Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Surname Name
Time: 20 minutes
electrical power = current potential difference cost of electricity = power time cost of 1 kilowatt-hour
power energy used time taken
(useful energy tra nsferred by thedevice) 100% (totalenergy supplied to thedevice)
P=IV
E t
efficiency
primary vo ltage number of turns on primarycoil secondary voltage number of turns on secondary coil
Vp Vs
Np Ns
PART A
Turn over
PART A 1. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer. [1 mark] Current is A B C D (b) the charge in Amps the rate of flow of charge in Coulombs the charge in Coulombs the rate of flow of charge in Amps Below we see a graph of the energy provided to different amounts of charge by a solar cell working in bright light.
3
2 Energy (Joules) 1
a solar cell
0 0 2 4 6
Charge (Coulombs)
(i)
(ii) Voltage is the amount of energy transferred in one Coulomb of charge. Use the graph to find the voltage provided by the solar cell. [2 marks]
Voltage = V
PART A
Turn over
Time (s) Use your answer in (ii) to calculate the power produced by the solar cell. Dont forget the unit. [2 marks]
Power = (iv) How much energy would the solar cell give in an hour? [2 marks]
PART A
Turn over
PART A 2. (a) (i) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer. [1 mark] The graph below shows how induced voltage depends on the number of coils in a generator.
Induced voltage
No of coils Which is the best description of the relationship between induced voltage and number of coils? As the number of coils increases the induced voltage A B C D decreases proportionally becomes less but not at a steady rate increases proportionally becomes more but not at a steady rate (ii) Describe two ways of increasing the voltage without using the number of coils. [2 marks] 1. 2. The graph shows how the current changes when the generator turns clockwise.
current time
(iii)
On the same axes draw what the graph of the current if the generator turned anticlockwise at the same speed. [1 mark]
PART A
Turn over
PART A (iv) Describe one difference between the current produced by a generator and a solar cell. [1 mark]
(b) The picture below shows the main elements of hydroelectric power.
transformer Rainfall & snow from river dam generator
turbine to dam
PART A
Turn over
PART A * (c) Describe the disadvantages of non-renewable sources and explain why non-renewable sources are still excessively used in the world today. [4 marks]
[Total for Q2 = 12 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________ TOTAL FOR PART A = 20 MARKS _______________________________________________________________________________________ END TOTAL FOR PAPER = 40 MARKS
PART A
PART B
Surname Name
Time: 20 minutes
electrical power = current potential difference cost of electricity = power time cost of 1 kilowatt-hour
power energy used time taken
(useful energy tra nsferred by thedevice) 100% (totalenergy supplied to thedevice)
P=IV
E t
efficiency
PART B
Turn over
PART B 1. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer. [1 mark] Kilowatt-hours (kWh) is another unit of A B C D (b) electricity energy power voltage John is concerned about the cost of electricity. He wants to find how much he pays per month for using the kettle.
(i)
John estimates that he uses the kettle twice a day for 5 min. For how many hours is the kettle used in one month (30 days)? [1 mark]
Number of hours = (ii) The kettle has a power of 1500 W. Each kilowatt-hour costs 8 p. How much does using the kettle cost per month? [2 marks]
Cost =
PART B
Turn over
PART B (c) John is concerned about saving energy. He makes the following estimates. Cost () 80 240 Saving up per year () 20 80
Loft insulation
(i)
Most cost-effective method = (ii) Give one reason, besides cost-effectiveness, why John would first install the hot water tank insulation. [1 mark] (iii) Give one reason, besides cost-effectiveness, why John would first install the loft insulation. [1 mark] [Total for Q1 = 8 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________
PART B
Turn over
PART B 2. Below we see the main structure of a transformer. Primary Current = I1 Primary Voltage = V1 Primary Power = P1 = I1 V1 Primary coil Number of primary turns N1 Secondary Current = I2 Secondary Voltage = V2 Secondary Power = P2 = I2 V2 Secondary coil
iron core
(a)
Put a cross (
Assume there are no energy losses in the transformer. Which equation correctly describes conservation of energy? A B C D (b) I1 V1 = I2 V2 P1 = P2 + Heat Power I1 / V1 = I2 / V2 P1 + Heat Power = P2 The power station produces primary voltage equal to 25 kV. At a certain stage a step-up transformer increases the voltage to 200 kV. The transformer has 1500 turns in the primary coil. Find the number of turns in the secondary coil. [2 marks]
PART B
Turn over
PART B (c) Below we see how electricity passes from the power station to the transmission lines through transformers. You can also see how the electrical power lost as heat in the transmission lines depends on the current I2 in the transmission lines. Transformers I1 V1 I2 V2 Power lost as heat
Current, I2 Use the energy conservation in (a) to explain whether stepping up the voltage V2 makes the transmission of electricity more efficient. [3 marks] [Total for Q2 = 6 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________
PART B
Turn over
PART B *3. Below you can see information about how long will our reserves of different fuels last. Fuel Estimated time left Oil 40 years Gas 70 years Coal 160 years Uranium 260 years
Many nuclear power stations are decommissioned. Explain the main disadvantages of nuclear power stations that are responsible for the decommissioning and how the decommissioning affects the numbers quoted in the table above. What effect will the use of renewable technologies have on these numbers? [6 marks] [Total for Q3 = 6 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________ TOTAL FOR PART B = 20 MARKS _______________________________________________________________________________________ END TOTAL FOR PAPER = 40 MARKS
PART B
MS MARK SCHEME PART A p. 2 & 3 1. (a) (b) D [1 mark] (i) Any one of [1 mark] Not used { all the time / at night / when there is no light } etc Not used { everywhere / shady or cloudy areas } etc Expensive to install (or similar) Any sign of division to find energy per Coulomb, e.g. 0.8 / 2 [1 mark] Correct answer V = 0.4 V [1 mark] Formula P = I V or direct substitution P = 1.5 0.4, accept ecf from (ii) [1 mark] Correct answer, P = 0.6 W (or ecf) [1 mark] If unit wrong or missing [1/2 mark] Changing 1 hour = 3600 sec [1/2 mark] Formula P = E / t and / or rearrangement E = P t [1/2 mark] Substitution E = 0.6 3600 or 0.6 = E / 3600 , accept ecf from (iii) [1/2 mark] Correct answer, E = 2160 J (or ecf) [1/2 mark]
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
MS
MS p. 4, 5 & 6 2. (a) (i) (ii) C [1 mark] Any two of [2 marks] Stronger magnets Faster speed / rotation / movement Using magnetic / iron / nickel core (or similar) Same form in antiphase [1 mark] e.g. current time
(iii)
If graph lower or period not the same [1/2 mark] (iv) Any one of [1 mark] Solar cell current = DC & Generator current = AC Solar cell current = in one direction & Generator current = in both directions Solar cell current = only +ve & Generator current = +ve & ve [1/2 mark] for description of solar cell current & [1/2 mark for generator current
(b)
Renewable [1 mark] Energy comes from the Sun/gravitational potential energy [1 mark] & Any one of [1 mark] Heat from the Sun vaporizes water Energy provided for rain and snowfall Heat enough to raise water higher Disadvantages Will run out (Fossil fuels) Increase greenhouse gases / Pollution Expensive to run / buy Excessive use due to Good supply (of fossil & nuclear fuels) Produce cheaper electricity Cheaper to install / build Available everywhere & all the time Not dependent on weather and other factors Level Marks One disadvantage 1 12 Any 2 reasons for excessive use At least two out of three disadvantages 2 34 At least 3 reasons for excessive use
(c)
MS
MS MARK SCHEME PART B p. 2 & 3 1. (a) (b) B [1 mark] (i) 5 2 30 / 60 = 5 hours [1 mark] If general idea correct but arithmetic errors [1/2 mark] Change 1500 W 1.5 kW [1/2 mark] Formula or substitution 1.5 5 8 [1 mark] Correct answer 60 p [1/2 mark] Accept ecf for hours or change to kW Payback time for each case 80 / 20 = 4 yrs [1/2 mark] 240 / 60 = 3 yrs [1/2 mark] Loft insulation more cost-effective OR the one with least pay back time [1 mark] Any one of [1 mark] Easier to do Cheaper Greater effect on bill [1 mark]
(ii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
25 1500 [1/2 mark] 200 N 2 Rearrangement N2 = 200 1500 / 25 [1/2 mark] N2 = 12 000 [1/2 mark]
Substitution
(c)
I1 V1 = I2 V2 or P1 = P2 V2 => I2 [1 mark] => Less power lost as heat [1 mark] => Transmission more efficient [1 mark]
MS
MS p. 6 3. Disadvantages Radioactive wastes Small accidents leading to radioactive leaks Small possibility of large scale accidents More difficult to decommission / fix / run than other power plants Effect on time left by decommissioning Numbers will become smaller Fossil fuel will run out faster Because fossil fuels will be used more Effect on time left by use of renewable sources Numbers will become larger Fossil fuel will run out at a later time Because fossil fuels will be used less More economy on fossil fuels etc Level Marks Only effect on numbers by decommissioning and use of renewable sources 1 12 Simple explanation of effect Good explanation of effect 2 34 Reference to disadvantages e.g. accidents or leaks Good explanation and good reference on disadvantages 3 56 Reference to permanent long term disadvantages e.g. understanding of radioactive wastes and leaks
MS