; 12mm thick; 2400 x 1200mm
t onne
t onne
m
3
m
3
t onne
t onne
t onne
to n
pc
pc
Labour
(Daily wage rates of construction workers)
Unit
79
Shanghai
RMB
Shanghai
RMB
460
68
88
430
4,600
4,600
4,800
0.49
3,600
150
100
120
140
130
150
130
130
160
140
150
RMB
Beijing
RMB
Beijing
550
60
93
430
4,500
4,400
4,450
0.58
3,760
160
105
125
150
180
160
155
120
120
126
150
Hong Kong
HK$
Hong Kong
HK$
682
47
64
740
5,555
5,544
5,696
3
3,916
2,462
640
1,042
1,221
851
1,053
897
875
785
796
1,098
80
2 Concretor DAY


7 Plumber DAY
8 Electrician DAY
9 Painter DAY
10 Welder DAY
Material
Unit
7 S tructural steel
8 B ricks ; common
t onne
t onne
m
3
m
3
t onne
t onne
t onne
to n
pc
pc
Labour
Unit
81
India(Tier I Cities)
Malaysia
INR
India(Tier II Cities)
INR RM
India(Tier I Cities)
Malaysia
INR
India(Tier II Cities)
INR RM
5,600
980
1,600
4,800
45,000
46,000
50,000
6.00
N/A
1,750
250
450
450
450
500
450
450
450
350
450
5,200
850
1,500
4,400
45,000
46,000
50,000
6.00
N/A
1,750
225
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
350
450
336
35
52
210
2,390
2,354
4,600
0.45
5,500
57
65
90
90
90
90
100
95
95
90
90
82
2 Concretor DAY


7 Plumber DAY
8 Electrician DAY
9 Painter DAY
10 Welder DAY
Material
Unit
7 S tructural steel
8 B ricks ; common
t onne
t onne
m
3
m
3
t onne
t onne
t onne
to n
pc
pc
Labour
Unit
83
Thailand Vietnam
BAHT VND(000)
2,400
300
360
1,900
24,000
24,000
41,000
N/A
N/A
550
1,772
193
200
1,200
17,864
17,864
22,500
1.20
N/A
435
225
245
245
245
265
255
245
265
245
285
240
264
264
264
280
264
280
280
280
280
Thailand Vietnam
BAHT VND(000)
Singapore
S$
Singapore
S$
120
34
33
115
1,000
1,000
1,350
0.25
3,500
25
100
105
115
105
108
120
112
125
108
127
Sri Lanka
LKR
Sri Lanka
LKR
14,000
943
3,900
11,960
116,000
116,000
160,000
12
N/A
3,050
850
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,500
1,200
1,500
1,500
1,200
1,500
84
notes
TRADITIONAL PROCUREMENT
Standard Forms of Contract commonly in Use
China
Building and Engineering Construction Contract, issued by the Ministry of
Construction and the Department of Labour and Commerce, 2010 Edition.
Building and Engineering Construction Specialist Sub-contract, issued by
the Ministry of Construction and the Department of Labour and Commerce,
2003 Edition.
Building and Engineering Construction Labour Sub-contract, issued by the
Ministry of Construction and the Department of Labour and Commerce,
2003 Edition.
FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction published by the Federation
Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseils, 1st Edition 1999.
85
Hong Kong
Agreement and Schedule of Conditions of Building Contract for use in
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Standard Form of Building
Contract Private Edition With Quantities 2005 Edition).
Agreement and Schedule of Conditions of Building Contract for use in
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Standard Form of Building
Contract Private Edition Without Quantities 2006 Edition).
Agreement and Schedule of Conditions of Nominated Sub-Contract for use
in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2005 Edition.
Agreement and Schedule of Conditions of Nominated Supply Contract for
use in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2005 Edition.
General Conditions of Contract for Building Works published by the
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 1999
Edition.
Standard Form of Contract for Minor Works (1992, 1st Edition, rst
amendment published January 2003, English and Chinese).
General Conditions of Contract for Civil Engineering Works published by
the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 1999
Edition.
Sub-Contract for Building Works to be used in conjunction with the General
Conditions of Contract for Building Works (1999 Edition) published by
the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2000
Edition.
India
Conditions of Contract for Construction published by Indian Institute of
Architects, Bombay.
General Conditions of Contract published by Central Public Works
Department, Revised Edition 2008.

86
Malaysia
Standard Form of Contract to be used where Bills of Quantities form part of
the Contract PWD 203A (Rev. 1/2010) published by Jabatan Kerja Raya
(JKR).
Standard Form of Contract to be used for Contract where Drawings and
Specications form part of the Contract PWD 203 (Rev. 1/2010) published
by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR).
Standard Form of Sub-Contract for Nominated Sub-Contractor where The
Main Contract is based on Form PWD 203 or 203A, PWD 203N (Rev.
1/2010) published by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR).
Standard Form of Sub-Contract for Nominated Suppliers where The Main
Contract is based on Form PWD 203 or 203A, PWD 203P (Rev. 1/2010)
published by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR).
Agreement and Conditions of PAM Contract 2006 (with Quantities)
published by Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM).
Agreement and Conditions of PAM Contract 2006 (without Quantities),
published by Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM).
Agreement and Conditions of PAM Sub-Contract 2006 for use where the
Sub-Contractor is nominated under the PAM Contract 2006, published by
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM).
CIDB Standard Form of Contract for Building Works 2000 Edition, published
by the Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB).
CIDB Standard Form of Sub-Contract for Nominated Sub-Contractor for
use in conjunction with the CIDB Standard Form of Contract for Building
Works, Form CIDB.B(NSC)/2002 published by the Construction Industry
Development Board Malaysia (CIDB).
87
Singapore
Articles and Conditions of Building Contract published by the Singapore
Institute of Architects, 9th Edition Reprint August 2011 (Measurement
Contract).
Articles and Conditions of Building Contract published by the Singapore
Institute of Architects, 9th Edition Reprint August 2011 (Lump Sum
Contract).
Conditions of Sub-Contract for use in conjunction with the Main Contract
(Lump Sum Contract and Measurement Contract, 8th and 9th Edition)
published by the Singapore Institute of Architects, 4th Edition Reprinted
August 2011.
Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction Works
published by the Building and Construction Authority, 6th Edition December
2008 (incorporating List of Editorial Amendments January 2011).
Standard Conditions of Nominated Sub-Contract for use in conjunction with
the Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction Works
2008 published by the Building and Construction Authority, 5th Edition
December 2008.

88
Sri Lanka
Standard Bidding Document Procurement of Works for Minor Contracts
(up to LKR 10 million) published by Institute of Construction Training and
Development ICTAD/SBD/03 (2nd Edition, January 2007).
Standard Bidding Document Procurement of Works (from LKR 10 million
to LKR 100 million) published by Institute of Construction Training and
Standard Bidding Document Procurement of Works for Major Contracts
(over LKR 100 million) published by Institute of Construction Training and
Condition of Contract for Works of Building and Civil Engineering published
by Institute of Construction Training and Development SCA/1 (Revised
Edition, January 1989).
89
Thailand
FIDIC Conditions of Subcontract for Construction, published by the
Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseils, 1st Edition 2011.
Vietnam
FIDIC Short Form of Contract published by the Federation Internationale des
Ingenieurs-Conseils, 1st Edition 1999.
FIDIC Conditions of Subcontract for Construction published by the
90
DESIGN & BUILD PROCUREMENT
China
FIDIC Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects published by the
Hong Kong
General Conditions of Contract for Design and Build Contracts published
by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 1999
Edition.
India
FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build published by the
Malaysia
Standard Form of Design and Build Contract PWD Form DB (Rev. 1/2010)
published by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR).
Singapore
REDAS Design and Build Conditions of Contract (with Option Module for
Employers Architectural Design) published by the Real Estate Developers
Association of Singapore, 3rd Edition October 2010.
Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Design and Build
published by the Building and Construction Authority, 5th Edition December
2008 (incorporating List of Editorial Amendments January 2011).
91
DESIGN & BUILD PROCUREMENT
Sri Lanka
Standard Bidding Document Procurement of Works for Design and Build
Contracts published by Institute of Construction Training and Development
ICTAD/SBD/04 (1st Edition (Revised) May 2003).
Thailand
Vietnam
92
Traditional Procurement
Design & Build
Under traditional procurement, the Client engages an Architect and other
Consultants to develop and complete a detailed design for a building
project, through drawings and a set of prescriptive specifications. The
construction is carried out by a Contractor who is appointed after a
competitive tender or through negotiation.

Traditional procurement separates the design and construction processes.
The Contractor has no responsibility for design and carries out the work as
shown and described in documents provided by the Employer and his
professional advisers. The basis of the tender price is for a fixed design
element provided by the design consultants to varying levels of detail.
Design-build offers an integrated supply chain from design to construction
of a building project and provides a single point of contact for the Client. In
design-build, the Client assembles an outline design and states his
functional requirements for the Contractor to provide a design solution who
also executes the construction of the building. The Contractor takes full
control and responsibility contractually of the whole design and construction
process from start to finish.

Design-build variants have also been developed in an attempt to bring about
the best combination of achieving the one-stop shop for the Client.
Procurement Arrangements in a Nutshell
93
Modified Traditional Approach with Contractor-Designed Portions
Guaranteed Maximum Price Contracts
The modified traditional procurement method provides for defined parts of
the works (for example, architectural works) to be designed by the
Client-appointed Architect. The remaining portions (commonly, the structural
works and mechanical and electrical services) are left to the Contractor who
takes responsibility for the design and integrating them with the architectural
portion for construction.
A Guaranteed Maximum Price (or GMP) is effectively a lump sum price for a
project where the amount of money that a Client is contractually obliged to
pay is the maximum price. In GMP contracts, the risk of the final cost
exceeding the price cap and cost overruns falls on the Contractor whose
entitlement to payment is capped at the GMP level.

The characteristic price cap in GMP contracts bears the hallmark of cost
certainty and can best be described as a lump sum price with very limited
rights to adjustments for variations.

GMP contracts can work in a variety of procurement routes from the
traditional approach to modified traditional with contractor-designed
portions, design-build or management-oriented arrangements.
94
Management-oriented Arrangements
Public-Private Partnerships
Construction management is an interactive procurement concept involving
the combined efforts of the Client, Construction Manager, design
consultants and a multitude of Trade Contractors. The Client contracts
directly with all Trade Contractors while the Construction Manager, on behalf
of the Client, programmes and manages the entire delivery process from
inception to completion.

A Construction Manager is a consultant, design team coordinator, manager
of the myriad of Trade Contractors and the Clients construction adviser but
is not the Main Contractor.

A variant of construction management is management contracting where the
works are let out in work packages by the Management Contractor who is
reimbursed the costs of such works, plus a fee which can be a percentage
of the costs or a fixed sum. It is contrasted to construction management in
that it is the Management Contractor, not the Client, who contracts with each
of the Works Contractors.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a generic term which describes the
various possible structures whereby the public and private sectors work
together in the delivery of services and the provision and operation of an
asset such as a building, facility, plant or equipment.

The procurement of services (as opposed to assets) by the public sector
Client is from an asset designed, constructed, funded and maintained by the
private sector. Through PPP, private sector involvement introduces
innovation and a high level of financial, managerial and technical expertise.

Broadly, a typical PPP model involves the procuring authority (or public
agency) contracting with the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under a
long-term service purchase agreement of usually 15 to 30 years for the
design, construction, maintenance and operation of the facility. The SPV
enters into a range of sub-contracts for the construction works, and also for
the operations and maintenance of the asset.

Typical forms of project structures under PPP include Design, Build,
Finance, Operate (DBFO); Design, Construct, Manage, Finance (DCMF);
Build, Own, Operate (BOO); Build, Operate, Transfer (BOT); Build, Own,
Operate, Transfer (BOOT); and Private Finance Initiative (PFI).
95
notes
96
exchange rates
Local Currency US Dollar
Australia
United Kingdom
China
Euro
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
New Zealand
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Exchange rates period between : Average of 01 October 2011 and 31 December 2011
(Source : http://www.singforex.com.sg)
:
1.014
1.573
15.730
1.349
12.855
1.974
0.114
1.293
0.317
0.777
0.777
0.895
0.033
3.225
1 Dollar
1 Pound Sterling
100 RMB
1 Euro
100 Dollar
100 Rupees
1000 Rupiah
100 Yen
1 Ringgit
1 Dollar
1 Dollar
100 Rupees
1 Dollar
100 Baht
Vietnam 0.048 1000 Dong
97
conversion factors
NON-METRIC TO METRIC LINEAR
To convert Multiply by
inches into centimetres 2.54
inches into metres 2.54 x 10
- 2
inches into millimetres 25.4
feet into metres 0.3048
yards into metres 0.9144
miles into kilometres 1.609344
miles into metres 1609.344
feet into centimetres 30.48
METRIC TO NON-METRIC LINEAR
millimetres into feet 3.281 x 10
- 3
millimetres into inches 0.03937
centimetres into inches 0.3937
metres into feet 3.281
metres into yards 1.09361
kilometres into yards 1093.61
kilometres into miles 0.62137
MASS
grams into ounces
0.03527
grams into grains
15.4324
grams into tahi l
0.02646
kilograms into pounds
2.2046
kilograms into tons 0.0009842
kilograms into katis 1.653
kilograms into stones 0.1575
kilograms into hundredweights 0.01968
98
cu. inches into cu. centimetres 16.3871
cu. inches into litres 0.016387
cu. feet into cu. metres 0.028317
cu. feet into litres 28.32
pints into litres 0.56826
quarts into litres 1.13652
cu. yards into cu. metres 0.7646
UK gallon into litres 4.54609
US gallon into litres 3.7854
cu. centimetres into cu. inches 0.06102
cu. metres into cu. feet 35.3147
cu. metres into cu. yards
1.30795
litres into cu. inches
61.03
litres into pints 1.7598
litres into quarts 0.8799
litres into UK gallons 0.219976
litres into US gallons 0.264178
conversion factors
MASS
VOLUME & CAPACITY
VOLUME & CAPACITY
ounces into grams 28.3495
pounds into grams 453.6
pounds into kilograms 0.4536
tons into kilograms 1016.047
tahils into grams 37.799
0.60479
grains into grams 0.0648
kati into kilogram s
99
conversion factors
AREA
AREA
sq. inches into sq. centimetres 6.4516
sq. feet into sq. centimetres 929.03
sq. feet into sq. metres 0.092903
sq. yards into sq. metres 0.8361
sq. miles into sq. kilometres 2.58999
sq. miles into hectares 258.999
acres into sq. metres 4046.856
acres into hectares 0.40469
sq. millimetres into sq. inches 1.550 x 10
- 3
sq. centimetres into sq. inches
0.1550
sq. metres into sq. feet
10.7639
sq. metres into sq. yards 1.19599
sq. metres into acres 2.47105 x 10
- 4
sq. kilometres into sq. metres
0.3861
sq. kilometres into acres 247.105
hectares into acres 2.47105
100
calendar
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
JUNE MAY APRIL
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
2012
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101
calendar
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
JUNE MAY APRIL
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
2013
S
30
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9
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3
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2
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6
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M
7
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2
9
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4
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1
8
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3
10
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31
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5
12
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S

3
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6
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1
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5
12
19
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7
14
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2
9
16
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3
10
17
24
M
4
11
18
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W
6
13
20
27
F
1
8
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102
directory

WEST MALAYSIA
KPK QUANTITY SURVEYORS (SEMENANJUNG) SDN BHD
Kuala Lumpur
18-6 & 18-7 Block B
18
th
Floor Megan Avenue II, 12 Jalan Yap Kwan Seng
50450 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Tel: 603-21668000 Fax: 603-21668228
E-mail: kpk@kpkqs.com
Johor Bahru
4
th
Floor Suite 1A
Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak,
80000 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Tel: 607-2229786, 607-2229787 Fax: 607-2241778
E-mail: kpkjb@kpkqs.com
Penang
22 Jln Irrawadi, 10050 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Tel: 604-2291595, 604-2291599 Fax: 604-2291591
E-mail: kpkpg@kpkqs.com
EAST MALAYSIA
Sarawak
KPK Quantity Surveyors (Sarawak) Sdn Bhd
Lots 178-180, 2
nd
Floor, Jalan Tan Sri Ong Kee Hui
93300 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Tel: 6082-241244, 6082-246250 Fax: 6082-420475
E-mail: kpkswak@kpkqs.com
Sabah
KPK Quantity Surveyors (Sabah) Sdn Bhd
Suite 7, 8
th
Floor, Wisma Perindustrian
Jalan Istiadat, Likas
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Tel: 6088-231933, 6088-231934 Fax: 6088-231589
E-mail: kpksab@kpkqs.com or kpksab@streamyx.com
SINGAPORE
KPK Quantity Surveyors (Singapore) Pte Ltd
865 Mountbatten Road,
#07-01 Katong Shopping Centre, Singapore 437844
Tel: 65-65363303 Fax: 65-65362633
E-mail: kpkqs@kpkqs.com.sg
103
directory

HONG KONG
KPK Quantity Surveyors (Hong Kong) Ltd
Unit 2207-11, Tins Enterprises Centre,
777 Lai Chi Kok Road, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, HK
Tel: 852-2573 0893 Fax: 852-2591 4728
E-mail: kpkqshk@kpkqs.com.hk
CHINA
Shanghai
KPK Quantity Surveyors (China) Ltd, Shanghai Office
1101, Asia-Pacific Enterprise Building
333 Zhaojiabang Road, Shanghai 200032, China
Tel: 8621-6422 8601 Fax: 8621-6422 8602
E-mail: kpk@kpkqs.com.cn
Shenzhen
KPK Quantity Surveyors HK Ltd, Shenzhen Office
Room 3005 - 3006, Building A
United Plaza, 5022 Binhe Road, Futian Centre
Shenzhen 518033, China
Tel: 86755-8290 0612 Fax: 86755-8294 3499
E-mail: general@kpksz.com.cn
Beijing
KPK Quantity Surveyors (China) Ltd, Beijing Office
Room 558, Zhengren Building, 9 Chongwenmen Street,
Dongcheng District 100062 Beijing, China
Tel: 8610-5975 6298 Fax: 8610-5975 6218
E-mail: beijing@kpkqs.com.cn
Tianjin
KPK Quantity Surveyors (China) Ltd, Tianjin Office
Room 1710, SOMO Harbour Centre
No 240 Zhang Zi Zhong Road, Heping District.Tianjin 300041, China
Tel: 8622-5881 1289 Fax: 8622-5881 1286
Chengdu
KPK Quantity Surveyors (China) Ltd, Chengdu Office
Unit C-D, 11/F, Everbright Finance Centre
No 9 Wen Wu Road, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610017, China
Tel: 8628-8692 2828 Fax: 8628-8692 0188
E-mail: chengdu@kpkqs.com.cn
VIETNAM
KPK Quantity Surveyors (Vietnam) Ltd
Unit 403-404, 4
th
Floor, Citilight Tower, 45 Vo Thi Sau Street,
Da Kao Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Tel: 8483-820 2802 Fax: 8483-820 2801
E-mail: kpkqs@kpkqs.com.vn
104
directory

INDIA
KPK QUANTITY SURVEYORS (INDIA) PVT LTD
Chennai
11A & B, Ega Trade Centre
809, Poonamallee High Road
Kilpauk, Chennai - 600 010, India
Tel: 91-44-26480975, 91-44-26401602 Fax: 91-44-26480952
E-mail: kpk@kpkqs.co.in
Hyderabad
Nagarjuna Jubilant 3
rd
Floor
3 6 385, Street No 2, Liberty Down Road,
Himayath Nagar,Hyderabad 500 029, India
Tel: 91-40-2763 0121 Fax: 91-40-2763 0122
Email: kpk@kpkqs.co.in
New Delhi
C-3/384, Janakpuri.
New Delhi 110058, India
Tel: 91-11-4181 4952
Email: kpk@kpkqs.co.in
SRI LANKA
KPK Quantity Surveyors Lanka (Private) Limited
51/4A, Ward Place, Colombo 7
Tel: 94 112 681 371 / 3
Fax: 94 112 681 376
Email: kpklanka@kpkqs.com.lk
THAILAND
KPK Quantity Surveyors (Thailand) Co Ltd
No.55, 13
th
Floor, Unit 2, Wave Place Building
Wireless Road, Lumpini
Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel: 662-6553660 Fax: 662-6553661
E-mail: admin@kpkqs.co.th
OTHER ASSOCIATED OFFICES
KPK Consultancy Pte Ltd
KPK Total Management Consultancy Sdn Bhd
KPK Management Ltd
KPK Research Pte Ltd
KPK Technologies Sdn Bhd
CSSP Sdn Bhd
CSSP Singapore Pte Ltd
For more information, visit: www.kpkqs.com
105
KPKs Services Portfolio:
Cost and Contract Consultancy
F easibility Studies
Development Appraisal s
Budget Estimates
Cost Planning
V alue Engineerin g
Contract Procurement
Cost Management
Contract Administratio n
F i nal Account s
C laims and Contract Advisory Services
Management Consultancy
P r ocurement Audi t
P roject Compliance Audi t
Due Diligence Review
P roject Recover y
Capital A llowance Claims Appreciation
Construction Management
P roject Management
V alue Management
R isk Management
Dispute Resolution and Management
Expert W itness and Advisory work
A rbitratio n
Mediatio
Adjudication
n
professional services
106
Price (incl GST) : S$107.00
Price (incl delivery and GST) : S$112.35
Price (Overseas Orders)
*Delivery Charges:
: S$100.00*
Please email us at joannetan@kpkqs.com.sg
for a quote for courier service overseas

Mail / Fax / Email Order Form to:
Ms Joanne Tan
Singapore 437844
Tel : +65-6508 3321 Fax: +65-6508 3433
Email: joannetan@kpkqs.com.sg
Author
Eugenie Lip
Contracts Director
Head, KPK Contracts Support Group
(a unit of the KPK Group)
Published by
Research
ISBN 978-981-08-1139-6
Contract
Administration
Handbook
for use with
REDAS Design and Build
Conditions of Contract
Eugenie Lip
Contract Administration Handbook
for use with REDAS Design and Build Conditions of Contract
The Second Edition of the REDAS Design
and Build Conditions of Contract (REDAS
D&B) was published by the Real Estate
Developers Association of Singapore
(REDAS) in 2007 and is the only
design-build standard form available and
in use for private sector design and build
projects.
Aut hored by Eugeni e Li p, t he Cont ract s
Di rector of KPK Quant i t y Sur veyors
( Si ngapore) Pte Ltd and Head of KPK
Cont ract s Suppor t Group, t hi s cl ear
and accessi bl e book of fers a pract i cal
roadmap on t he management and
i ssuance of t he myri ad of noti ces,
i nst ruct i ons, request s, di rect i ons and
cer t i f i cates.
Presented as an instructive reference, this
unique and highly readable book combines
practice application and aspects of contract
administration. It provides essential reading
and is an invaluable source of practical
guidance to all users of the REDAS D&B,
from developers to practitioners whatever
their professional discipline, construction
lawyers and for both lecturers and students
in construction, project management and
contract administration.
The compendium of various administration
forms to be issued under the relevant
clauses in the REDAS D&B complete with
commentary notes and useful annotation
on when it should be issued, how and by
and to whom in the course of the contract,
makes this book an indispensible
must-have reference guide for all REDAS
D&B users.
OTHER COMPANION PRACTICE GUIDES
Contract Administration Handbooks for use with
Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction Works (PSSCOC).
FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction.
107
*Delivery Charges:
: S$100.00*

Ms Joanne Tan
Singapore 437844
Tel : +65-6508 3321 Fax: +65-6508 3433
Author
Eugenie Lip
Contracts Director
Published by
Research
ISBN 978-981-08-1616-2
Contract
Administration
Handbook
for use with
FIDIC Conditions of Contract
for Construction
Eugenie Lip
for use with FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction
Fdration Internationale des
Ingnieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) published four
forms of contract in 1999 one of which
is the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for
Construction (FIDIC Construction Form)
for use in the procurement of international
projects. Under the FIDIC Construction
Form, the Engineer is entrusted with the
responsibility of carrying out the duties
under the contract.
Authored by Eugenie Lip, the Contracts
Director of KPK Quantity Surveyors
(Singapore) Pte Ltd and Head of KPK
Contracts Support Group, this clear and
accessible book offers a practical
roadmap on the management and
issuance of the myriad of notices,
instructions, requests and certificates.
unique and highly readable book
combines practice application and
aspects of contract administration. It
provides essential reading and is an
invaluable source of practical guidance to
all users of the FIDIC Construction Form,
from developer-clients to practitioners
appointed as the Engineer, construction
lawyers and for both lecturers and
students in international construction,
project management and contract
administration.
clauses in the FIDIC Construction Form
complete with commentary notes and
useful annotation on when it should be
issued, how and by and to whom in the
course of the contract, makes this book an
indispensible must-have reference guide
for all users of the contract form.
REDAS Design and Build Conditions of Contract.
Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction Works (PSSCOC).
108
*Delivery Charges:
: S$100.00*

Ms Joanne Tan
Singapore 437844
Tel : +65-6508 3321 Fax: +65-6508 3433
Author
Eugenie Lip
Director
Published by
Research
ISBN 978-981-08-6679-2
for use with PSSCOC for Construction Works
The Public Sector Standard Conditions of
Contract (PSSCOC) standard contract
forms are widely used in the public sector
both for conventionally procured and
design-build projects. Under the PSSCOC
for Construction Works which is currently
in its Sixth Edition, and as amended by the
List of Editorial Amendments (July 2009),
the Employer appoints a Superintending
Officer to administer the contract on his
behalf in accordance with a protocol of
procedures and timelines.
Authored by Eugenie Lip, a Director of KPK
Quantity Surveyors (Singapore) Pte Ltd
and the Head of KPK Contracts Support
Group, this clear and accessible book
offers a practical roadmap on the
management and issuance of the myriad
of notices, instructions and certificates.
unique and highly readable book combines
practice application and aspects of
contract administration. It provides
essential reading and is an invaluable
source of practical guidance to all
practitioners of the PSSCOC for
Construction Works, from public procuring
agencies to professionals appointed as the
Superintending Officer or the
Superintending Officers Representative,
construction lawyers and for both lecturers
and students in construction management,
project management and contract
administration.
clauses in the PSSCOC for Construction
Works complete with commentary notes
and useful annotation on when it should be
issued, how it should be applied and by
and to whom in the course of the contract,
makes this book an indispensible
reference guide for all users of the contract
form.
FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction.
REDAS Sesign and Build Conditions of Contract.
Contract
Administration
Handbook
for use with
Public Sector
Standard Conditions of Contract
for Construction Works
Eugenie Lip
109
notes
110

KPK Costbook 2012

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