International Journal of Botany and Research (IJBR) ISSN 2277-4815 Vol. 3, Issue 2, Jun 2013, 43-50 TJPRC Pvt.

. Ltd.

FOLK-LORE KNOWLEDGE ON MEDICINAL USAGE OF THE TRIBAL BELTS OF BIRBHUM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
SUTAPA CHOUDHURY, CHOWDHURY HABIBUR RAHAMAN, SUDHENDU MANDAL& AVIJIT GHOSH Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Santiniketan,West Bengal, India

ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants played an important role in various traditional systems of medicines of different countries such as Indian Systems of Medicines (Ayurveda, Unani, etc.), Traditional Chinese Medicines, Tibettian Medicines, etc. The World Health Organization (WHO) since 1970 is advocating preservation of national heritage of ethno-medicines and ethno-pharmacology and reintroduction of medicinal and aromatic plants in the primary health care system in their member countries. A perusal of literature, to date, warranted that the Birbhum district of West Bengal are not fully documented ethnobotanically. Intensive field work was conducted for five years covering all the seasons so as to collect detail information on plant species found useful in ethnomedicine as well as for the other local uses of the plants occurring in Birbhum district in West Bengal. Observations were made of the plant species with respect to their location, habit, habitat and other field characters. 227 numbers of plants have been recorded from Birbhum district. 8 number of plant species recorded as rare from Birbhum district. This study will enrich the data bank of ethnobotany of the Birbhum district and by incorporating new information about non-conventional uses of plant wealth.

KEYWORDS: Ethno-Medicinal Knowledge, Medicinal Herbs, Diseases INTRODUCTION

Man has used plants and plant parts for medicinal purposes from time immemorial. The ancient scriptures of all civilizations are loaded with innumerable references of medicinal plants. In fact, there is no plant under the sun, which arguably does not have any medicinal properties. Plant wealth is renewable resource and has substantially contributed to our economic development. Our country is a land of amalgam of religions, cultures, races, languages and dialects, apart from its biological diversity. Interestingly, we have more than 560 kinds of aboriginals of diverse origin. This unparallel feature of our land, no wonder, attracts many of our research workers and scholars. Medicinal plants played an important role in various traditional systems of medicines of different countries such as Indian Systems of Medicines (Ayurveda, Unani, etc.), Traditional Chinese Medicines, Tibettian Medicines, etc. With the renewed interest in ethnobotany, the alternative herbal medicines and products are gaining more popularity in recent years. In this context, the current value of trade in Indian systems of Medicine (chiefly Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani) and Homoeopathy has been estimated by the Ayurvedic Drug Manufacturers Association (ADMA) to be around Rs. 4205 crores, roughly close to US$ 1 billion (Natesh, 2001; Kong et al., 2003; Hazra et al., 2005; Das et al., 2006). Around 40% or more of the pharmaceuticals of the world used certain plant extracts or active principles derived from natural resources. The researchers are interested towards the plants, hitherto unexploited or under exploited, for medicinal purposes taking cue mainly from the Sanskrit-Ayurvedic literature. The roots of traditional as well as modern systems of medicine are anchored in the substratum of folk medicine which has been undergoing oral transmission through generations and

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concomitant chronic erosion. Folk-medicine or more precisely the ethnomedicine has provided the material to human resources to identify the active principles for formulation of medicines of different types and applications. The modern civilization learnt many fundamental principles and age-old wisdom from the aboriginal and rural ethnic societies. Indian region is amongst the richest ethnobotanical treasures in the world. It needs factual documentation, sustainable utilization and conservation. Several studies on medico-ethnobotany have been carried out in various parts of India, over the last few decades, emphasizing attention in various tribal inhabited zones because of its relevance to the discovery and development of new or less known medicinal plants. Deforestation from developmental and other activities have resulted in biotic

simplification and many of the local medicinal plants including some unique and irreplaceable varieties are either already extinct or endangered. Thus, the programmes have been launched worldwide for documentation of hitherto unrecorded art and science of folk-medicines applied against diseases ranging from common to uncommon, trivial to critical, acute to chronic types. Moreover, herbal medicines have occupied the thrust area for being more patient-friendly, easily available and low-priced. A perusal of literature, to date, warranted that Birbhum district of West Bengal are not fully documented ethnobotanically. Ethnobotanical information, whatever is revealed, are largely a part of routine floristic studies in this region. In view of this, the present work was undertaken to explore the ethnobotanical resources of Birbhum district of West Bengal. In conformity with the task of stock-taking of the medicinal plants, Birbhum district was chosen from West Bengal since it shows a unique assemblage of components of the state/district flora with many species of aliens, weeds, ornamentals, avenue trees, epiphytes, etc.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Intensive field work was conducted for last five years covering all the seasons so as to collect detail information on plant species found useful in ethnomedicine as well as for the other local uses of the plants occurring in Birbhum district of West Bengal. During etnobotanical surveys, all tribal localities, adjoining forest areas and the plains of the districts were visited. Routine methods of botanical collections and techniques of herbarium preparations were followed as suggested by Jain and Rao (1977). Observations were made of the plant species with respect to their location, habit, habitat and other field characters. The collected plant species have been carefully identified with the help of different floras (Prain, 1903; Maheshwari, 1963; Saldanha and Nicholson, 1976; Verma, 1981; Manilal and Sivarajan, 1982; Panigrahi and Murti, 1989; Hooker, 1896).The collected plant specimens have been preserved as herbarium specimens and kept in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan for future references. While collecting information on various local uses of plants, the approaches and methodologies have been followed as suggested by Jain (1991). The data on ethnomedicinal uses of plants were collected directly from various tribal medicine men and other knowledgeable persons of the study areas. The tribal medicine men were interviewed repeatedly to collect the first hand information. The tribal medicine men were taken individually to the forest to identify the plants that they use to cure the diseases. To confirm the authenticity of the collected data it has always been confirmed by interviewing other tribal medicine men of the same and different localities (Jain and Mudgal, 1999). Special care has been taken about the authenticity of the plant specimens. Information was gathered regarding plants and plant parts used, recipes of medicines, doses, type of ailments or diseases and plant parts used for other miscellaneous purposes.. Few photographs of tribals, plants or their parts collected during fieldwork are presented to authenticate the information accrued. Ethnobotanical data gathered from the districts has been compared with the classical literature also.

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Study Area Birbhum district lies between 2332'30" and 2435'00" north latitude and 8801'40" and 8705'25" east longitude. In shape it looks like an isosceles triangle. The apex is situated at the northern extremity not far south of the point where the ganges and the hills of the Santal Parganas of Jharkhand begin to diverge while the river Ajay forms the base of this triangle. Birbhum is bounded on the north and west by the Santal Parganas, on the east by the districts of Murshidabad and Burdwan, and on the South by Burdwan, from which it is separated by the Ajay River.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The present investigation has been carried out during the period from 2002-2007. An effort has been made to collect relevant data on the traditional or folk medicines as well as on the other uses such as food, fodder, fibre, vegetables,dye etc. The plants associated with the religious faiths and beliefs are also noted during the field works. Continued personal attachment with the tribal people has made possible to gather sufficient information on their culture, life style, superstitious etc. and more particularly application of plants or plant products for curing human as well as animal diseases and ailments in the region. The first hand information is gathered mainly for 227species belonging to 156 genera and 67 families of dicotyledons and 34 genera and 18 families of monocotyledons.. The rich vegetation of the districts provided the inhabitants enormous resources of plant wealth. There were a few report of these resources. Information of the utilization of plant for various purposes passed on through oral communication only. These have been critically tapped from them. Many plant species are useful multipurposely. About 202 species are used as ethno medicines. Altogether 556 medicinal preparations have been recorded from both districts to cure 74 types of human disease and 16 types of veterinary diseases. Among them 368 number is monoherbal preparations, i.e. single plant is involved in one herbal preparation and 188 is polyherbal preparations i.e. here more than one plant is involved in a single ethnomedicine. Most of the ethnomedicinal preparation in this study are found new, as they are not recorded earlier in standard literature of ethnobotany (Anonymous, 1948-1976; Watt, 1889-1893; Ambasta, 1986; Chopra ,1956 and Kirtikar and Basu ,1918-1991). Many plant species are useful multipurposely. 202 species are used as ethnomedicines. Considering the utility some of the plants are recorded from this study for the first time e.g. Azanza lampas Cav. (Malvaceae), Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy (Convolvulaceae), Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth. (Liliaceae), Solanum glaucum Dun. (Solanaceae). Table 1: Plants Collected and their Use by the Tribals of Birbhum of District
Sl.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Scientific Names Abroma augusta ( L.) L.f. Abrus precatorius L. Abutilon indicum (L.)Sw. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Acalypha indica L. Achyranthes aspera L. Acorus calamus L. Adhatoda vasica Nees Aegle marmelos Corr.ex Roxb. Aerva javanica Juss.ex Schult. Aerva lanata Juss.ex Schult. Aeschynomene aspera L. Ageratum conyzoides L. Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. Albizia lebbeck Benth. Families Sterculiaceae Fabaceae Malvaceae Mimosaceae Euphorbiaceae Amaranthaceae Araceae Acanthaceae Rutaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Alangiaceae Mimosaceae Birbhum Infrequent Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Infrequent Common Common Common

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Sutapa Choudhury, Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman, Sudhendu Mandal & Avijit Ghosh

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76.

Table 1:Contd., Allium cepa L. Liliaceae Allium sativum L. Liliaceae Alocasia indica (Roxb.)Schott. Araceae Aloe barbadensis Mill. Liliaceae Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Apocynaceae Alternanthera sessilis DC. Amaranthaceae Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. Fabaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Amomum subulatum L. Zingiberaceae Amorphophallus campanulatus Araceae Blume ex Decne. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.)Planch. Vitaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromeliaceae Andrographis paniculata (Brum.f.) Acanthaceae Wall.ex Nees Annona squamosa Linn. Annonaceae Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.)A.Rich. Rubiaceae Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth. Fabaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Azanza lampas Cav. Malvaceae Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariaceae ( L.)Wetts. Bambusa arundinacea Willd. Poaceae Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Barringtoniaceae Basella rubra L. Basellaceae Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpiniaceae Blumea lacera (Brum.f.) DC. Asteraceae Boerhaavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Borreria articularis (L.) F.N.Will. Rubiaceae Brassica napus L. Brassicaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Crassulaceae Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. Fabaceae Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill. Fabaceae Calotropis gigantea (L.)R.Br. ex Ait. Asclepiadaceae Canna indica L. Cannaceae Cannabis sativa L. Cannabinaceae Cardiospermum helicacabum L. Sapindaceae Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Carum copticum Benth. &Hook.f. Apiaceae Cassia alata L. Caesalpiniaceae Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpiniaceae Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniaceae Cassytha filiformis L. Lauraceae Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. Apocynaceae Cayratia trifolia (L.)Domin. Vitaceae Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae Centella asiatica (L.)Urban Apiaceae Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae Cicer arietinum L. Fabaceae Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Ebern. Lauraceae Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blum. Lauraceae Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Citrus medica L. Rutaceae Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Verbenaceae Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae

Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Commercial source Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Infrequent Common Common Common Common Rare Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Rare Common Common Common Common Common Common Commercial source Commercial source Common Common Common Common Common

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77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139.

Table 1:Contd., Coccinia grandis (Linn.)Voigt. Cucurbitaceae Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Menispermaceae Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Coix lachryma jobi L. Poaceae Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Araceae Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Costus speciosus ( Koen.ex Retz.) Smith Costaceae Crinum asiaticum L. Amaryllidaceae Crotalaria juncea L. Fabaceae Croton bonplandianum Baill. Euphorbiaceae Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae Curcuma amada L. Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae Cyanotis tuberosa Schult.f. Commelinaceae Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Pers. Poaceae Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Fabaceae Datura metel L. Solanaceae Delonix regia Raf. Caesalpiniaceae Desmodium gangeticum DC. Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum DC. Fabaceae Dillenia indica L. Dilleniaceae Dolichos lablab L. Fabaceae Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Asteraceae Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Asteraceae Erythrina variegata (L.) Merr. Fabaceae Euphorbia antiquorum L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hitra L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia microphylla Heyne. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia nerifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Evolvulus alsinoides L. Convolvulaceae Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Ficus cunea Ham. ex Roxb. Moraceae Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Br.ex Schult. Asclepiadaceae Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Rids. Rubiaceae Helecteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Helianthus annuus Willd. Asteraceae Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br. Periplocaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceae Hibiscus vitifolius L. Malvaceae Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. Apocynaceae Hygrophylla schulli (Buch. Ham.) Acanthaceae M.R.et S.M.Almeida. Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br. Apocynaceae Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea paniculata L. Convolvulaceae Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Justicia gendarussa Brum. f. Acanthaceae Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Cucurbitaceae Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merill Anacardiaceae Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.)R.Br. Lamiaceae Leonurus sibiricus L. Lamiaceae Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Mimosaceae

Common Common Common Infrequent Common Common Common Common Common Common Infrequent Common Common Common Infrequent Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Commercial source Common Rare Rare Common Common Common Common Uncommon Common Common Common Common Common Rare Common Common Common Common Common Common Uncommon Common Common Common

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Sutapa Choudhury, Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman, Sudhendu Mandal & Avijit Ghosh

140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203.

Table 1:Contd., Limonia acidissima L. Rutaceae Luffa acutangula Roxb. Cucurbitaceae Madhuca latifolia (Koenig)MC Bride Sapotaceae Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Martynia annua L. Martyniaceae Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae Mesua ferrea Linn. Clusiaceae Mikania micrantha H.B.K. Asteraceae Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Mucuna pruriens (Linn.)DC. Fabaceae Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nymphaeaceae Nerium odorum Soland. Apocynaceae Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Oleaceae Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Nymphaeaceae Ochna obtusata DC. Ochnaceae Ocimum sanctum L. Lamiaceae Opuntia dillenii (Ker.Gawler) Haw. Cactaceae Oryza sativa L. Poaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Paederia scandens (Lour.)Merrill Rubiaceae Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Pandanaceae Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae Pentapetes phoenicea L. Sterculiaceae Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. Arecaceae Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Piper betel L. Piperaceae Piper longum L. Piperaceae Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Plumbago zeylanica (L.)Pierre Plumbaginaceae Plumeria acuminata Ait. Apocynaceae Polygonum hydropiper L. Polygonaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Pterocarpus santalinis L. Fabaceae Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz. Apocynaceae Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Apocynaceae Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy Convolvulaceae Saccharum munja Roxb. Poaceae Saccharum spontanium L. Poaceae Santalum album L. Santalaceae Saraca asoka (Roxb.) de Wilde Caesalpiniaceae Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Anacardiaceae Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. Dipterocarpaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Sida cordifolia Linn. Malvaceae Sida humilis Cav. Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Solanum glaucum Dun. Solanaceae Solanum melongena L. Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Solanum surattense Brum.f. Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceae Spondias pinnata(Linn.f.) Kurz. Anacardiaceae

Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Rare Common Common Common Common Common Rare Commercial source Common Common Common Common Commercial source Commercial source Common Common Common Common Common Rare Rare Common Common Common Common Infequent Common Common Infrequent Common Common Infrequent Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Not found Common Common Common Common Common

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204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227.

Table 1:Contd., Stephania japonica (Thumb.)Miers. Menispermaceae Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Syzygium aromaticum Merrill&Perry Myrtaceae Tagetes patula L. Asteraceae Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tephrosia purpurea(L.)Pers. Fabaceae Terminalia arjuna Weight &Arn. Combretaceae Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)Retz. Combretaceae Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.)Retz. Combretaceae Terminalia tomentosa Weight &Arn. Combretaceae Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merill Apocynaceae Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.ex Menispermaceae Hook.f.&Toms. Tragia involucrata L. Euphorbiaceae Trianthema portulacastrum L. Aizoaceae Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Cucurbitaceae Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Tylophora indica (Brum.f.)Merrill Asclepiadaceae Typhonium trilobatum (Linn.)Schott. Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth Vanda tessellata Lodd. ex Loud. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)Nash. Vicia faba L. Vitex negundo L. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Araceae Liliaceae Orchidaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Verbenaceae Zingiberaceae

Common Common Commercial source Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Rare Common Common Common Common Common

CONCLUSIONS
The precesent investigation provides documentation, conservation and preparation of data bases of traditional knowledge are now a priority issue in our national agenda and in depth research with a system approach to wild species/varieties of medicinal plants are needed to integrate them into existing cultivation regime.

REFERENCES
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10. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D. 1975. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I-IV. New Delhi (repr.). 11. Maheshwari, J.K. (1963) The Flora of Delhi, CSIR, New Delhi. 12. Manilal, K.S. and Sivarajan, V.V. 1982. Flora of Calicut, Dehradoon. 13. Natesh, S. 2001. The changing scenario of herbal drugs : role of botanist. Phytomorphology (Golden Jubilee Issue): 75-96. 14. Panigrahi, G. and Murthi, S.K. (1989) Flora of Bilaspur (Madhya Pradesh), Vol. 1, Calcutta. 15. Prain, D. 1903. Bengal Plants, Vol. 1& 2, Calcutta. 16. Rama Rao, N and Henry, A.N. 1996. The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh, India. BSI, Calcutta. 17. Saldanha, C.J. and Nicolson, Dan H. (1976) Flora of Hassan District, New Delhi. 18. Varma, S.K. 1981. Flora of Bhagalpur (Dicotyledons), New Delhi. 19. Watt, George. 1889-1893. A Dictionary of Economic Products of India . Vol. 1-6. Periodical Expert, Shahadara, Delhi, India.