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Effects of a New Blending Agent on Ethanol−Gasoline Fuels
Filiz Karaosmanolu, Asl Igr, and H. Aye Aksoy
Energy Fuels, 1996, 10 (3), 816-820• DOI: 10.1021/ef950131z • Publication Date (Web): 21 May 1996
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Energy & Fuels is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street
N.W., Washington, DC 20036
816 Energy & Fuels 1996, 10, 816-820
Experimental Section
Materials. The ethanol-gasoline blends used in the ex-
periments were prepared by adding 5, 10, 15, and 20% (v/v)
azeotropic ethanol to unleaded gasoline. Ethanol was distilled
under normal pressure prior to blending due to its hygroscopic
character. The freshly distilled ethanol used in the blends is
the ethyl alcohol-water azeotrope (EtOH) having a boiling
point of 78.15 °C and containing 4.4 wt % water. Twenty
percent ethanol in gasoline is considered to be the maximum
amount that today’s engines can tolerate without any modi- Figure 1. ASTM distillation curve of FOF.
fications, so this figure was the upper limit in the fuels
tested.14,15 Unleaded gasolines were obtained from Turkish increase the water content of the blend even further.
Petroleum Refineries Inc. and were refinery assured. Table Increasing water content will increase the phase sepa-
1 shows the chemical compositions and physical properties of
ration temperature of the blend.14-18 Therefore, fusel
the four unleaded gasoline samples (G1, G2, G3, and G4)
determined according to ASTM methods. The fuel blends
oil was distilled in a Normschliff Gerätebau fractional
formed using these gasoline samples will be referred to as B1, distillation unit, and the higher boiling fraction (above
B2, B3, and B4, respectively, throughout the text. 120 °C and 75% v/v of FO) of fusel oil (FOF) containing
Methods. Experimental work was performed in four 0.1% (v/v) water was used as the blending agent in the
steps: 1, fractionation and characterization of the molasses experiments. Figure 1 shows the ASTM distillation
fusel oil; 2, investigation of the fusel oil fraction as a blending curve of the FOF which was formed according to the
agent; 3, determination of the relationship between the phase results of the ASTM D 86 method. Chemical composi-
separation temperatures and the chemical compositions of tions of FO and FOF were determined using the gas-
gasolines used in fuel blends; and 4, water tolerances of the liquid chromatography technique. The instrument used
fuel blends. was United Technologies Packard Model 437 A gas
chromatograph fitted with a flame ionization detector
Results and Discussion operating at 200 °C and a stainless steel column (2 m
× 5 mm) packed with 80-100 mesh Propak Q. The
Fractionation and Characterization of the Mo-
injection block temperature was 200 °C, and the flow
lasses Fusel Oil. Fusel oil (FO) used in the experi-
rate of the carrier gas, nitrogen, was 40 mL/min.
ments was obtained from Turkish Sugar Factories Inc.
Results of the gas chromatographic analysis of FO and
It had a high (8.6% v/v) water content, and its density
FOF are given in Table 2.
at 20 °C is 853.6 kg/m3. Using straight fusel oil as a
Use of Molasses Fusel Oil Fraction as a Blending
blending agent for the ethanol-gasoline blends will
Agent. Solubility diagrams of gasoline-ethanol-water-
(12) Ullmanns Encykl. Tech. Chem., 4 1974.
FOF blends at various temperatures were investigated
(13) Thorpe, J. F.; Whiteley, M. A. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied
Chemistry; Longmans: London, 1962; Vol. 5, pp 403-408. (16) Keller, J. I.; Hydrocarbon Process. 1979, 2, 127-138.
(14) Use of Alcohol in Motor GasolinesA Review; API Publication (17) Terzoni, G.; Pea, R.; Ancillotti, F. Proceedings of the IV
4082; American Petroleum Institute: Washington, DC, 1971. International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology; ISAF: Brazil,
(15) Alcohols, A Technical Assessment of Their Application as Fuels; 1980; Vol. 1, pp 331-335.
API Publication 4261; American Petroleum Institute: Washington, DC, (18) McKetta, J. J.; Cunningham, W. A. Encyclopedia of Chemical
1976. Processing and Design; Dekker: New York, 1984; Vol. 20, pp 1-40.
818 Energy & Fuels, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1996 Karaosmanoǧlu et al.
Figure 8. Variation of WTs with temperature for B1 fuel Figure 9. Variation of WTs with temperature for B1 fuel
blends containing 1% FOF. blends containing 3% FOF.