Basics of C Programming

C
Programming
BasicsofCProgramming
ContentinthisisforWindowsversionandturboCsoftware.
Codemightslightlyvarybasedonsoftwareweuse.
C Programming
BASICTERMINOLOGY
Computer:Itisanelectronicdevice.Ithasmemoryanditperformsarithmeticandlogicaloperations.
Input:Thedataenteringintothecomputeriscalledinput.
Output:Theinformationobtainedbythecomputeriscalledoutput.
Program:Asequenceofinstructionstosolvethegivenproblemisknownaprogram.
Software:Thegroupofprogramstooperateandcontroltheoperationsofacomputer.Softwarecanbeclassifiedinto
2types.SystemsoftwareandApplicationsoftware.
Hardware:Allthephysicalcomponentsorunitsconnectedtothecomputercircuitiscalledhardware.
Operatingsystem:Itisaninterfacebetweenuserandthecomputer.Inotherwords,O.Sisa
Complexsetofprograms,thatmanagetheresourcesofacomputerresourcesinclude,input,output,processoretc.
SoO.Sisaresourcemanager.
Language:itconsistsofasetofexecutableinstructions.
Package:Itisdesignedbyanyotherlanguagewithlimitedresources.
ASCIIcharacterset
(Americanstandardcodeforinformationandinterchange)
Charactertypenoofcharacters
Capitalletters26
Smallletters26
Digits10
Specialsymbols32
Controlcharacters34
Graphiccharacters128
Total
256
Outof256charactersetthefirst128arecalledasciicharacters
Thennext128arecalledgraphiccharacters(or)extendedasciicharacters.
C Programming
AtoZ6590
atoz97122
0to94857
Space32
Backspace8
Tab9
Esc27
&38
Classificationofprogramminglanguage
Programminglanguagesareclassifiedinto2types.
1.Lowlevellanguage
2.Highlevellanguage
1. Lowlevellanguage
Alowlevellanguageiscalledassemblylanguageisdesigninthebeginning.Ithassomesimpleinstructions.Butthese
instructionsarenotinbinarycodebuthecomputercanunderstandonlymachinelevellanguage.Henceaconverter
(or)translatorisdevelopedtotranslatealowlevellanguageprogramintomachinelevellanguage.Thistranslatoris
calledasassembler.
2. Highlevellanguage:
ThesearemoreEnglishlikelanguageshencetheprogrammerveryeasytolearn.
Toconverttheprogramswritteninhighlevellanguagetomachinelevellanguagecompilersandinterpretersareused.
Translators
Thereare3typesoftranslatorsavailableforthelanguages.
Assembler:Thistranslatorisusedtoconvertthelowlevellanguageintomachinelevellanguage.
Compiler:Compilersareusedtoconvertthehighlevellanguagesintomachinelevellanguage.Itcheckspererrorsin
entireprogramandconvertstheprogramintomachinelanguage.
Interpreter:Itisalsousedtoconverthighlevellanguageintomachinelevellanguage.Itcheckspererrorsstatement
bystatementandconvertsthestatementintomachinelanguage.
C Programming
VariousStepsInvolvedinProgramorApplicationDevelopment:
Thefollowingstepsareinvolvedinprogramdevelopment
1.Problemdefinition
2.Analysis&Design
3.Algorithms
4.Flowchart
5.Coding&implementation
6.Debugging&testing
7.Documentation
1. Problemdefinition
Problemdefinitionphaseisaclearunderstandingofexactlywhatisneededforcreatingaworkablesolution.It
involvesthreespecifications
1.Inputspecification
2.Outputspecification
3.Processing
2.Analysis&Design
Beforegoingtomakeafinalsolutionfortheproblem,itmustbeanalysed.Outlinesolutionispreparedinthecaseof
simpleproblems,butincaseofcomplexproblemsthemainproblemisdividedintosubproblemscalled'modules'.
Thesemodulescanbehandledandsolvedindependently.Whenthetaskistoobig,itisalwaysbettertoanalysethe
tasksuchthatitcanbedividedintonumberofmodulesandseeksolutionforeach.
3.Algorithm
Oncetheproblemisdividedintonumberofmodules,thelogicforsolvingeachmodulecanbedeveloped.Thelogicis
expressedstepbystep.Astepbystepproceduretosolvethegivenproblemiscalledalgorithm.Analgorithmis
definedasafinitesetofinstructionswhichaccomplishaparticulartask.Analgorithmcanbedescribedinanatural
languagelikeEnglish.
4.Flowchart
Aftercompletionofalgorithm,theprogramcanbevisualisedbydrawingaflowchart.Aflowchartisnothingbuta
graphicalorsymbolicrepresentationofhowinstructionswillbeexecutedoneafteranother.
C Programming
5.Coding&Implementation
Codingisaprocessofconvertingthealgorithmsolutionofflowchartintoacomputerprogram.Inthisprocess,each
andeverystepofalgorithmisconvertedtoinstructionsofselectedcomputerprogramminglanguage.
6.Debugging&Testing
Debugging:Beforeloadingtheprogramintothecomputer,wemustcorrectalltheerrors.Thisprocessiscalled
Debugging.
Therearethreetypesoferrors
1.Syntaxerrors
2.Runtimeerrors
3.Logicalerrors
Testing:Itisveryimportanttotesttheprogramwrittentoachieveaspecifictask.Testingisrunningtheprogramwith
knowndataandknownresult.
7.Documentation
Itisthemostimportantaspectofprogramming.Itisacontinuousprocessofkeepingcopyofallphasesofaprogram
development.
Algorithm
Astepbystepproceduretosolvethegivenproblemisknownasalgorithm.
Examples:
1. Findthesum,product,divisionofgiventwonumbers.
step1:Readtwonumbersa,b
step2:sum=a+b
step3:product=a*b
step4:division=a/b;
step5:printsum,product,division.
step6:stop.
C Programming
2. Findthemaximumvalueofgiventwonumbers.
step1:Readtwonumbersaandb
step2:max=a
step3:ifmax<bthenmax=b
step4:printmax
step5:stop(or)end
3. Findmaximumvalueofgiventhreenumbers.
step1:Readthreenumbersa,bandc
step2:max=a
step3:ifmax<bthenmax=b.
step4:ifmax<cthenmax=c.
step5:printmax
step6:stop(or)end.
4. Tocheckwhetherthegivennumberiseven(or)odd
step1:Readthenumbern
step2:ifn%2==0"printniseven"else"printnisodd"
step3:stop(or)end
5. Toprintnaturalnumbersfrom1togivennumber.
step2:i=1
step3:printi
step4:i=i+1
step5:ifi<=nthengotostep3
step6:stop(or)end
C Programming
6. Tocalculatesumof'nnaturalnumbers.
step2:i=1,sum=0
step3:sum=sum+i
step4:i=i+1
step6:printsum
step7:stop(or)end
7. Toprintfactorsofgivennumber.
step2:i=1
step3:ifn%i==0thenprinti
step4:i=i+1
step6:stop(or)end.
8. Tocheckwhetherthegivennumberisprime(or)not.
step2:i=1,c=0
step3:ifn%i==0thenc=c+1
step4:i=i+1
step6:ifc==2then"printnisprime"
else"nisnotprime"
step7:stop(or)end.
C Programming
9.Toprintfactorialofgivennumber
step2:i=1,fact=1
step3:fact=fact*i
step4:i=i+1
step6:printfact
step7:stop(or)end
10.Toprintreversenumberofgivennumber
step2:rev=0
step3:rev=rev*10+(n%10)
step4:n=n/10
step5:ifn>0thengotostep3
step6:printrev
step7:stop(or)end
11.Toprintsumofdigitsofgivennumber
step2:sum=0
step3:sum=sum+(n%10)
step4:n=n/10
step5:ifn>0thegotostep3
step6:printsum
step7:stop(or)end
C Programming
12.Tocountnumberofdigitsinthegivennumber
step2:nd=0
step3:nd=nd+1
step4:n=n/10
step5:ifn>0thegotostep3
step6:printnd
step7:stop(or)end
CLanguage
Cisaprogramminglanguage.ItisdesignedbyDennisRitchiein1972atAT&T(AmericanTelephonesand
telegraphs)BELLlabsinU.S.A.Itisthemostpopulargeneralpurposelanguage.
BriefHistoryofClanguage:
In1960'sCOBOLwasbeingusedforCommercialpurposeandFORTRANisusedforscientificandEngineering
applications.Atthisstagepeoplestartedtodevelopalanguagewhichissuitableforallpossibleapplications.There
foreAnInternationalCommitteewassetuptodevelopsuchalanguageALGOL60Wasreleased.Itwasnotpopular
becauseitseemedtoogeneral.ToreducethesegeneralityanewlanguagecalledCPL(Combinedprogramming
Language)wasdevelopedatCambridgeUniversity.Thensomeotherfeatureareaddedtothislanguageandanew
languagecalledBCPLdevelopedbyMartinRitchardsatCambridgeUniversity.ThenBlanguagewasdevolopedbyKen
ThompsonatAT&TBelllabs.DennisRitchieinheritedthefeaturesofBandBCPLandaddedhisownfeaturesand
developedCLanguagein1972.
1.Computerconcepts.
2.Introductionto'c'.
3.'c'tokens.
4.Controlstatements.
5.Nestedloops
6.Formattingtheoutput,patterns
7.Functions,storageclasses,recursivefunction
8.math.hfunctions
9.Arrays.
C Programming
10.Strings.
11.Pointers,Dynamicmemoryallocation.
12.Structures,unions,bitfields.
13.Files.
FeaturesofClanguage:
1.
Cisastructureprogramminglanguagewithfundamentalflowcontrolconstruction.
2.
Cissimpleandversatilelanguage.
3.
ProgrammingwritteninCisefficientandfast.
4.
Chasonly32keywords.
5.
Chasrichsetofoperators.
6.
Cpermitsalldataconversionsintoamixedmodeoperations.
7.
DynamicstorageallocationispossibleinClanguage.
8.
Extensivedatatypessuchasarrays,pointer,structuresandunionsareavailableinc
9.
Cimprovesbyitself,Ithasseveralbuiltinfunctionsandstandardfunctionsareavailable.
10.
Recursivefunctioncausesforalgorithmicapproachispossibleinc.
11. MainlyweareusingtheClanguagetoimplementthesystemsoftware.Thosearecompilers,texteditors,
networkdriversanddatabaseutilityandfinallyoperatingsystem.
12. Ccompilercombinesthecapabilityofanassemblylevellanguagewiththefeaturesofhighlevellanguage.So
itiscalledasmiddlelevellanguage.
Imppoints:
1.Cisacasesensitiveprogramminglanguage.
2.Cstatementsareenteredinlowercaselettersonly.
3.Cisafunctionorientedprogramminglanguage.
AnyCprogramcontainsone(or)morefunctionsminimumonefunctioniscompulsorybythenamecalledmain().
EveryCstatementmustbeterminatedbysemicolonexceptpreprocessorsectionandfunctiondefinition.
AfunctionisrepresentedbyfunctionnamewithapairofParenthesis.
()parenthesis[]squarebraces{}curlybraces(or)flowerbraces<>Angularbraces
C Programming
BasicstructureofCprogram
[Documentsection]
Preprocessorsection
Linksection
[Globaldeclarationsection]
main()
[localdeclarationsection]
Statements;
[Subprocessingsection]
Userdefinedfunctions
(or)
Documentsection:
ADocumentsectionconsistasetofcommentlinesgivingthenameoftheprogram,authornameandsomeother
details.
PreprocessororLinkingsection:
Itprovidesinstructionstothecompilertolinkthefunctionsfromthesystemlibrary.
Globaldeclarationsection:
VariablesthatareusedinmorethanonefunctionarecalledasGlobalvariableswhicharedeclaredvariablesinthe
Globaldeclarationsection.
Mainfunctionsection:
EveryCprogrammusthaveonefunctioni.e.mainfunction.
C Programming
Thissectioncontainstwopartsnamely:
(1)Localdeclarationsection
(2)Statementspart.
(1)Thelocaldeclarationsectiondeclaresallthevariablesusedinstatements.
(2)Thestatementspartcontainsexecutableinstructions.
Thesetwopartsmustappearbetweentheopeningandclosedcurlybraces.Theprogramexecutionbeginsatthe
openingbraceandclosingatclosingbraces.
Subprogrammingsection
Itcontainsalltheuserdefinedfunctions.
Comments
Nonexecutablelinesintheprogramarecalledascommentlines.Theselinesareskippedbythecompiler.
/*Groupoflinescomment
*/
Singlelinecomment
(or)
//Singlelinecomment
#include:
Itisapreprocessorfileinclusiondirectiveanditisusedtoincludeheaderfiles.
#include"filename"
(or)
#include<filename>
Whenthefilenameisincludedwithindoublequotationmarks,thesearchforthefileismadefirstincurrentdirectory
andthenthestandarddirectory.
WhenthefilenameisincludedwithinAngularbraces,thefileissearchonlyinstandarddirectory.
stdio.hStandardinputandoutputheaderfile
conio.hConsoleinputandoutputheaderfile
C Programming
1)Open'c'editor
a)Doubleclickondesktopc++icon.
b)Start>run>c:\tc\bin\tc.exe
c)Selectmycomputer>c>tc>bin>tc
2)Openfilemenu
pressalt+f>selectnew
fullscreenf5
3)type'c'program
4)save'c'program(.c)
pressalt+f>selectsave
5)compile
pressalt+c>selectcompile
6)run
pressalt+r>selectrun
7)output
Pressalt+w>selectuserscreen
8)quit
pressalt+f>selectquit
Shortcuts:
savef2
fullscreenf5
compilealt+f9
runctrl+f9
outputalt+f5
quitalt+x
tocloseafilealt+f3
C Programming
printf<stdio.h><conio.h>
Itisfunction,whichisusedtoprintdataonthescreen.
Declaration
intprintf("contolstring"[,arg1,arg2,argn]);
formatstring
eg
printf("welcometoclanguage");
//thisisfirstprogram
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
printf("sachin_aswin");
}
clrscr<conio.h>
Itisafunction,itclearstextmodewindow.
Declaration
voidclrscr();
eg
clrscr();
getch<conio.h>
Itisafunction,toshowtheoutputdirectlywithoutpressingalt+f5.
Declaration
intgetch();
eg
getch()
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
printf("sachin_aswin");
getch();
}
Escapesequencecharacters:
\nnewline
\thorizontaltab(default8spaces)
\bbackspace
\vverticaltab(default1line)
\rcarriagereturn
\abeepsound
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
printf("sachin\n");
printf("powerstar\naswin");
getch();
C Programming
CTokens
Thesmallestindividualelements(or)unitsusedinaprogramarecalledastokens.
Chasfollowingtokens
1.Identifiers
2.Keywords
3.Constants
4.Operators
5.Specialcharacters
1.Identifiers:
Thesecanbedefinedasnameofthevariables,arrays,functionsandsomeotherprogramelementsusingthe
combinationofthefollowingcharacters.
AlphabetsAtoZ
atoz
Digits0to9
Underscore.
Thefirstcharacterofanidentifierwillbeanalphabet(or)underscorefollowedbyalphabet,digit(or)underscore.
NOTE
Defaultidentifierlengthis32characters.
2. Keywords
KeywordsarethewordswhosemeaninghasalreadybeingexplainedintheCompiler.Thatmeansatthedesigninga
languagesomewordsarereservedtodospecifictaskssuchwordsarecalledaskeywords(or)reservedwords.Chas
32keywords.
1.auto2.break3.case4.char
5.const6.continue7.default8.do
9.double10.else11.enum12.extern
13.float14.far15.for16.goto
17.if18.int19.long20.register
21.return22.short23.signed24.sizeof
C Programming
25.struct26.static27.switch28.typedef
29.union30.unsigned31.void32.while
3. Constants
Theyrefertofixedvaluesthatdonotchangeduringtheexecutionofaprogram.Thefollowingconstantsareavailabe
inC.
(i)Integerconstants
(ii)Realconstants(float,double,longdouble)
(iii)Characterconstants
(iv)Stringconstants.
4. Operators
Itisasymbolwhichperformsaparticularoperation.ChasrichsetofOperators.
Coperatorscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:
1.Arithmeticoperators
2.Relationaloperators
3.Logicaloperators
4.Bitwiseoperators
5.Incrementanddecrementoperators.
6.Assignmentoperators
7.Specialoperators
(i)ternary(or)conditionaloperator
(ii)commaoperator
(iii)sizeofoperator
5. Specialcharacters
Allcharactersotherthanalphabets,digitsandunderscorearetreatedasspecialcharacters.
eg
<,>,&,{etc
C Programming
DATATYPES:
Akindofdatathatvariablesmayholdinaprogramminglanguageiscalleddatatype.
Chas3typesofdatatypes.
1.Primarydatatypes(or)primitive(or)predefined
2.Userdefineddatatypes
3.Deriveddatatypes
1.Primarydatatypes
AllCcompilerssupport4fundamentaldatatypesnamelyint,char,floatanddouble.
(i)
int
Itisa+ve,veandwholevaluesbutnotadecimalnumber.
eg
10,30,34,0,etc....
(ii)
char
Asinglecharactercanbedefinedasacharacterdatatypeanditcanberepresentedwithinsinglequotationmarks.
eg
'S','A','1','*'etc....
(iii)
String
Itisalsoacharacterdatatypeanditcanbedefinedwithindoublequotationmarks.
eg
"BDPS","WELCOME","12345",etc.....
(iv)
float(valuewithdecimalpoint
Thenumberswhicharestoredintheformoffloatingpointrepresentationiscalledfloatdatatype.
eg
10.423,234.33,etc....
(v)double
Theno'swhicharestoredintheformofdoubleprecisionfloatingpointrepresentationisknownasdoubledatatype.
eg
C Programming
10.423,234.33,232242.34434,22154.5455,etc.....
2.UserDefineddatatypes
Theuserdefineddatatypesenablesaprogrammertoinventhisowndatatypesanddefinewhatvaluesitcantakeon.
Thisdatatypecanhelpaprogrammertoreducingtheprogrammingerrors.
Therearetwotypesofuserdefineddatatypesnamely
1.enum(enumerateddatatype)
2.typedef(typedefinition)
3.Deriveddatatypes
Theyarebuiltfromthebasicfundamentaldatatypes.Theexamplesofderiveddatatypesarearrays,pointers,
structuresetc...
NOTE
voidisanemptydatatype
Datatypes,Formatspecifiers,Memorysizesandtheiraccessibilityranges
datatypeformatspecifiermemorysizeaccessibilityrange
1.unsignedchar%c1byte0to255
2.char%c1byte128to+127
3.int%d2bytes32,768to32,767
4.unsignedint%u2bytes0to65,535
5.longint%ld4bytes214,74,83,647to214,74,83,647
6.unsignedlongint%lu4bytes0to429,49,67,295
7.float%f4bytes3.4*10to3.4*10
8.double%lf8bytes1.7*10to1.7*10
9.longdouble%Lf10bytes3.4*10to+49321.1*10
10.char[](string)%s
C Programming
%ooctalbase
%xhexadecimalbase
varaiable
Aquantitywhichmayvaryduringtheexecutionofaprogramisknownasvariable.
Declarationofavariable
Form1:datatypeidentifier;
eg
intn;
charch;
floatft;
Form2:datatypeidentifier1,identifier2identifiern;
eg
inta,b,c;
charch1,ch2;
Initialisation:AtthetimeofdeclaringavariablewecanprovidesomedataintothatVariableisknownasinitialisation.
Declaration
datatypeidentifier=value;
eg
inta=100;
charch='s';
datatypeidentifier1=value,identifier2=value,identifiern=value;
eg
inta=100,b=200,c=300;
charch1='a',ch2='k';
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn=100;
clrscr();
printf("Valueofn=%d",n);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charch='s';
intn=100;
floatft=123.90;
doubledb=12345.890;
clrscr();
printf("Character=%c",ch);
printf("\nValueofn=%d",n);
printf("\nFloatvalue=%f",ft);
printf("\nDoublevalue=%lf",db);
getch();
C Programming
Constants
Constantsrefertofixedvaluesthatdonotchangeduringtheexecutionofaprogram.
Const:Itisakeyword,andisusedtodefineconstants.
Syntax:constdatatypeidentifier=value;
eg
constintn=100;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
constinta=100;
clrscr();
printf("Valueofa=%d",a);
//a=200;cannotmodify
printf("\nValueofa=%d",a);
getch();
scanf
Itisafunction,whichisusedtoreaddatafromkeyboard.
Declaration
intscanf("format(s)",address1,address2,addressn);
eg
intn=scanf("%d",&n)&nisaddressofn
charch=&chAddressofch
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranyintegervalue:");
scanf("%d",&n);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charch;
intn;
floatft;
doubledb;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranycharacter:");
scanf("%c",&ch);
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enteranyfloatvalue:");
scanf("%f",&ft);
C Programming
printf("Enteranydoublevalue:");
scanf("%lf",&db);
printf("Givencharacter=%c",ch);
printf("\nGivenintegervalue=%d",n);
printf("\nFloatvalue=%.2f",ft);
printf("\nDoublevalue=%.2lf",db);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charch;
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
scanf("%c",&ch);
printf("\nGivencharacter=%c",ch);
getch();
C Programming
fflush
Itflushesspecifiedstream.
Declaration:intfflush(FILE*stream);
flushall
Itflushesallopenstreams.
Declaration:intflushall();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charch;
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
fflush(stdin);
//flushall();
scanf("%c",&ch);
printf("\nGivencharacter=%c",ch);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C Programming
voidmain()
{
charch;
clrscr();
scanf("%c",&ch);
printf("Asciivalueofgivencharacter=%d",ch);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranyasciivalue(0to255):");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Characterofgivenasciivalue=%c",n);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
C Programming
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Givennumber=%d",n);
printf("\nOctalnumber=%o",n);
printf("\nHexadecimalnumber=%x",n);
getch();
String
Agroupofcharacterscanbedefinedbetweendoublequotationmarksisastring.In'c'languageastringisnothingbut
anarrayofcharactersandterminatedbyanullcharacter(\0)
Declaration:charidentifier[size];
Eg
charst[20];
Initialisation:charidentifier[size]="string";
eg
charst[20]="welcome";
Whenthecompilerassignsacharacterstringtoacharacterarraythenitautomaticallysuppliesanullcharacteratthe
endofthestring.Thereforethesizeshouldbeequaltothemaximumnumberofcharactersinthegivenstring+1.
Formatspecifierofstringis%s
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[80];
C Programming
clrscr();
printf("Intialisedstring=%s",st);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[80];
clrscr();
printf("Enteranystring:");
scanf("%s",st);
printf("Givenstring=%s",st);
getch();
gets
Itisafunctionwhichisusedtoreadastringwithblankspacesfromkeyboardintoastringvariable.
syntax
char*gets(stringvariable);
eg
charst[80];
gets(st);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C Programming
voidmain()
{
charst[80];
clrscr();
gets(st);
getch();
OPERATORS
Operator
Itisasymbolwhichperformsaparticularoperation.
Operand:
Itisanentityonwhichanoperatoracts.
Unaryoperator:
Itrequiressingleoperand.
Binaryoperator:
Itrequirestwooperands.
'c'operatorscanbeclassifiedintonumberofcategories.
1.Arithmeticoperators
2.Logicaloperators
3.Relationaloperators
4.Assignmentoperators
5.Incrementanddecrementoperators
C Programming
6.Bitwiseoperators
7.Specialoperators
(a)ternaryoperator(or)conditionaloperator
(b)commaoperator
(c)sizeofoperator
1. Arthemeticoperators
Thesearebasicoperatorsin'c'language.Theseoperatorsusedforarithmeticoperation.
+Addition
Subtraction
*Multiplication
/Division
%modulas
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranytwointegervalues:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("Additionof%dand%dis%d",a,b,a+b);
printf("\nSubtractionof%dand%dis%d",a,b,ab);
printf("\nMultiplicationof%dand%dis%d",a,b,a*b);
printf("\nDivisionof%dnad%dis%d",a,b,a/b);
printf("\nModulasof%dand%dis%d",a,b,a%b)
C Programming
getch();
2. logicaloperators
Theseoperatorsareusedforcombinetheresultoftwoormoreexpressions.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
logicalAND&&
logicalOR||
logicalNOT!
EXP1EXP2EXP1&&EXP2EXP1||EXP2
TRUETRUETRUETRUE
TRUEFALSEFALSETRUE
FALSETRUEFALSETRUE
FALSEFALSEFALSEFALSE
ExpTRUE!ExpFALSE
Expfalse!Exptrue
3. Relationaloperators
Theseoperatorsareusedtotesttherelationbetweentwovalues(or)twovariables(or)twoexpressions.
All'c'relationaloperatorsarebinaryoperatorsandhencerequirestwooperands.
<lessthan
>greatertham
<=lessthanorequalto
>=greaterthanorequalto
==equalto
!=notequalto
C Programming
4. Assignmentoperators
Theseoperatorsareusedtoassignavalueofanexpressiontoanidentifier.
=Assignmentoperator
Compoundassignmentoperators(or)shorthandoperators
+=
=
*=
/=
%=
eg
intn=10;
n=n+10;<=>n+=10;
5. Incrementanddecrementoperators
Theseoperatorsareusedtocontroltheloopsinaneffectivemethod.
Incrementoperator(++)
Thesymbol++isusedforincrementingby1.
++identifier:prefixincrement
identifier++:postfixincrement
Decrementoperator():
Thesymbolisusedfordecrementingby1
identifier:prefixdecrement
identifier:postfixdecrement
decrementoperator
Thesymbolisusedfordecrementingby1.
C Programming
identifier:prefixdecrement
identifier:postfixdecrement
6. Bitwiseoperators:
Theseoperatorsareusedforcalculatingdataatbitlevel.Bitwiseoperatorsaretwotypes
(i)
(ii)
bitwiselogicaloperators
bitwiseshiftoperators
(i).bitwiselogicaloperators:
Theseoperatorsareusedforthebitwiselogicaldecisionmaking.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
bitwiseAND&
bitwiseOR|
bitwiseexclusiveOR^
B1B2B1&B2B1|B2B1^B2
11110
10011
01011
00000
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta=5,b=6;
clrscr();
printf("a&b=%d",a&b);
printf("\na|b=%d",a|b);
printf("\na^b=%d",a^b);
getch();
C Programming
(ii).Bitwiseshiftoperators
Theshiftoperatorstakebinarypatternsandshiftbitstoleft(or)right.
(i)
(ii)
leftshiftoperator<<
rightshiftoperator>>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta=4,b,c;
clrscr();
b=a<<2;
c=a>>1;
printf("\na=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
printf("\nc=%d",c);
getch();
}
7. Specialoperators:
(a)ternaryoperator(or)conditionaloperator
Aternaryoperatorpair"?:"isavailablein'c'language.Itisusedtoconstructconditionalexpression.
Thegeneralformofternaryoperatoris
exp1?exp2:exp3;
Whereexp1,exp2,exp3areexpressions.
Ifexp1istruethenexp2isevaluatedanditsvaluebecomesvalueoftheexpression.
Otherwiseifexp1isfalsethenexp3isevaluatedanditsvaluebecomesvalueoftheexpression.
eg
inta=10,b=20,c;
C Programming
c=a>b?a:b;
a10b20c20
Writeaprogramtoacceptanytwointegervaluesanddisplaymaximumandminimumvaluesusingternaryoperator.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,max,min;
clrscr();
max=a>b?a:b;
min=a<b?a:b;
printf("Maximumvalue=%d",max);
printf("\nMinimumvalue=%d",min);
getch();
Writeaprogramtoacceptanythreeintegervaluesanddisplaymaximumandminimumvaluesusingternaryoperator.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,c,max,min;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranythreeintegervalues:");
C Programming
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
max=a>b?a:b;
max=max>c?max:c;
min=a<b?a:b;
min=min<c?min:c;
getch();
Writeaprogramtoacceptanyintegervalueandcheckwhetherthegivennumberiseven(or)oddusingternary
operator
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
n%2==0?printf("GivennumberisEven"):printf("GivennumberisOdd");
getch();
}
(iii)
commaoperator:
Acommaoperatorcanbeusedtolinktherelatedexpressionstogether.
Thegeneralformofcommaoperatoris
C Programming
identifier=(identifier1=value,identifier2=value
identifiern=value,expression);
eg
inta,b,c;
c=(a=10,b=20,a+b);
Firstassignsthevalue10to'a'andthenassignsthevalue20to'b'
andfinallyassigns30(a+b)to'c'.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,c;
clrscr();
c=(a=10,b=20,a+b);
printf("\na=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
printf("\nc=%d",c);
getch();
(c)sizeofoperator
Itisacompilingoperatorandisusedtogetthememorysizeofspecifieddatatype(or)variable(or)expression.
Syntax:sizeof(datatype(or)variable(or)expression);
eg
sizeof(int)2bytes
sizeof(char)1byte
C Programming
sizeof(float)4bytes.
eg2
intn
charch;
floatft;
sizeof(n)2bytes
sizeof(ch)1byte
sizeof(ft)4bytes
eg3
inta,b;
sizeof(a)2bytes
sizeof(b)2bytes
sizeof(a+b)2bytes
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
floatft;
clrscr();
printf("Sizeofintegervariable=%dbytes",sizeof(n));
printf("\nSizeoffloatvariable=%dbytes",sizeof(ft));
getch();
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b;
clrscr();
printf("Sizeofa=%dbytes",sizeof(a));
printf("\nSizeofb=%dbytes",sizeof(b));
printf("\nSizeofa+b=%dbytes",sizeof(a+b));
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,t;
clrscr();
printf("Valuesbeforeswapping\n");
printf("a=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
/*swapping*/
t=a;
C Programming
a=b;
b=t;
printf("\nValuesAfterswapping");
printf("\na=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b;
clrscr();
printf("Valuesbeforeswapping\n");
printf("a=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
/*swapping*/
a=a+b;
b=ab;
a=ab;
printf("\nValuesAfterswapping");
printf("\na=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
getch();}
C Programming
Compoundstatements
Acompoundstatementconsistoneormoreinstructionsandthoseinstructionsareenclosedwithincurlybraces.
1. Avariablewhichisdeclaredabovethecompoundstatementitisaccessiblebothinsideandoutsidecompound
statements.
2. Avariablewhichisdeclaredinsidethecompoundstatement,itisnotavailableoutsidethecompound
statement.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn=100;
clrscr();
printf("\nOutercompoundstatement");
printf("\nn=%d",n);
intm=200;
printf("\nInnercompoundstatement");
printf("\nn=%d",n);
printf("\nm=%d",m);
printf("\nn=%d",n);
getch();
}
3. Avariableisdeclaredwiththesamenameinbothinnerandoutercompoundstatements.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C Programming
voidmain()
{
intn=100;
clrscr();
printf("\nn=%d",n);
intn=200;
printf("\nInnercompoundstatement");
printf("\nn=%d",n);
printf("\nn=%d",n);
getch();
Typecasting
Theprocessofconvertingonedatatypetoanotherdataypeiscalledtypecasting.
In'c'languagetypeconversionisanarithmeticexpressionwillbedoneautomaticlly.Ifyouwanttostoreavalueof
onetypeintovariableofanothertypewemustcastthevaluewillbestoredbyprecedingitwiththetypenamein
paranthesis.
eg
inta,b;
floatc,d;
a5b2
c=a/b;automaticconversion(or)implicitconversion
c2.00
d=(float)a/b;explicitconversion(or)typecasting
C Programming
d2.50;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta=5,b=2;
floatc,d;
clrscr();
c=a/b;
d=(float)a/b;
printf("c=%.2f",c);
printf("\nd=%.2f",d);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intcno,pmr,lmr,tu;
charcname[80];
floatbill;
clrscr();
printf("Enterconsumernumber:");
scanf("%d",&cno);
printf("Enterconsumername:");
C Programming
fflush(stdin);
gets(cname);
printf("Enterpresentmonthreading:");
scanf("%d",&pmr);
printf("Enterlastmonthreading:");
scanf("%d",&lmr);
tu=pmrlmr;
bill=tu*3.00;
printf("Totalunits=%d",tu);
printf("\nBillamount=%.2f",bill);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intsno,c,cpp,java,tot;
charsname[80];
floatavg;
clrscr();
printf("Enterstudentnumber:");
scanf("%d",&sno);
printf("Enterstudentname:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(sname);
printf("Entermarksinccppjava:");
C Programming
scanf("%d%d%d",&c,&cpp,&java);
tot=c+cpp+java;
avg=(float)tot/3;
printf("Totalmarks=%d",tot);
printf("\nAverage=%.2f",avg);
getch();
Controlstatements(or)controlstructures
'c'isaconsideredasastructureprogramminglanguage.oneofregionforthisishavingvariousprogramcontrol
structures.
'c'processthedecisionmakingcapabilitiesandsupportsthestatementsknownascontrolstatements.
Thereare3typesofcontrolstructures.
(1)Conditioncontrolstatements
(2)Unconditioncontrolstatements
(3)Loopcontrolstatements
(1) Conditioncontrolstatements
'c'supports5typesofconditioncontrolstatements.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
simpleif
ifelse
nestedif
(iv)elseifladder
(iv)
switch
(i)
Simpleifstatement
Itisadecisionmakingstatementandisusedtocontroltheflowofexecution.
Syntax:
if(expression)
C Programming
statements;
}
Iftheexpressionistrue,thenthestatementblockwillbeexecutedandthecontroltransferstothenextstatement.
Otherwisetheexpressionisfalsethenthecontroldirectlygoesthenextstatement.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,max;
clrscr();
max=a;
if(max<b)
getch();
max=b;
Note:
Inanycontrolstatement,thestatementblockcontainsasinglestatementthebracesarenotnecessary.
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,c,max;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
max=a;
if(max<b)
if(max<c)
getch();
max=b;
max=c;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intd,m,y;
C Programming
clrscr();
printf("Enteranydate(ddmmyyyy):");
scanf("%d%d%d",&d,&m,&y);
printf("Givendate=%.2d%.2d%d",d,m,y);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intcd,cm,cy,bd,bm,by,y,m,d;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Entercurrentdate(ddmmyyyy):");
scanf("%d%d%d",&cd,&cm,&cy);
printf("EnterDateofbirth(ddmmyyyy):");
scanf("%d%d%d",&bd,&bm,&by);
y=cyby;
m=cmbm;
d=cdbd;
if(d<0)
d=d+30;
m=m1;
if(m<0)
C Programming
m=m+12;
y=y1;
printf("Ageis%dyears%dmonths%ddays",y,m,d);
getch();
(ii)
ifelsestatement:
Itisanextensionofsimpleifstatement.
Syntax
if(expression)
{
statement1;
}
else
{
statement2;
}
Iftheexpressionistruethenifblockstatementsareexecutedandelseblockstatementsareignored.
Otherwiseexpressionisfalsethenifblockstatementsareignoredandelseblockstatementsareexecuted.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,max;
C Programming
clrscr();
textmode(2);
if(a>b)
else
getch();
max=a;
max=b;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n%2==0)
printf("Givennumberiseven");
C Programming
else
getch();
printf("Givennumberisodd");
(iii)
Nesetdifstatement:
usingaifstatementwithinanotherifiscalledasnestedif.Ifaseriesofdecisionsareinvolved,weusenestedif.
Form1
if(expr1)
{
if(expr2)
if(exprn)
}
Form2:
if(expr1)
{
if(expr2)
statements;
C Programming
else
statement1;
statement2;
}
else
{
if(expr3)
else
statement3;
statement4;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,c,max;
clrscr();
C Programming
if(a>b)
if(a>c)
else
else
if(b>c)
else
getch();
max=a;
max=c;
max=b;
max=c;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charsname[80];
floatavg;
clrscr();
C Programming
scanf("%d",&sno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(sname);
scanf("%d%d%d",&c,&cpp,&java);
tot=c+cpp+java;
avg=(float)tot/3;
printf("\nTotalmarks=%d",tot);
printf("\nAverage=%.2f",avg);
if(c>=50&&cpp>=50&&java>=50)
printf("\nResult=PASS");
if(avg>=70)
else
else
printf("\nResult=Fail");
printf("\nDivision=No_Division");
getch();
printf("\nDivision=First");
printf("\nDivision=Second");
C Programming
(iv)
elseifladder:
Thisstatementisalsousedfortheseriesofdecisionsareinvolved.
Syntax
if(expr1)
{
statement1;
}
elseif(expr2)
{
statement2;
}
elseif(expr3)
{
statement3;
elseif(exprn)
{
statementn;
}
else
{
statements;
}
Inthisstatementexpressionsareevaluatedtoptobottom.Iftheconditionistruethestatementsassociatedthatblock
executedandcontroltransfertothenextstatement.
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,c,max;
clrscr();
if(a>b&&a>c)
elseif(b>c)
else
getch();
max=a;
max=b;
max=c;
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
C Programming
charch;
clrscr();
scanf("%c",&ch);
if((ch>=65&&ch<=90)||(ch>=97&&ch<=122))
elseif(ch>=48&&ch<=57)
else
getch();
printf("Givencharacterisalphabet");
printf("Givencharacterisdigit");
printf("Givencharacterisspecialcharacter");
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charch;
clrscr();
scanf("%c",&ch);
if((ch>=65&&ch<=90)||(ch>=97&&ch<=122))
if(ch=='A'||ch=='a'||ch=='E'||ch=='e'||ch=='O'||
ch=='o'||ch=='I'||ch=='i'||ch=='U'||ch=='u')
else
printf("Givencharacterisvowel");
C Programming
else
getch();
printf("Givencharacterisconsonent");
printf("Givencharacterisnotanalphabet");
/*
unitsrate/unit
0501.00
511002.00
1012003.00
2014004.00
400above5.00
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intcno,pmr,lmr,tu;
charcname[80];
floatbill;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&cno);
C Programming
fflush(stdin);
gets(cname);
scanf("%d",&pmr);
scanf("%d",&lmr);
tu=pmrlmr;
if(tu<=50)
elseif(tu<=100)
elseif(tu<=200)
elseif(tu<=400)
else
bill=tu*1.00;
bill=(50*1.00)+(tu50)*2.00;
bill=(50*1.00)+(50*2.00)+(tu100)*3.00;
bill=(50*1.00)+(50*2.00)+(100*3.00)+(tu200)*4.00;
bill=(50*1.00)+(50*2.00)+(100*3.00)+(200*4.00)+(tu400)*5.00;
getch();
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intm,y,nd;
clrscr();
printf("Entermonthandyear:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&y);
if(m==2)
if((y%4==0&&y%100!=0)||(y%400==0))
else
elseif(m==1||m==3||m==5||m==7||m==8||m==10||m==12)
else
printf("Numberofdays=%d",nd);
getch();
nd=29;
nd=28;
nd=31;
nd=30;
exit<process.h>
Itterminatestheprogram.
Declaration:
voidexit(intstatus);
C Programming
eg
exit(0);
Typicallyavalueof0indicatesnormalexitandanonzerovalueindicatessomeerror.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
intcno,pmr,lmr,tu;
charcname[80];
floatbill;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&cno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(cname);
scanf("%d",&pmr);
scanf("%d",&lmr);
if(pmr<lmr)
printf("InvalidReading");
getch();
exit(0);
C Programming
tu=pmrlmr;
bill=tu*3.00;
getch();
DregionsareNnorthSsouthWwestEeast
petroldieselkerosine
NORTH49.0034.0023.00
SOUTH48.0033.0021.00
EAST51.0032.0022.00
WEST52.0033.0023.00
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
intdno,np,nd,nk;
chardname[80],reg;
floatpamt,damt,kamt,tamt;
clrscr();
printf("Enterdealernumber:");
scanf("%d",&dno);
printf("Enterdealername:");
C Programming
fflush(stdin);
gets(dname);
printf("Enterdealerregion:");
scanf("%c",&reg);
if(reg>=97&&reg<=122)
if(reg!='N'&&reg!='S'&&reg!='E'&&reg!='W')
printf("Invalidregion");
getch();
exit(0);
printf("Enternumberoflitrespetrolsold:");
scanf("%d",&np);
printf("Enternumberoflitresdieselsold:");
scanf("%d",&nd);
printf("Enternumberoflitreskerosinesold:");
scanf("%d",&nk);
if(reg=='N')
pamt=np*49.00;
damt=nd*34.00;
kamt=nk*23.00;
elseif(reg=='S')
reg=reg32;
pamt=np*48.00;
C Programming
damt=nd*33.00;
kamt=nk*21.00;
elseif(reg=='E')
pamt=np*51.00;
damt=nd*32.00;
kamt=nk*22.00;
else
pamt=np*52.00;
damt=nd*33.00;
kamt=nk*23.00;
tamt=pamt+damt+kamt;
printf("\nPetrolAmount=%.2f",pamt);
printf("\nDieselAmount=%.2f",damt);
printf("\nKerosineAmount=%.2f",kamt);
printf("\nTotalAmount=%.2f",tamt);
getch();
C Programming
4. Switchstatement:
Itisamultiwayconditionalstatementusedin'c'language.Itismainlyusedinsituationwherethereisneedtopick1
alternativeamongmanyalternatives.
syntax
switch(exp(or)variable)
{
case1:
statement1;
break;
case2:
statement2;
break;
casen:
statementn;
break;
default:
defaultstatements;
}
Theswitchstatementteststhevalueofgivenvariableorexpressionagainstalistofcasevalues.andwhenamatchis
foundablockofstatementsassociatedthatcaseexecuted.Otherwisethedefaultblockstatementswillbeexecuted.
Break:
Itisunconditionalcontrolstatementandisusedtoterminateaswitchstatement.
syntax
break;
Note
1. Inswitchstatementthevariable(or)expressionisanintegralvalue.Wecannotpassstringandfloatvalues.
2. Inswitchstatementthedefaultblockisoptional.
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,opt;
clrscr();
printf("\nMENU");
printf("\n");
printf("\n1.Addition");
printf("\n2.Subtraction");
printf("\n3.Multiplication");
printf("\n4.Division");
printf("\n5.Modulas");
printf("\n");
printf("\nEnteranytwointegervalues:");
printf("Enteryouroption:");
scanf("%d",&opt);
switch(opt)
case1:
printf("Additionof%dand%dis%d",a,b,a+b);
break;
case2:
printf("Subtractionof%dand%dis%d",a,b,ab);
break;
case3:
C Programming
printf("Multiplicationof%dand%dis%d",a,b,a*b);
break;
case4:
printf("Divisionof%dand%dis%d",a,b,a/b);
break;
case5:
printf("Modulasof%dand%dis%d",a,b,a%b);
break;
default:
getch();
printf("Invalidoption");
2.Unconditionalcontrolstatements:
(i)break
Itpassescontrol
Syntax
break;
Thebreakstatementcausescontroltopasstothestatementfollowingtheinnermostenclosingwhile,do,for
statementsandswitchstatement.
(iii)
continue:
Passescontrol
Syntax
continue;
Itcausescontroltopasstotheendoftheinnermostenclosingwhile,do,forstatementatwhichpointtheloop
continuationconditionisreevaluated.
C Programming
(iv)
gotostatement:
Thegotostatementisanunconditionalcontrolstatementwhichisofftheexecutionprogramsequencebytransferof
controltosomeotherpartoftheprogram.
Syntax
gotolable;
wherelabelisvalid'c'identifierusedtolabelofthedestinationsuchthatthecontrolcouldtransferred.
syntaxoflable:
identifier:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i=1;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Naturalnumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
lb:
printf("%d\t",i);
i++;
if(i<=n)
getch();
gotolb;
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n==1)
if(n==2)
printf("welcome");
lb1:
lb2:
getch();
gotolb1;
gotolb2;
printf("\nLABEL1");
printf("\nLABEL2");
Indefaulttextmodethereis25rowsand80columns.
gotoxy<conio.h>
Itisafunctionwhichisusedtomovethecursortospecifiedlocationintextwindow.
Declaration:
voidgotoxy(intx,inty);
C Programming
Note:
Ifthecoordinatesareinvalid,thecalltogotoxyisignored.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
textmode(2);
gotoxy(10,5);
printf("WELCOME");
gotoxy(30,20);
printf("BDPS");
getch();
Writeaprogramtocalculatestudentresultbythefollowingformat
BDPSSOFTWARELIMITED
VIJAYAWADA
SNO:SNAME:
MARKSINC:
MARKSINCPP:
MARKSINUNIX:
TOTAL:AVERAGE:
RESULT:DIVISION
C Programming
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charsname[80];
floatavg;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
gotoxy(25,4);
printf("");
gotoxy(30,5);
printf("BDPSSOFTWARELIMITED");
gotoxy(35,6);
printf("VIJAYAWADA");
gotoxy(25,7);
printf("");
gotoxy(25,8);
printf("SNO:");
gotoxy(45,8);
printf("SNAME:");
gotoxy(25,10);
printf("MARKSINC:");
gotoxy(25,12);
printf("MARKSINCPP:");
gotoxy(25,14);
C Programming
printf("MARKSINJAVA:");
gotoxy(25,16);
printf("TOTAL:");
gotoxy(45,16);
printf("AVERAGE:");
gotoxy(25,18);
printf("RESULT:");
gotoxy(45,18);
printf("DIVISION:");
gotoxy(31,8);
scanf("%d",&sno);
gotoxy(53,8);
fflush(stdin);
gets(sname);
lb1:
gotoxy(38,10);
scanf("%d",&c);
if(c<0||c>100)
gotoxy(35,22);
printf("INVALIDMARKS");
getch();
gotoxy(35,22);
printf("");
gotoxy(38,10);
printf("");
gotolb1;
C Programming
lb2:
gotoxy(40,12);
scanf("%d",&cpp);
if(cpp<0||cpp>100)
gotoxy(35,22);
getch();
gotoxy(35,22);
printf("");
gotoxy(40,12);
printf("");
gotolb2;
lb3:
gotoxy(41,14);
scanf("%d",&java);
if(java<0||java>100)
gotoxy(35,22);
getch();
gotoxy(35,22);
printf("");
gotoxy(41,14);
printf("");
C Programming
tot=c+cpp+java;
avg=(float)tot/3;
gotoxy(33,16);
printf("%d",tot);
gotoxy(55,16);
printf("%.2f",avg);
if(c>=50&&cpp>=50&&java>=50)
gotoxy(34,18);
printf("pass");
gotoxy(56,18);
if(avg>=70)
else
else
gotoxy(34,18);
printf("Fail");
gotoxy(56,18);
printf("No_DIVISION");
getch();
gotolb3;
printf("First");
printf("Second");
C Programming
3. loopcontrolstatements
Loop:
Theprocessofrepeatedlyexecutingablockofstatementscalledloop.
'c'supports3typesofloopcontrolstatements.
1.whileloop
2.dowhileloop
3.forloop.
Anyloophas3things
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Initialisetheindex.
Testcondition.
Updatetheindex.
1Whileloop:
Itisaconditionalcontrolledloopstatementin'c'language.
Syntax
while(testcondition)
{
statements;
}
Firstthetestconditionisevaluated,andifitistruethenthestatementblockwillbeexecuted.
Aftertheexecutionofstatements,thetestconditionisevaluatedonceagainthenifitistruethestatementblockwill
beexecutedonceagain.
Theprocessofrepeatedexecutioncontinuousuntilthetestconditionfinallybecomesfalse.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i=1;
clrscr();
C Programming
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
printf("%d\t",i);
i++;
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Naturalnumbersfrom%dto1\n",n);
i=n;
while(i>=1)
printf("%d\t",i);
i;
getch();
C Programming
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Evennumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
i=1;
while(i<=n)
if(i%2==0)
i++;
printf("\nOddnumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
i=1;
while(i<=n)
if(i%2==1)
printf("%d\t",i);
printf("%d\t",i);
C Programming
getch();
i++;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i=1;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Factorsof%d\n",n);
while(i<=n)
if(n%i==0)
i++;
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
printf("%d\t",i);
C Programming
voidmain()
{
intn,i=1;
unsignedlongfact=1;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
fact=fact*i;
i++;
printf("Factorialofgivennumber=%lu",fact);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i=1,c=0;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
if(n%i==0)
C Programming
i++;
if(c==2)
else
getch();
c++;
printf("Givennumberisprime");
printf("Givennumberisnotprime");
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i=1,sum=0;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n/2)
if(n%i==0)
i++;
if(n==sum)
else
sum=sum+i;
printf("Givennumberisperfect");
printf("Givennumberisnotperfect");
C Programming
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
unsignedlongrev=0;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
rev=rev*10+(n%10);
n=n/10;
printf("Reversenumber=%lu",rev);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,m;
unsignedlongrev=0;
C Programming
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
m=n;
while(m>0)
rev=rev*10+(m%10);
m=m/10;
if(n==rev)
else
getch();
printf("Givennumberispallindrome");
printf("Givennumberisnotpallindrome");
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,sum=0,r,m;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
m=n;
while(m>0)
C Programming
r=m%10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
m=m/10;
if(sum==n)
else
getch();
printf("Givennumberisarmstrong");
printf("Givennumberisnotarmstrong");
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,sum=0;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
sum=sum+(n%10);
n=n/10;
printf("Sumofdigitsofgivennumber=%d",sum);
getch();
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,sum;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&n);
sum=n%9;
if(sum==0)
else
getch();
printf("Finalsumis9");
printf("Finalsum=%d",sum);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,pos,i=1,dg;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
C Programming
printf("Enterspecifiedposition:");
scanf("%d",&pos);
while(i<pos)
n=n/10;
i++;
dg=n%10;
printf("Specifiedpositionvalue=%d",dg);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,min,i=1,gcd;
clrscr();
min=a<b?a:b;
while(i<=min)
if(a%i==0&&b%i==0)
gcd=i;
C Programming
printf("GCDof%dand%dis%d",a,b,gcd);
getch();
i++;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta,b,lcm;
clrscr();
lcm=a>b?a:b;
while(1)
if(lcm%a==0&&lcm%b==0)
lcm++;
printf("LCMof%dand%dis%d",a,b,lcm);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
break;
C Programming
voidmain()
{
inti=1;
clrscr();
while(i<=5)
printf("%d\t",i);
i++;
if(i==3)
getch();
break;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inti=0;
clrscr();
while(i<10)
i++;
if(i==4||i==5||i==6)
printf("%d\t",i);
continue;
C Programming
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Evennumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
i=0;
while(i<n)
i++;
if(i%2==1)
printf("%d\t",i);
printf("\nOddnumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
i=0;
while(i<n)
i++;
if(i%2==0)
continue;
continue;
C Programming
getch();
printf("%d\t",i);
2dowhileloop
Itisanalternativeformofwhileloop.Onlydifferencebetweenwhileanddowhileisminimumnumberofexecutionof
whileis0minimumnumberifexecutionofdowhileis1.
Syntax:
do
{
statements;
}while(testcondition);
Firstthestatementblockwillbeexecutedandthentestconditionwillbeevaluated.Ifitistruethenthestatement
blockwillbeexecutedonceagain.Theprocessofrepeatedexecutioncontinuousuntilthetestconditionfinally
becomesfalse.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i=1;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
do
printf("%d\t",i);
C Programming
}while(i<=n);
getch();
i++;
4. forloop:
Itisthemostcommonlyusedloopstatementin'c'language.Itconsistsof3expressions.
syntax
for(exp1;exp2;exp3)
{
statements;
}
Thefirstexpressionisusedtoinitialisetheindex.Thesecondexpressionisusedtocheckwhetherthelooptobe
continued(or)not.
Thethirdexpressionisusedtochangetheindexforfurtheriteration(increment(or)decrement).
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
C Programming
getch();
printf("%d\t",i);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
unsignedlongrev;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&n);
for(rev=0;n>0;n=n/10)
getch();
rev=rev*10+(n%10);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
C Programming
intn,t1=0,t2=1,t,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enternumberofterms:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Fibbonacciseries\n");
printf("%d\t%d",t1,t2);
for(i=1;i<=n2;i++)
t=t1+t2;
printf("\t%d",t);
t1=t2;
t2=t;
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=20;i++)
printf("\n%d*%d=%d",n,i,n*i);
C Programming
getch();
Textcolor:
textcolorselectsanewcharactercolorintextmode
Declaration:
voidtextcolor(intnewcolor);
textbackground
textbackgroundselectsanewtextbackgroundcolor
Declaration:
voidtextbackground(intnewcolor);
Textmode
Changesscreenmode(intextmode)
Declaration:
voidtextmode(intnewmode);
eg
textmode(2);25rows80columns.
textmode(1);25rows40columns.
COLORS(textmode)
BackFore
ConstantValuegrnd?grnd?
BLACK0YesYes
BLUE1YesYes
GREEN2YesYes
C Programming
CYAN3YesYes
RED4YesYes
MAGENTA5YesYes
BROWN6YesYes
LIGHTGRAY7YesYes
DARKGRAY8NoYes
LIGHTBLUE9NoYes
LIGHTGREEN10NoYes
LIGHTCYAN11NoYes
LIGHTRED12NoYes
LIGHTMAGENTA13NoYes
YELLOW14NoYes
WHITE15NoYes
BLINK128No***
***Todisplayblinkingcharactersintextmode,addBLINKtotheforegroundcolor.(DefinedinCONIO.H.)
cprintf:
Itissameasprintfandisusedtoapplycolorsintextmode.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
textmode(2);
textbackground(4);
C Programming
textcolor(14+128);
cprintf("Welcome");
getch();
delay<dos.h>
Suspendsexecutionforinterval(milliseconds)
Declaration:
voiddelay(unsignedmilliseconds);
_setcursortype
Selectscursorappearance
Declaration:
void_setcursortype(intcur_t);
Remarks
Setsthecursortypetooneofthefollowing:
_NOCURSOR0(turnsoffthecursor)
_SOLIDCURSOR1(solidblockcursor)
_NORMALCURSOR2(normalunderscorecursor)
kbhit
Checksforcurrentlyavailablekeystrokes
Declaration
intkbhit(void);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
C Programming
voidmain()
{
intc1=1,c2=75,r1=1,r2=25;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
while(!kbhit())
_setcursortype(0);
clrscr();
gotoxy(c1,12);
printf("LITTLE");
gotoxy(c2,12);
printf("MASTER");
gotoxy(37,r1);
printf("SACHIN");
gotoxy(35,r2);
printf("POWERSTAR");
c1++;
c2;
r1++;
r2;
delay(100);
if(c1>75)
c1=1;
c2=75;
C Programming
if(r1>25)
r1=1;
r2=25;
Nestedloops:
Usingaloopstatementwithinanotherloopiscalledasnestedloop.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,m,i;
unsignedlongrev;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Pallindromenumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
m=i;
rev=0;
while(m>0)
C Programming
rev=rev*10+(m%10);
m=m/10;
if(rev==i)
getch();
printf("%d\t",i);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,sum,r,m,i;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Armstrongnumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
m=i;
sum=0;
while(m>0)
r=m%10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
m=m/10;
C Programming
if(sum==i)
getch();
printf("%d\t",i);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j,c;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Primenumbersform1to%d\n",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
c=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
if(i%j==0)
if(c==2)
c++;
printf("%d\t",i);
C Programming
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j,sum;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Perfectnumbersfrom1to%d\n",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
sum=0;
for(j=1;j<=i/2;j++)
if(i%j==0)
if(sum==i)
getch();
sum=sum+j;
printf("%d\t",i);
C Programming
/*
w
we
wel
welc
welco
welcom
welcome
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inti;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=7;i++)
getch();
/*
printf("\n%.*s",i,st);
C Programming
writeaprogramtogeneratethefollowingpattern.
n=5
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
printf("\n");
getch();
printf("%3c",'*');
C Programming
/*
Writeaprogramtogeneratethefollowingpattern.
n=5
*
**
***
****
*****
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
printf("\n");
getch();
printf("%3c",'*');
C Programming
/*
writeaprogramtogeneratethefollowingpattern.
n=5
1
22
333
4444
55555
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
C Programming
printf("\n");
getch();
printf("%3d",i);
}
12
123
1234
12345
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
printf("\n");
printf("%3d",j);
C Programming
getch();
/*
n=5
*
**
***
****
*****
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j,s;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
s=n*2;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
printf("%*c",s,32);
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
printf("%4c",'*');
C Programming
printf("\n");
s=s2;
getch();
/*
n=5
*
**
***
****
*****
****
***
**
*
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j,s,k=1;
clrscr();
C Programming
scanf("%d",&n);
s=n*2;
for(i=1;i<n*2;i++)
printf("%*c",s,32);
for(j=1;j<=k;j++)
printf("\n");
if(i<n)
k++;
s=s2;
else
k;
s=s+2;
getch();
}
/*
n=5
12345
printf("%4c",'*');
C Programming
51234
54123
54312
54321
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j,m;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
m=n;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=n;j>m;j)
for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
m;
printf("\n");
printf("%d\t",j);
printf("%d\t",j);
C Programming
getch();
}
/*
n=5
12345
109876
1112131415
2019181716
2122232425
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j,k=1;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
printf("%d\t",k);
if(j<n)
C Programming
if(i%2==0)
else
k=k+n;
printf("\n");
getch();
}
/*
ABCDEFGFEDCBA
ABCDEFFEDCBA
ABCDEEDCBA
ABCDDCBA
ABCCBA
ABBA
AA
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inti,j,p,x=7,y=7;
clrscr();
k;
k++;
C Programming
for(i=1;i<=7;i++)
p=65;
for(j=1;j<=13;j++)
if(i>1&&j>=x&&j<=y)
else
if(j<7)
else
printf("\n");
if(i>1)
x;
y++;
getch();
/*
ABCDEFGFEDCBA
ABCDEFFEDCBA
printf("%3c",32);
printf("%3c",p);
p++;
p;
C Programming
ABCDEEDCBA
ABCDDCBA
ABCCBA
ABBA
AA
ABBA
ABCCBA
ABCDDCBA
ABCDEEDCBA
ABCDEFFEDCBA
ABCDEFGFEDCBA
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inti,j,p,x=7,y=7;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
for(i=1;i<=13;i++)
p=65;
for(j=1;j<=13;j++)
if(i>1&&j>=x&&j<=y)
textcolor(2+128);
C Programming
else
textcolor(14);
cprintf("%3c",p);
if(j<7)
else
printf("\n");
if(i>1)
if(i<7)
x;
y++;
else
x++;
y;
cprintf("%3c",'*');
p++;
p;
C Programming
getch();
}
FUNCTIONS
Definition:
Itisaselfcontainedblockstatementsanditcanbeusedseveralmultipletimesofprogrambutdefinedonlyonce.
Libraryfunctions
Thesefunctionswhichareinbuiltwiththe'c'compilerisknownaslibraryfunctions.
Userdefinedfunctions:
Usercandefinefunctionstodoataskrelevanttotheirprograms.Suchfunctionsarecalledasuserdefinedfunctions.
Anyfunctionhas3things
1.Functiondeclaration
2.Functiondefinition
3.Functioncalling
Incaseofpredefinedfunctions,thefunctiondeclarationisinheaderfilesfunctiondefinitionisin'c'libraries.callingisin
yoursourceprogram.
Butincaseofuserdefinedfunctionsallthe3thingsareinyoursourceprogram.
Functiondeclaration:
returntypefunc_name([arg_list]);
Functiondefinition:
returntypefunc_name([arg_list])
{
body;
}
Functioncalling:
func_name([para_list]);
Theargumentswhicharegivenatthetimeoffunctiondeclaration(or)definitionarecalledasarguments(or)formal
arguments.
C Programming
Theargumentswhicharegivenatthetimeoffunctioncallingarecalledasactualarguments(or)parameters.
voidemptydatatype.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidfunc();//declaration
clrscr();
textmode(2);
func();//calling
getch();
}
voidfunc()//definition
{
printf("Welcometo'c'functions");
Rulesforcreatingandaccessinguserdefinedfunction:
1.Afunctioncanbecalledbyanynumberoftimes.
2.Afunctionmayormaynotreceivearguments.
3.Afunctionmayormaynotreturnvalue.
4.Ifafunctiondoesnotreturnanyvalue,thefunctionreturndatatypewillbespecifiedasvoid.
5.Ifafunctionreturnsavalueonlyonevaluecanbereturned.
6.Ifafunctionreturnsavaluethereturningvaluemustbereturnwithareturnstatement.
7.Ifafunctionreturnsavaluetheexecutionofreturnstatementshouldbelast.
8.Afunctionreturnsanintegervaluebydefault.
9.Ifafunctionreturnsavalue,thereturningvalueshouldmatchwiththefunctiondatatype.
C Programming
10.Afunctionisdefinedafter(or)beforemainfunction.
11.Beforecallingafunction,thefunctiondeclaration(or)definitionmustandshould.
12.Ifafunctiondeclarationisspecifiedbeforethefunctioncall,thefunctiondefinitioncanbespecifiedanywherein
theprogram.
13.Ifafunctiondefinitionisspecifiedbeforethefunctioncall,thenthefunctiondeclarationisnotnecessary.
14.Ifafunctionisexecuted,thenthefunctioniscallbyitsname.
15.Thefunctiondefinitionshouldnotbeterminatedwithsemicolon.
Return:
Exitsimmediatelyfromthecurrentlyexecutingfunctiontothecallingroutine,optionallyreturningavalue.
Syntax:
return[<expression>];
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intfunc(int,int);//declaration
inta,b,s;
clrscr();
s=func(a,b);//calling
printf("Sumis=%d",s);
getch();
}
intfunc(intx,inty)//definition
{
returnx+y;
C Programming
1. Functionwithnoargumentsandnoreturnvalue:
Inthistypethefunctionhasnoarguments,itdoesnotreceiveanydatafromthecallingfunctionsimilarlyitdoes
notreturnanyvalue,thecallingfunctiondoesnotreceiveanydatafromthecalledfunction.sothereisnodata
communicationbetweencallingandcalledfunctions.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidsum();
clrscr();
sum();
getch();
}
voidsum()
{
inta,b;
printf("Additionis=%d",a+b);
2. Functionwithargumentsandnoreturnvalue:
Inthistypethefunctionhassomearguments,itreceivesdatafromthecallingfunctionbutitdoesnotreturnany
value,thecallingfunctiondoesnotreceiveanydatafromthecalledfunction.sothereisonewaydata
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidsum(int,int);
inta,b;
clrscr();
sum(a,b);
getch();
}
voidsum(intx,inty)
{
printf("Additionis=%d",x+y);
}
3. Functionwithargumentsandreturnvalue:
Inthistypethefunctionhassomearguments;itreceivesdatafromthecallingfunction.
Similarlyitreturnsavaluethecallingfunctionreceivesdatafromthecalledfunctionsothereistwowaydata
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intsum(int,int);
inta,b,s;
clrscr();
C Programming
s=sum(a,b);
getch();
}
intsum(intx,inty)
{
returnx+y;
}
4. Functionwithnoargumentsandreturnavalue
Inthistypethefunctionhasnoarguments,itdoesnotreceiveanydatafromthecallingfunctionbutitreturnsavalue,
thecallingfunctionreceivesdatafromthecalledfunctionsothereisonewaydatacommunicationbetweencalling
andcalledfunctions.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intsum();
ints;
clrscr();
s=sum();
getch();
}
intsum()
{
inta,b;
C Programming
returna+b;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidnat(int);
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
nat(n);
getch();
}
voidnat(intx)
{
inti;
for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
printf("%d\t",i);
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidfactors(int);
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Factorsof%d\n",n);
factors(n);
getch();
}
voidfactors(intx)
{
inti;
for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
if(x%i==0)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
printf("%d\t",i);
C Programming
voidfibbo(int);
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
fibbo(n);
getch();
}
voidfibbo(intx)
{
inti,t1=0,t2=1,t;
for(i=1;i<=x2;i++)
t=t1+t2;
printf("\t%d",t);
t1=t2;
t2=t;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intmaxval(int,int);
C Programming
inta,b,max;
clrscr();
max=maxval(a,b);
getch();
}
intmaxval(intx,inty)
{
if(x>y)
else
returnx;
returny;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intmaxval(int,int);
inta,b,c,max;
clrscr();
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
/*max=maxval(a,b);
max=maxval(max,c);*/
C Programming
max=maxval(maxval(a,b),c);
getch();
}
intmaxval(intx,inty)
{
if(x>y)
else
returnx;
returny;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
unsignedlongrevnum(int);
intn;
unsignedlongr;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
r=revnum(n);
printf("Reversenumber=%lu",r);
getch();
}
unsignedlongrevnum(intx)
C Programming
unsignedlongr=0;
while(x>0)
r=r*10+(x%10);
x=x/10;
returnr;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
unsignedlongfact(int);
intn;
unsignedlongf;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
f=fact(n);
printf("Factorialofgivennumber=%lu",f);
getch();
}
unsignedlongfact(intx)
{
unsignedlongf=1;
C Programming
inti;
for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
returnf;
f=f*i;
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,r,ncr;
clrscr();
printf("Enternandrvalues:");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&r);
ncr=fact(n)/(fact(r)*fact(nr));
printf("NCRVALUE=%d",ncr);
getch();
}
{
unsignedlongf=1;
inti;
for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
f=f*i;
C Programming
returnf;
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intsumdg(unsignedlong);
unsignedlongn;
intsum;
clrscr();
scanf("%lu",&n);
sum=sumdg(n);
printf("Sumofdigitsofgivennumber=%d",sum);
getch();
}
intsumdg(unsignedlongx)
{
intsum=0;
while(x>0)
sum=sum+(x%10);
x=x/10;
returnsum;
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,i,j,ncr,s;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Entervalueofn:");
scanf("%d",&n);
s=n*3;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%*c",s,32);
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
ncr=fact(i)/(fact(j)*fact(ij));
printf("%6d",ncr);
printf("\n");
s=s3;
getch();
}
{
unsignedlongf=1;
C Programming
inti;
for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
returnf;
f=f*i;
Storageclasses
Bythedeclarationstatementthememoryisallocatedtempararilyforallthevariables.Thesizeofmemoryvarieswith
respecttothetypeofvariable.Theavailabilityofthevariablesforaccessdependsonitsdeclarationtype.Thestorage
classspecifiersareusedtospecifythelifeandscopeofvariableswithinblock,functionsandentiresourceprogram.
'c'supports4typesofstorageclasses.
1.automaticvariables
2.staticvariables
3.global(or)externalvariables.
4.registervaraiables.
1.Automaticvariables:
Thsesvariablesaredeclaredinsideafunctionblock.
storage:mainmemory
defaultvalue:garbagevalue
scope:localtotheblockinwhichitisdefine.
life:Tillthecontrolremainswithintheblockinwhich
itisdefined.
keyword:auto
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C Programming
voidmain()
{
autointa,b;
clrscr();
printf("a=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
getch();
Note
Ifnostorageclassspecifierbeforethedeclarationofavariableinsideafunctionblock,bydefaultittakesautostorage
class.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
autointn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
getch();
3. staticvaribles:
Memoryofstaticvariableremainsunchangeduntiltheendoftheprogram.
storage:mainmemory
C Programming
defaultvalue:0
life:Thememoryofstaticvariblepersistsbetweendifferentfunctioncall.thatmeansitcannotreintialise
betweenthedifferentfunctioncall.
keyword:static.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
staticinta,b;
clrscr();
printf("a=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voiddisp()
{
staticintn=1;
printf("%d\t",n);
n++;
}
voidmain()
{
inti;
C Programming
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
getch();
disp();
3.Globalvariables(or)externvaraibles
Thesevariablesarebothaliveandactivethroughouttheentireprogram.
storage:mainmemory
defaultvalue:0
scope:global
life:Aslongastheprogramexecutiondoesnotcometoend.
keyword:extern.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
inta,b;
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
printf("a=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
getch();
4.registervaribles
C Programming
wecanuseregistervariablesforfrequentlyusedvariablestoimprovethefasterexecutionoftheprogram.
storage:cpu
defaultvalue:garbagevalue
life:Tillthecontrolremainswithintheblockinwhichitisdefined.
keyword:register.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
registerinta,b;
clrscr();
printf("a=%d",a);
printf("\nb=%d",b);
getch();
}
Note
Registerstorageclasssupportonlyintegraldata.
Recursivefunction(or)recursionfunction:
callingafunctionwithinthesamefunctioniscalledrecursionfunction(or)recursivefunction.
Ifwewanttoworkwithrecursivefunctionwemustfollowingthe2accepts.
1.callingbyitself.
2.terminationcondition.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C Programming
voidmain()
{
voidnat(int);
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
nat(n);
getch();
}
voidnat(intx)
{
if(x>1)
printf("%d\t",x);
nat(x1);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
unsignedlongf;
clrscr();
C Programming
scanf("%d",&n);
f=fact(n);
printf("Factorialofgivennumber=%lu",f);
getch();
}
{
if(x<=1)
else
return1;
returnx*fact(x1);
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
unsignedlongrevnum(int);
intn;
unsignedlongrev;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
rev=revnum(n);
getch();
}
unsignedlongrevnum(intx)
C Programming
staticunsignedlongrev=0;
rev=rev*10+(x%10);
x=x/10;
if(x>0)
returnrev;
revnum(x);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidfibbo(int);
intn;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
fibbo(n);
getch();
}
voidfibbo(intx)
{
staticinti,t1=0,t2=1,t;
if(t==0)
C Programming
x=x2;
t=t1+t2;
printf("\t%d",t);
x=x1;
if(x>=1)
t1=t2;
t2=t;
fibbo(x);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
staticinti=1,n;
if(i==1)
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
C Programming
printf("%d\t",i);
i++;
if(i<=n)
getch();
exit(0);
main();
math.hfunctions
abs<math.h>
abs(amacro)getstheabsolutevalueofaninteger.
declaration
intabs(intx);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
voidmain()
{
intn,a;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
a=abs(n);
printf("Absolutevalueofgivennumber=%d",a);
getch();
C Programming
pow<math.h>
Itcalculatesexponentialvalueofgivenbaseandpower.
declaration
doublepow(doublex,doubley);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
voidmain()
{
intb,p;
doublee;
clrscr();
printf("Enterbaseandpower:");
scanf("%d%d",&b,&p);
e=pow(b,p);
printf("Exponentialvalueof%dand%dis%.3lf",b,p,e);
getch();
sqrt<math.h>
Itcalculatessquarerootofgivennumber.
declaration
doublesqrt(doublex);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C Programming
#include<math.h>
voidmain()
{
intn;
doubles;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
s=sqrt(n);
printf("Squarerootofgivennumber=%.3lf",s);
getch();
ceil<math.h>
Itroundsupthegivenvalue.
declaration
doubleceil(doublex);
floor<math.h>
Itroundsdownthegivenvalue.
declaration
doublefloor(doublex);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
voidmain()
C Programming
floatn,c,f;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranyfloatvalue:");
scanf("%f",&n);
c=ceil(n);
f=floor(n);
printf("Ceilvalue=%.2f",c);
printf("\nFloorvalue=%.2f",f);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
floata,b,c,s,area;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranythreesides:");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if((a+b)<=c||(b+c)<=a||(c+a)<=b)
printf("Unabletoformtriangle");
getch();
exit(0);
C Programming
s=(a+b+c)/2;
area=sqrt(s*(sa)*(sb)*(sc));
printf("Areaoftriangle=%.2f",area);
getch();
ARRAYS
Agroupofdataitemsofsamedatatypestoredinacontinuousmemorylocationanditcanberepresentedbyasigle
identifier,thatmeansagroupofdataitemsthatsharedacommonname.
Aparticularvalueisincatedbywritinganocalledindex(or)subscriptinsquarebracesafterthearrayname.'C'
supportsthreetypesofarrays.
1.Singledimensionalarray.
2.Twodimensionalarray.
3.Threedimensionalarray.
1.Singledimensionalarray:
Alistofitemscanbegivenonevariablenameusingonlyoneindex.suchvariableiscalledsingledimensionalarray.In
singledimensionalarraytheelementsarerepresentoneafterotherinedgesofmemorybytes.
declaration
datatypearr_name[size];
eg
inta[5];
elements
a[0],a[1],a[2],a[3]anda[4].
Inanyarraythearrayindexis0to(n1).
intialisation
datatypearr_name[size]={value1,value2,valuen};
C Programming
optional
eg
inta[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
inta[]={100,200,300};
floatft[4]={123.78,1.1,2.3,4.89};
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[5]={11,34,78,45,21},i;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
getch();
printf("\na[%d]=%d",i,a[i]);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enternumberofelements:");
C Programming
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n>20)
printf("Arrayindexoutofbounds");
getch();
exit(0);
printf("Enterarrayelements\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Entervalueintoa[%d]=",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("Arrayelements\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
printf("\nGivenvalueina[%d]=%d",i,a[i]);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i;
clrscr();
C Programming
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
C Programming
printf("Arrayelementsinreverseorder\n");
for(i=n1;i>=0;i)
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i,max,min;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
max=a[0];
min=a[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
if(a[i]>max)
C Programming
if(a[i]<min)
getch();
max=a[i];
min=a[i];
writeaprogramtoacceptasingledimensionalintegerarrayandsearchspecifiedelementinthegivenarray
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i,se,ck=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enternoofelements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enterelementtosearch:");
scanf("%d",&se);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
C Programming
if(a[i]==se)
ck=1;
printf("Elementisfoundata[%d]",i);
if(ck==0)
getch();
printf("Elementnotfound");
writeaprogramtoacceptasingledimensionalintegerarrayanddeletespecifiedelementinthegivenarray.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i,j,de,ck=0;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enterelementtodelete:");
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
C Programming
scanf("%d",&de);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(a[i]==de)
ck=1;
for(j=i;j<n;j++)
n;
if(ck==0)
else
printf("Arrayelementsafterdeletion\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
a[j]=a[j+1];
printf("Elementnotfound");
writeaprogramtoacceptasingledimensionalintegerarrayandinsertanelementinthegivenarrayatspecified
position.
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i,pos,ie,t;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enterposition:");
scanf("%d",&pos);
if(pos>n)
printf("Invalidposition");
getch();
exit(0);
printf("Arrayelementsbeforeinsertion\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
C Programming
printf("\nEnterelementtoinsert:");
scanf("%d",&ie);
if(pos==n)
a[pos]=ie;//a[n]=ie;
n++;
else
for(i=pos;i<=n;i++)
t=a[i];
a[i]=ie;
ie=t;
n++;
printf("Arrayelementsafterinsertion\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
writeaprogramtoacceptasingledimensionalintegerarrayanddisplayarrayelementsinascendingorder.
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i,j,t;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Givenelementsbeforesorting\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
/*sorting*/
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
if(a[i]>a[j])
t=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
C Programming
printf("\nGivenelementsaftersorting\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
a[j]=t;
writeaprogramtoacceptasingledimensionalintegerarray,itcannotacceptduplicateelementsinthegivenarray.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],n,i,j;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
lb:
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
C Programming
if(a[i]==a[j])
printf("Elementalreadyexists\n");
printf("Enternewelement:");
gotolb;
printf("Givenelements\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
}
Twodimensionalarrays
Twodimnsionalarraycanstoreatableofvalueswhichcontainsrowsandcolumns.
InTwodimensionalarrayweusetwoindexvaluesoneforrowsandanotherforcolumns.
declaration
datatypearr_name[rowsize][colsize];
eg
inta[2][3];
elements
a[0][0]a[0][1]a[0][2]
a[1][0]a[1][1]a[1][2]
C Programming
Intialisation
Form1
datatypearr_name[rowsize][colsize]={value1,value2,value3,valuen};
optional
eg
inta[2][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6};
Form2
datatypearr_name[rowsize][colsize]={{value1,value2,valuen},
{value1,value2,valuen},
{value1,value2,valuen}
};
eg
inta[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
/*inta[3][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};*/
inta[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
inti,j;
clrscr();
printf("Intialisedelements\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
C Programming
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
getch();
printf("\na[%d][%d]=%d",i,j,a[i][j]);
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20][20],r,c,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enternumberofrowsandcolumns:");
scanf("%d%d",&r,&c);
if(r>20||c>20)
printf("Arrayindexoutofbounds");
getch();
exit(0);
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
C Programming
printf("Entervalueintoa[%d][%d]=",i,j);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
printf("\nGivenvalueina[%d][%d]=%d",i,j,a[i][j]);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20][20],r,c,i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
C Programming
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
printf("%4d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
getch();
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidaccept(int[][20],int,int);
voiddisp(int[][20],int,int);
inta[20][20],r,c;
clrscr();
C Programming
accept(a,r,c);
disp(a,r,c);
getch();
}
voidaccept(intarr[][20],intm,intn)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i][j]);
}
voiddisp(intarr[][20],intm,intn)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",arr[i][j]);
C Programming
printf("\n");
writeaprogramtoacceptanymatrixanddisplayitstranposematrix.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidtrans(int[][20],int[][20],int,int);
inta[20][20],at[20][20],r,c;
clrscr();
printf("Enterrowsandcolumns:");
printf("Enteranymatrix\n");
accept(a,r,c);
printf("Givenmatrix\n");
disp(a,r,c);
trans(a,at,r,c);
printf("Transposematrix\n");
disp(at,c,r);
getch();
}
voidaccept(inta[][20],intr,intc)
{
C Programming
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
}
voiddisp(inta[][20],intr,intc)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
printf("\n");
}
voidtrans(inta[][20],intat[][20],intr,intc)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
C Programming
at[j][i]=a[i][j];
writeaprogramtodisplayadditionoftwomatricesusingfunctions
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidaddition(int[][20],int[][20],int[][20],int,int);
inta[20][20],b[20][20],add[20][20],r,c;
clrscr();
printf("Enterrowsandcolumns:");
printf("Enterfirstmatrix\n");
accept(a,r,c);
printf("Entersecondmatrix\n");
accept(b,r,c);
addition(a,b,add,r,c);
printf("Firstmatrix\n");
disp(a,r,c);
printf("Secondmatrix\n");
disp(b,r,c);
C Programming
printf("Additionoftwomatrices\n");
disp(add,r,c);
getch();
}
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
}
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("\n");
printf("%3d",arr[i][j]);
C Programming
voidaddition(inta[][20],intb[][20],intadd[][20],intm,intn)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
add[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
writeaprogramtodisplaymultiplicationoftwomatricesusingfunctions
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
voidmain()
{
voidmul(int[][20],int[][20],int[][20],int,int,int);
inta[20][20],b[20][20],c[20][20],m,n,p,q;
clrscr();
printf("Enterrowsandcolumnsforfirstmatrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("Enterrowsandcolumnsforsecondmatrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
C Programming
if(n!=p)
printf("Matrixmultiplicationisnotpossible");
getch();
exit(0);
printf("Enterfirstmatrix\n");
accept(a,m,n);
printf("Entersecondmatrix\n");
accept(b,p,q);
printf("Firstmatrix\n");
disp(a,m,n);
printf("Secondmatrix\n");
disp(b,p,q);
mul(a,b,c,m,n,q);
printf("Multoplicationoftwomatrices\n");
disp(c,m,q);
getch();
}
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
C Programming
}
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("\n");
printf("%3d",arr[i][j]);
}
voidmul(inta[][20],intb[][20],intc[][20],intm,intn,intq)
{
inti,j,k;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
C Programming
writeaprogramtoacceptanymatrixandcheckwhetherthegivenmatrixisidentityornot
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intidentity(int[][20],int,int);
inta[20][20],r,c,k;
clrscr();
printf("Enternoofrowsandcolumns:");
if(r!=c)
printf("Identitymatrixisnotpossible");
getch();
exit(0);
printf("Enterthematrix\n");
accept(a,r,c);
printf("Givenmatrix\n");
disp(a,r,c);
k=identity(a,r,c);
C Programming
if(k==1)
printf("Givenmatrixisidentitymatrix");
else
printf("Givenmatrixisnotidentitymatrix");
getch();
}
voidaccept(inta[][20],intr,intc)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
}
voiddisp(inta[][20],intr,intc)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
printf("\n");
C Programming
}
intidentity(inta[][20],intr,intc)
{
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
if(i==j)
if(a[i][j]!=1)
return0;
else
{if(a[i][j]!=0)
return1;
return0;
C Programming
Multidimensionalarrays
'c'supportsarraysof3ormoredimensions.Inmultidimensionalarraysweusemorethantwoindexvalues.
ThegeneralformofMultidimensionalarrayis
datatypearr_name[s1][s2][sn];
wheres1,s2,snaresizes.
eg
inta[2][2][3];
elements
a[0][0][0]a[0][0][1]a[0][0][2]
a[0][1][0]a[0][1][1]a[0][1][2]
a[1][0][0]a[1][0][1]a[1][0][2]
a[1][1][0]a[1][1][1]a[1][1][2]
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[2][2][3],i,j,k;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
C Programming
printf("Entervalueintoa[%d][%d][%d]=",i,j,k);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j][k]);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
printf("\nGivenvalueina[%d][%d][%d]=%d",i,j,k,a[i][j][k]);
getch();
}
Strings
Agroupofcharactersdefinedbetweendoublequotationmarksisastring.Butin'c'languageastringisnothingbutan
arrayofcharactersandteminatedbyanullcharacter(\0).
Declaration
charidentifier[size];
eg:
charst[20];
Initialisation
charidentifier[size]="string";
C Programming
eg
whenthecompilerassignsacharacterstringtoacharacterarray,itautomaticallysuppliesanullcharacter(\0)atthe
endofthestringthereforethesizeshouldbeequaltothemaximumnoofcharactersinthegivenstring+1.
formatspecifierofstringis%s.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
getche();
gets
Itgetsastringfromstdin.
declaration
char*gets(char*s);
puts
Itoutputsastringtostdout.
declaration
intputs(constchar*s)(andappendsanewlinecharacter)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C Programming
voidmain()
{
charst[40];
clrscr();
puts("Enteranystring:");
gets(st);
puts("Givenstring");
puts(st);
getch();
getch
getchgetsacharacterfromkeyboardbutdoesnotechotothescreen.
declaration
intgetch();
getche
getchegetsacharacterfromkeyboardandechoestothescreen.
Declaration
intgetche();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charch;
clrscr();
C Programming
ch=getch();
//ch=getche();
printf("\nGivencharcter=%c",ch);
getch();
getchar
Itisamacrothatgetscharacterfromstdin.
declaration
intgetchar(void);
putchar
putcharisamacrothatoutputsacharacteronstdout.
declaration
intputchar(intc);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charch;
clrscr();
ch=getchar();
printf("Givencharacter:");
putchar(ch);
C Programming
getch();
Stringhandlingfunctions
1.strlen<string.h>
Itcalculateslengthofthegivenstring.
declaration
size_tstrlen(constchar*s);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[40];
intlen;
clrscr();
gets(st);
len=strlen(st);
printf("Lengthofthegivenstring=%d",len);
getch();
2.strcpy<string.h>
Itcopiesonestringtoanother.
C Programming
declaration
char*strcpy(char*dest,constchar*src);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
charst1[40],st2[40];
clrscr();
gets(st1);
strcpy(st2,st1);
printf("Givenstring=%s",st1);
printf("\nCopiedstring=%s",st2);
getch();
3.strncpy<string.h>
Itcopiesspecifednumberofcharactersfromonestringtoanother.
declaration
char*strncpy(char*dest,constchar*src,size_tmaxlen);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
C Programming
intn;
clrscr();
gets(st1);
printf("Enterspecifiednumberofcharacterstobecopied:");
scanf("%d",&n);
strncpy(st2,st1,n);
st2[n]='\0';
printf("Givenstring=%s",st1);
printf("\nCopiedstring=%s",st2);
getch();
4.strrev<string.h>
Itreversesthegivenstring.
declaration
char*strrev(char*s);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[40];
clrscr();
C Programming
gets(st);
strrev(st);
printf("\nReversestring=%s",st);
getch();
5.strcat<string.h>
Itappendsonestringtoanother.
declaration
char*strcat(char*dest,constchar*src);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
printf("Enterfirststring:");
gets(st1);
printf("Entersecondstring:");
gets(st2);
strcat(st1,st2);
printf("Concatenationoftwostrings=%s",st1);
getch();
C Programming
6.strupr<string.h>
Itconvertslowercaseletters(atoz)inthegivenstringto
uppercase(AtoZ)
declaration
char*strupr(char*s);
7.strlwr<string.h>
Itconvertsuppercaseletters(AtoZ)inthegivenstringtolowercase(atoz)
declaration
char*strlwr(char*s);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[80];
clrscr();
gets(st);
strupr(st);
printf("\nGivenstringinuppercase=%s",st);
strlwr(st);
printf("\nGivenstringinlowercase=%s",st);
C Programming
getch();
8.strcmp(function)<string.h>
Itcomparestwostringswithcasesensitivity.
intstrcmp(constchar*s1,constchar*s2);
9.stricmp(function)<string.h>
Itcomparestwostringswithoutcasesensitivity.
intstricmp(constchar*s1,constchar*s2);
10.strcmpi(macro)<string.h>
Itcomparestwostringswithoutcasesensitivity.
intstrcmpi(constchar*s1,constchar*s2);
returnvalue
Theseroutinesreturnanintvalue
i.e;<0ifs1<s2
==0ifs1==s2
>0ifs1>s2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
C Programming
intk;
clrscr();
printf("Enterfirststring:");
gets(st1);
printf("Entersecondstring:");
gets(st2);
/*k=strcmp(st1,st2);
k=strcmpi(st1,st2);*/
k=stricmp(st1,st2);
if(k==0)
printf("Twostringsareequal");
elseif(k<0)
printf("Firststringislessthansecondstring");
else
printf("Firststringisgreaterthansecondstring");
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
intk;
clrscr();
C Programming
gets(st1);
strcpy(st2,st1);
strrev(st2);
k=strcmp(st1,st2);
if(k==0)
else
getch();
printf("Givenstringispallindrome");
printf("Givenstringisnotpallindrome");
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[80];
intns=0,nw=0,nc=0,na=0,nd=0,nsp=0,i;
clrscr();
gets(st);
for(i=0;i<=strlen(st);i++)
if(st[i]==32)
ns++;
nw++;
C Programming
elseif((st[i]>=65&&st[i]<=90)||(st[i]>=97&&st[i]<=122))
na++;
nc++;
elseif(st[i]>=48&&st[i]<=57)
nc++;
nd++;
elseif(st[i]=='\0')
else
nc++;
nsp++;
nw++;
printf("Noofspaces=%d",ns);
printf("\nNoofwords=%d",nw);
printf("\nNoofcharacters=%d",nc);
printf("\nNoofalphabets=%d",na);
printf("\nNoofdigits=%d",nd);
C Programming
printf("\nNofofspecialcharacters=%d",nsp);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[80];
staticinta[256],i;
clrscr();
gets(st);
for(i=0;i<strlen(st);i++)
printf("CHARFRE");
printf("\n\n");
for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
if(a[i]!=0)
a[st[i]]=a[st[i]]+1;
printf("\n%c%d",i,a[i]);
C Programming
getch();
Twodimensionalcharacterarrays
Alistofnamescanbetreatedastableofstringsandatwodimensional
characterarraycanbeusedtostoretheentirelist.
foreg
charst[5][20]maybeusedtostorealistofnames,eachoflengthnotmorethan20charactres.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[20][20];
intn,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranumberofstrings:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enterany%dstrings\n",n);
fflush(stdin);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Givenstrings\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
gets(st[i]);
C Programming
getch();
puts(st[i]);
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
voidmain()
{
charst[20][20],temp[20];
intn,i,j,k;
clrscr();
printf("Enteranumberofstrings:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enterany%dstrings\n",n);
fflush(stdin);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("GivenstringsBeforesorting\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
/*sorting*/
gets(st[i]);
puts(st[i]);
C Programming
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
k=strcmp(st[i],st[j]);
if(k>0)
strcpy(temp,st[i]);
strcpy(st[i],st[j]);
strcpy(st[j],temp);
printf("\nGivenstringsAftersorting\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
puts(st[i]);
}
POINTERS
Cprovidestheimportantfeatureofdatamanipulationswiththeaddressofthevariables,andhencetheexecution
timeismuchreduced.Suchconceptispossiblewiththespecialdatatypescalledpointers.
Pointer
Apointerisavariablewhichcanstoretheaddressofanothervariable.
C Programming
Declaration
Pointerdeclarationissimilartonormaldeclarationbutprecededbyasterik(*).
datatype*identifier;
eg
int*p;
Initialisation
datatype*identifer=address;
eg
intn;
int*p=&n;
Note
Foranytypeofpointer,thetotalnumberofbytesallocatedisalways2bytes.Becausethepointervariablestores
addressofthememorylocations.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
int*p1;
char*p2;
float*p3;
double*p4;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Sizeofintegerpointer=%dbytes",sizeof(p1));
printf("\nSizeofcharacterpointer=%dbytes",sizeof(p2));
printf("\nSizeoffloatpointer=%dbytes",sizeof(p3));
printf("\nSizeofdoublepointer=%dbytes",sizeof(p4));
C Programming
getch();
void*
Itisagenericpointerreferstheaddressofanytypeofvariableandalsoitwillassigntoanytypeofpointer.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intn=100;
int*p=&n;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("\nAddressofn=%u",&n);
printf("\nValueofnusingp=%d",*p);
printf("\nAddressofnusingp=%u",p);
*p=500;/*n=500*/
printf("\nChangedvalueofn=%d",n);
getch();
Pointersandfunctions
callbyvalue(passbyvalue)
Theprocessofpassingthevaluetothefunctioncallisknownascallbyvalue.
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidfunc(int);
clrscr();
func(100);
getch();
}
voidfunc(intk)
{
printf("k=%d",k);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidfunc(int,int);
inta,b;
clrscr();
func(a,b);
getch();
}
voidfunc(intx,inty)
C Programming
printf("sumis%d",x+y);
callbyreference
Theprocessofcallingafunctionusingpointerstopasstheaddressofvariablesiskunownascallbyreference.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidsetdata(int*);
intn;
clrscr();
setdata(&n);
printf("n=%d",n);
getch();
}
voidsetdata(int*k)
{
*k=500;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
C Programming
voidaccept(int*);
intn;
clrscr();
accept(&n);
printf("n=%d",n);
getch();
}
voidaccept(int*p)
{
scanf("%d",p);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
voidaccept(int*,char*,float*);
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
clrscr();
accept(&eno,ename,&sal);
printf("Empnumber=%d",eno);
printf("\nEmpname=%s",ename);
printf("\nEmpsalary=%.2f",sal);
getch();
C Programming
}
voidaccept(int*no,char*name,float*s)
{
printf("Enterempnumber:");
scanf("%d",no);
printf("Enterempname:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(name);
printf("Entersalary:");
scanf("%f",s);
Pointersandarrays
Whenanarrayisdeclaredthecompilerallocatesthebaseaddressandsufficientamountofstoragecontainallthe
arraycontinuousmemorylocation.
Thebaseaddressisthelocationoftheaddressisthefirstelement(index0)ofthearray.
Thecompileralsodefinesthearraynameasaconstantpointertopointtothefirstelement.
supposewedeclareanarray'a'(arrayname)asfollows.
inta[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
supposethebaseaddressof'a'is1000.andassumingtheeachintegerrequires2bytes,thefiveelementswillbestored
asfollows.Thename'a'isdefinedasconstantpointertopointtothefirstelementa[0].
Thevalueof'a'is1000,thelocationwherea[0]isstored.
a=&a[0]=1000.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
C Programming
inta[5];
clrscr();
printf("Baseaddress=%u",&a[0]);
printf("\nBaseaddress=%u",a);
getch();
}
ifwedeclared'p'isaninetegerpointer,thenwecanmakethepointer'p'topointtothearray'a'bythefollowing
assignment.
int*p;
p=a;(or)p=&a[0];
Nowwecanaccesseveryvalueof'a'usingp++(or)p+1tomoveoneelement
toanother.Therelationshipbetween'p'and'a'isshownbelow.
p+0=&a[0]=1000
p+1=&a[1]=1002
p+2=&a[2]=1004
p+3=&a[3]=1006
p+4=&a[4]=1008
whenhandlingarraysinsteadofusingarrayindex,wecanusepointerstoaccessarrayelements.
Notethat*(p+k)givesthevalueofa[k].Thepointeraccessingmethodismuchfasterthanarrayindexing.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
inta[20],i,n,*p;
clrscr();
C Programming
p=a;/*p=&a[0]*/
printf("Enterarrayelements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
getch();
scanf("%d",p+i);
printf("%4d",*(p+i));
Dynamicmemoryallocation:
The'c'languagerequiresthenumberofelementsinanarraytobesoecifiedatcompiletime.Butwemaynotbeable
todoalways.
Ourinitialjudgementofsize,ifitiswrongmaycausefailureoftheprogram(or)wastageofmemoryspace.
AtthisstageweuseDynamicmemoryallocation.
Definition
TheprocessofallocatingmemoryatruntimeisknownasDynamicmemoryallocation.
malloc<alloc.h>
Itisusedtoallocatingmemoryatruntime.
syntax
void*malloc(size_tsize);
pointer=(typecast)malloc(memorysize);
C Programming
eg
int*p;
p=(int*)malloc(sizeof(int));1location
p=(int*)malloc(5*sizeof(int));5locations
calloc<alloc.h>
syntax
void*calloc(size_tnitems,size_tsize);
pointer=(typecast)calloc(noofitems,sizeofeachitem);
eg
int*p;
p=(int*)calloc(1,sizeof(int));1location
p=(int*)calloc(5,sizeof(int));5locations
Note
callocallocatesablock(nitems*size)bytesandclearsitto0.
free
Itfreesallocatedblocks
declaration
voidfree(void*block);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
voidmain()
{
int*a,n,i;
C Programming
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&n);
a=(int*)malloc(n*sizeof(int));
printf("Enterelements\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
free(a);
getch();
scanf("%d",a+i);
printf("%d\t",*(a+i));
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
voidmain()
{
int**a,r,c,i,j;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
C Programming
a=(int**)malloc(r*sizeof(int*));
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
printf("Enterelements\n");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
printf("\n");
free(a);
getch();
*(a+i)=(int*)malloc(c*sizeof(int));
scanf("%d",*(a+i)+j);
printf("%3d",*(*(a+i)+j));
C Programming
realloc
Itreallocatesmainmemoryatruntime.
syntax
void*realloc(void*block,size_tsize);
int*p;
p=(int*)malloc(5*sizeof(int));
p=(int*)realloc(p,8*sizeof(int));
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
voidmain()
{
char*st;
clrscr();
st=(char*)malloc(10*sizeof(char));
strcpy(st,"hello");
printf("Stringis=%s",st);
st=(char*)realloc(st,25*sizeof(char));
strcat(st,"welcometobdps");
printf("\nNewstringis=%s",st);
free(st);
getch();
C Programming
Preprocessorstatements(or)preprocessordirectives
Preprocessorisaprogramthatprocessthesourcecodebeforeitprocessthroughthecompiler.
Thecommandsusedtocontroltheprocessorisknownaspreprocessordirectives.
Thesedirectivesaredividedinto3types.
1.fileinclusiondirectives.
2.macrosubstitutiondirectives.
3.compilercontroldirectives.
1.Fileinclusiondirectives
Itisusedtoincludeheaderfiles.Itprovidesinstructionstolinkthefunctionswiththeprogramfromthesystemlibrary.
#include"filename"
(or)
#include<filename>
whenthefilenameisincludedwithindoublequotationmarksthesearchforthefileismadefirstthecurrentdirectory
andthenthestandarddirectorywhenthefilenameisincludedwithinangularbracesthefilesearchonlyinthe
standarddirectory.
2.Macrosubstitutiondirectives
macroisaprocesswhereanidentifierinaprogramreplacedbyapredefinedstring(or)value.
#defineisapreprocessorstatementandisusedtodefinemacros.
syntax
#defineidentifierpredefinedstring(or)value
eg
#definepprintf
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#definepprintf
#defineclsclrscr
#definegtgetch
#definevmvoidmain
vm()
{
cls();
p("Welcome");
gt();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#definepprintf
#definesscanf
#defineclsclrscr
#definegtgetch
#definevmvoidmain
#definevalz100
vm()
{
intn;
cls();
p("Enteranyintegervalue:");
C Programming
s("%d",&n);
p("n=%d",n);
p("\nvalue=%d",val);
gt();
Macrowitharguments
Syntax
#defineidentifier(arg1,arg2,argn)definition
eg
#definesquare(x)x*x
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#definesquare(x)x*x
/*
intsquare(intx)
{
returnx*x;
}
*/
voidmain()
{
intn,s;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Enteranyinetegervalue:");
C Programming
scanf("%d",&n);
s=square(n);
printf("Squarevalueofgivennumber=%d",s);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#definesquare(x)x*x
voidmain()
{
intn;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
n=100/square(5);
printf("n=%d",n);
getch();
FunctionMacro
1.Itisaselfcontainedblockofstatements1.Itisapreprocessorstatementstatements
2.Itsreplacesitsreturnvalue.2.Itreplacesitsdefinition
3.Wecanuseonlyspecifieddatatypesonly3.Datatypesaregeneric.
C Programming
4.Executiontimeismore.
4.Executiontimeisless.
5.Itrequireslessmemory.
5.Itrequiresmorememory.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#definemaxval(x,y)x>y?x:y
voidmain()
{
inta,b,max;
clrscr();
max=maxval(a,b);
getch();
3.compilercontroldirectives
Thesedirectivesusedtocontrolthecompiler.
#if
#else
#elif(elseif)
#endif
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#definen10
C Programming
#ifn<=10
#defineval100
#else
#defineval200
#endif
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
printf("value=%d",val);
getch();
Structures
Definition
Agroupofdataitemsofdifferentdatatypesstoredinacontinuousmemorylocationisknownasastructure.
Struct:Itisakeywordandisusedtodeclareastructure.
Declarationofastructure
Form1
structstrut_name
datatypeitem1;
datatypeitem2;
datatypeitemn;
C Programming
};
eg
structemp
inteno;
charename[20];
floatsal;
};
Declarationofastructurevariable
structstruct_nameidentifier;
eg
structempe;
.(Accessoperator)
Itisusedtoaccessthedataitemsinthestructurewiththehelpofstructurevariable.
eg
e.eno
e.ename
e.sal
intn=100;
Intialisation
structstruct_nameidentifier={value1,......valuen};
eg
structempe={101,"abcd",5000};
Form2
Declarationofastructure&structurevariableinasinglestatement
C Programming
structstruct_name
{
datatypeitem1;
datatypeitem2;
datatypeitemn;
}va_list;
eg
structemp
{
inteno;
charename[20];
floatsal;
}e;
Initialisation
eg
structemp
{
inteno;
charename[20];
floatsal;
}e={101,"RAJU",50000};
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structemp
C Programming
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
}e={300,"xyz",10000.00};
voidmain()
{
clrscr();
printf("Empnumber=%d",e.eno);
printf("\nEmpname=%s",e.ename);
printf("\nEmpsalary=%.2f",e.sal);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structemp
{
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
};
voidmain()
{
structempe;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
C Programming
scanf("%d",&e.eno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(e.ename);
scanf("%f",&e.sal);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structstudent
{
charsname[80],res[20],div[20];
floatavg;
};
voidmain()
{
structstudents;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
scanf("%d",&s.sno);
C Programming
fflush(stdin);
gets(s.sname);
scanf("%d%d%d",&s.c,&s.cpp,&s.java);
s.tot=s.c+s.cpp+s.java;
s.avg=(float)s.tot/3;
printf("Totalmarks=%d",s.tot);
printf("\nAverage=%.2f",s.avg);
if(s.c>=50&&s.cpp>=50&&s.java>=50)
strcpy(s.res,"pass");
printf("\nResult=%s",s.res);
if(s.avg>=70)
strcpy(s.div,"first");
printf("\nDivision=%s",s.div);
else
strcpy(s.div,"second");
else
strcpy(s.res,"fail");
C Programming
printf("\nResult=%s",s.res);
strcpy(s.div,"NO_DIVISION");
getch();
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structitem
{
intino;
chariname[80];
floatcost;
};
voidmain()
{
structitemit;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Enteritemnumber:");
scanf("%d",&it.ino);
printf("Enteritemname:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(it.iname);
printf("Entercost:");
scanf("%f",&it.cost);
C Programming
printf("Itemnumber=%d",it.ino);
printf("\nItemname=%s",it.iname);
printf("\nItemcost=%.2f",it.cost);
getch();
Arrayofstructures
Likeanyotherdatatypestructurearrayscanbedefined.sothateacharrayelementcanbeofstructuredatatype.
Foreg
structitem
{
intino;
chariname[80];
floatcost;
};
structitemit[20]definesanarraycalledit,thatcontains20elementseachelementisdefinedtobethestructitem.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structitem
{
intino;
chariname[80];
floatcost;
};
voidmain()
C Programming
structitemit[20];
intn,i;
float*f,f1;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
f=&f1;
*f=f1;
printf("Enternumberofrecords:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enterrecord%d\n",i+1);
scanf("%d",&it[i].ino);
fflush(stdin);
gets(it[i].iname);
scanf("%f",&it[i].cost);
printf("%10s%15s%s","INO","INAME","COST");
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n%10d%15s%.2f",it[i].ino,it[i].iname,it[i].cost);
C Programming
getch();
Structuresandpointers
Apointercanalsopointtoastructure.
structitem
{
intino;
chariname[80];
floatcost;
};
structitemit;
structitem*p;
p=⁢
Aftermakingsuchanassignment,wecanaccesseverydataitemof"item"
structureindirectlythrough"p"asfollows:
(*p).ino
(*p).iname
(*p).cost
Hereinsteadofwriting"."and"*",weusethestructurepointer
operator"arrow>"whichisaminus("")followedby
greaterthansign(">").Thismeanswecanaccesseverydataitemof
"item"structuredirectlythrough"p"asfollows:
p>ino
C Programming
p>iname
p>cost
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structitem
{
intino;
chariname[80];
floatcost;
};
voidmain()
{
structitemit,*p;
float*f,f1;
clrscr();
f=&f1;
*f=f1;
p=⁢
/*
scanf("%d",&(*p).ino);
fflush(stdin);
gets((*p).iname);
scanf("%f",&(*p).cost);
indirectmethod
C Programming
printf("Itemnumber=%d",(*p).ino);
printf("\nItemname=%s",(*p).iname);
printf("\nItemcost=%.2f",(*p).cost);*/
/*
Directmethod*/
scanf("%d",&p>ino);
fflush(stdin);
gets(p>iname);
scanf("%f",&p>cost);
printf("Itemnumber=%d",p>ino);
printf("\nItemname=%s",p>iname);
printf("\nItemcost=%.2f",p>cost);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structitem
{
intino;
chariname[80];
floatcost;
};
voidmain()
C Programming
structitem*it;
float*f,f1;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
f=&f1;
*f=f1;
it=(structitem*)malloc(sizeof(structitem));
scanf("%d",&it>ino);
fflush(stdin);
gets(it>iname);
scanf("%f",&it>cost);
printf("Itemnumber=%d",it>ino);
printf("\nItemname=%s",it>iname);
printf("\nItemcost=%.2f",it>cost);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structitem
{
intino;
chariname[80];
C Programming
floatcost;
};
voidmain()
{
structitem*it;
intn,i;
float*f,f1;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
f=&f1;
*f=f1;
printf("Enternumberofrecords:");
scanf("%d",&n);
it=(structitem*)malloc(n*sizeof(structitem));
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enterrecord%d\n",i+1);
scanf("%d",&(it+i)>ino);
fflush(stdin);
gets((it+i)>iname);
scanf("%f",&(it+i)>cost);
printf("%10s%15s%s","INO","INAME","COST");
printf("\n");
C Programming
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n%10d%15s%.2f",(it+i)>ino,(it+i)>iname,(it+i)>cost);
getch();
FunctionsandStructures
Passingastructureasafunctionargument(or)parameter.
Likeanyotherdatatype,astructuremaybeusedasfunctionargument.
Returningastructure
Afunctioncannotonlyreceiveastructureasitsargumentsbutalsocanreturnthem.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structemp
{
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
};
structempaccept()
{
structempe;
scanf("%d",&e.eno);
C Programming
fflush(stdin);
gets(e.ename);
scanf("%f",&e.sal);
returne;
}
voiddisp(structempe)
{
}
voidmain()
{
structempe;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
e=accept();
disp(e);
getch();
Nestedstructures(or)structurewithinstructure
Form1
DeclaringastructurewithinanotherstructureisknownasNestedstructure.
C Programming
structstudentAccessingdataitems
{
intsno,c,cpp,java;s.sno
charsname[80];s.sname
structresults.c
{s.cpp
inttot;s.java
floatavg;s.r.tot
charres[20],div[20];s.r.avg
}r;s.r.res
}s;s.r.div
Form2
Declaringstructurevariablewithinanotherstructureisknownasnestedstructure.
Accessingdataitems
structstudent
{r.s.sno
intsno,c,cpp,java;r.s.sname
charsname[80];r.s.c
};r.s.cpp
structresultr.s.java
{r.tot
structstudents;r.avg
inttot;r.res
C Programming
floatavg;r.div
charres[20],div[20];
}r;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structstudent
{
intsno,c,cpp,java;
charsname[80];
structresult
inttot;
charres[20],div[20];
floatavg;
}r;
}s;
voidmain()
{
structstudents;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&s.sno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(s.sname);
C Programming
scanf("%d%d%d",&s.c,&s.cpp,&s.java);
s.r.tot=s.c+s.cpp+s.java;
s.r.avg=(float)s.r.tot/3;
printf("Totalmarks=%d",s.r.tot);
printf("\nAverage=%.2f",s.r.avg);
if(s.c>=50&&s.cpp>=50&&s.java>=50)
strcpy(s.r.res,"pass");
printf("\nResult=%s",s.r.res);
if(s.r.avg>=70)
strcpy(s.r.div,"first");
printf("\nDivision=%s",s.r.div);
else
strcpy(s.r.div,"second");
else
strcpy(s.r.res,"fail");
printf("\nResult=%s",s.r.res);
strcpy(s.r.div,"NO_DIVISION");
C Programming
getch();
unions
Wnionissimilartostruct,exceptitallowsyoudefinevariablesthatsharestoragespace.
syntax
unionunion_name
{
datatypeitem1;
datatypeitem2;
datatypeitemn;
}va_list;
Differencesbetweenstructandunion
struct
union
1.Agroupofdataitemsthatbelongs1.Itisalsosameasstructure.butonly
todifferentdatatypes.
majordifferenceismemoryallocation.
2.Itallocates thememoryofall2.Itallocatesmemoryofbiggestdataitem
declareddataitemsinit.
init.
3.Wecanaccessalldataitemsata3.Wecanaccessonlyonedataitemata
time.
time.
C Programming
4.Eachandeverydataitemhasits4.Alldataitemsaresharedcommonstorage
ownstoragespace.
space.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
unionemp
{
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
};
voidmain()
{
unionempe;
clrscr();
scanf("%d",&e.eno);
printf("\nEnterempname:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(e.ename);
printf("Empname=%s",e.ename);
printf("\nEntersalary:");
scanf("%f",&e.sal);
printf("Empsalary=%.2f",e.sal);
C Programming
getch();
FILES
Clanguagepermitstheusageoflimitedinputandoutputfunctionstoreadandwritedata.Thesefunctionsareused
foronlysmallervolumesofdataanditbecomesdifficulttohandlelargedatavolumes.Alsotheentiredataislost
whentheprogramisover.
Toovercomethesedifficulties,aflexiblemethodwasdevelopedbyemployingtheconceptofFILEStostore,toread
ortowritedataandtoreturnthemevenwhentheprogramisrunning.
Definitionoffile
Afileisone,whichenabletheusertoread,writeandstoreagroupofrelateddata.
(or)
Afileisacollectionofrelateddatastoredinparticularareaonthedisk.
'C'supportsanumberoffunctionstohavetheabilitytoperformthebasicfileoperationswhichincludethefollowing
Namingafile
Openingafile
Readingdatafromthefile
Writingdatatothefile
Closingthefile
FILE:Itisapredefinedstructureandisusedtodeclareafilepointer.
Usingthispointer,wecanperformallfileoperations.
Declaration:
FILE*identifier;
C Programming
eg:
FILE*fp;
fopen():
Itopensafilestream.
Declaration:
FILE*fopen(constchar*filename,constchar*mode);
filenamespecifiesthefiletobeopened.
modestringusedtoaccesafileindifferentmodes
String
Description
Opensthefileforreadingpurposeonly
Createsanewfileforwritingpurpose
Ifafilebythatnamealreadyexists,itwillbeoverwritten
aOpenforwritingattheendofthefile(or)
Createsanewfileforwritingifthefiledoesnotexist
r+
Openanexistingfileforreadingandwritingpurpose
w+
Createsanewfileforreadingandwritingpurpose
Ifthefilebythatnamealreadyexists,itwillbeoverwritten
a+openforupdationattheendoffile(or)
Createanewoneifthefiledonotexist
C Programming
Tospecifythatagivenfileisbeingopenedorcreatedintextmode,append't'tothestring(rt,at,r+t,w+tetc.)
Tospecifybinaryfile,append'b'tothestring
(wb,ab,r+b,a+betc.)
fclose()
Itclosesafilestream.
Declaration:
intfclose(FILE*stream);
fcloseall()
Itclosesallopenedstreams.
Declaration:
intfcloseall(void);
getc:
getcisamacrothatgetsonecharacterfromafilestream
Declaration:
intgetc(FILE*stream);
putc:
putcisamacrothatoutputsacharactertoafilestream
Declaration:
intputc(intc,FILE*stream);
fgetc():
Itisafunctionwhichgetsacharacterfromafilestream.
Declaration:
intfgetc(FILE*stream);
C Programming
fputc():
fputcoutputsacharactertoafilestream
Declaration:
intfputc(intc,FILE*stream);
EOF(ASCIIValue26)
Aconstantindicatingthatendofthefilehasbeenreached.Toget
thischaracterfromkeyboardpress"ctr+z"
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
charch;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Entertextdataintofile(ctrl+z)tostop\n");
fp=fopen("a.txt","w");
ch=getchar();
while(ch!=EOF)
putc(ch,fp);
ch=getchar();
fclose(fp);
printf("Datastoredsuccesfully");
C Programming
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
charch;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Enterfilenametodisplay:");
gets(fname);
fp=fopen("a.txt","r");
printf("Readingdatafromfile\n");
ch=getc(fp);
while(ch!=EOF)
printf("%c",ch);
delay(10);
ch=getc(fp);
fclose(fp);
getch();
C Programming
fgets
fgetsgetsastringfromastream.
Declaration
char*fgets(char*s,intn,FILE*stream);
Remarks
fgetsreadscharactersfromstreamintothestrings.Itstopswhenitreadseithern1charactersoranewline
character,whichevercomesfirst.
fputs
fputsoutputsastringtoastream
declaration
intfputs(constchar*s,FILE*stream);
Remarks
fputscopiesthenullterminatedstringstothegivenoutputstream.Itdoesnotappendanewlinecharacter,andthe
terminatingnullcharacterisnotcopied.
feof
Macrothattestsifendoffilehasbeenreachedonastream.
Declaration
intfeof(FILE*stream);
reurnvalue
returnsnonzeroifanendoffileindicatorwasdetected
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
C Programming
FILE*fp;
charst[80];
clrscr();
fp=fopen("str.txt","w");
printf("Enterstringdataintofile('end'tostop)\n");
gets(st);
while(strcmp(st,"end")!=0)
fputs(st,fp);
fputs("\n",fp);
gets(st);
fclose(fp);
printf("Datastoredsuccessfully");
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
charst[80];
clrscr();
textmode(2);
fp=fopen("str.txt","r");
printf("Readingstringdatafromfile\n");
C Programming
fgets(st,80,fp);
while(feof(fp)==0)
printf("%s",st);
fgets(st,80,fp);
delay(10);
fclose(fp);
getch();
rewind
Repositionsfilepointertostream'sbeginning.
Declaration
voidrewind(FILE*stream);
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
charch;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
printf("Entertextdataintofile(ctrl+z)tostop\n");
fp=fopen("a.txt","a+");
C Programming
ch=getchar();
while(ch!=EOF)
putc(ch,fp);
ch=getchar();
printf("Datastoredsuccesfully");
rewind(fp);
ch=getc(fp);
while(ch!=EOF)
printf("%c",ch);
delay(10);
ch=getc(fp);
fclose(fp);
getch();
fprintf
declaration
intfprintf(FILE*stream,constchar*format[,argument,...]);
fscanf
declaration
intfscanf(FILE*stream,constchar*format[,address,...]);
C Programming
Note
Infprintf(or)fscanfbetweenformatspecifiersatleastonespaceisnecessary.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("emp.txt","w");
scanf("%d",&eno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(ename);
scanf("%f",&sal);
fprintf(fp,"%d%s%f",eno,ename,sal);
fclose(fp);
printf("Recordstoredsuccessfully");
getch();
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("emp.txt","r");
fscanf(fp,"%d%s%f",&eno,ename,&sal);
printf("Empnumber=%d",eno);
printf("\nEmpname=%s",ename);
printf("\nEmpsalary=%.2f",sal);
fclose(fp);
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
inteno;
charename[80],ch;
floatsal;
C Programming
clrscr();
textmode(2);
fp=fopen("emp.txt","a+");
do
scanf("%d",&eno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(ename);
scanf("%f",&sal);
fprintf(fp,"%d%s%f\n",eno,ename,sal);
printf("Recordstoredsuccessfully\n");
printf("Doyouwanttocontinue(y/n):");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&ch);
}while(ch!='n');
printf("%10s%15s%s","ENO","ENAME","SALARY");
printf("\n");
rewind(fp);
while(feof(fp)==0)
fscanf(fp,"%d%s%f\n",&eno,ename,&sal);
printf("\n%10d%15s%.2f",eno,ename,sal);
fclose(fp);
C Programming
getch();
ftell
Returnsthecurrentfilepointerposition.
Declaration
longftell(FILE*stream);
fseek
Repositionsthefilepointerofastream
Declaration
intfseek(FILE*stream,longoffset,intwhence);
offset
Differenceinbytesbetweenoffsetandwhence.
whence
SEEK_SET0seeksfrombeginingoffile
SEEK_CUR1seeksfromcurrentposition
SEEK_END2seeksfromendoffile
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
charch;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
C Programming
fp=fopen("a.txt","w");
printf("Currentfilepointerposition=%ld",ftell(fp));
printf("\nEntertextdataintofile\n");
ch=getchar();
while(ch!=EOF)
putc(ch,fp);
ch=getchar();
printf("Presentfilepointerposition=%ld",ftell(fp));
fseek(fp,2,1);
printf("\nNewfilepointerposition=%ld",ftell(fp));
fclose(fp);
getch();
Binaryfiles
putw
Itoutputsanintegeronastream.
declaration
intputw(intw,FILE*stream);
getw
getwgetsanintegerfromstream.
declaration
intgetw(FILE*stream);
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
FILE*fp;
intn;
clrscr();
textmode(2);
fp=fopen("num.dat","a+b");
printf("Enternumberdataintofile(0tostop)\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n!=0)
putw(n,fp);
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Datastoredsuccessfully");
rewind(fp);
printf("\nNumberdatafromfile\n");
n=getw(fp);
while(n!=EOF)
printf("%d\n",n);
n=getw(fp);
fclose(fp);
getch();
C Programming
fwrite
Itappendsspecifiednumberofequalsizedataitemstoanoutputfile.
Declaration
size_tfwrite(constvoid*ptr,size_tsize,size_tn,FILE*stream)
fread
Itreadsaspecifiednumberofequalsizeddataitemsfromaninputstreamintoablock.
Declaration
size_tfread(void*ptr,size_tsize,size_tn,FILE*stream);
ArgumentWhatItIs/Does
ptrPointstoablockintowhichdataisread
sizeLengthofeachitemread,inbytes
nNumberofitemsread
streamPointstoinputstream
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structemp
{
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
};
voidmain()
C Programming
structempe;
FILE*fp;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("emp.dat","wb");
scanf("%d",&e.eno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(e.ename);
scanf("%f",&e.sal);
fwrite(&e,sizeof(e),1,fp);
fclose(fp);
printf("RecordstoredSuccesfully");
getch();
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structemp
{
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
};
voidmain()
C Programming
structempe;
FILE*fp;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("emp.dat","rb");
fread(&e,sizeof(e),1,fp);
fclose(fp);
getch();
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
structemp
{
inteno;
charename[80];
floatsal;
};
voidmain()
{
structempe;
FILE*fp;
charch;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("emp.dat","a+b");
C Programming
do
scanf("%d",&e.eno);
fflush(stdin);
gets(e.ename);
scanf("%f",&e.sal);
fwrite(&e,sizeof(e),1,fp);
printf("RecordStoredsuccessflluy\n");
printf("Douwanttocontinue(y/n):");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&ch);
}while(ch!='n');
rewind(fp);
printf("%10s%15s%s","ENO","ENAME","SALARY");
printf("\n");
while(!feof(fp))
printf("\n%10d%15s%.2f",e.eno,e.ename,e.sal);
fclose(fp);
getch();
C Programming
Commandlinearguments
Itisparametersuppliedtoaprogramwhentheprogramisinvocked.Thisparametermayrepresentafilename,the
programshouldprocess.commandlineargumentsaretypedbytheuser.Thefirstargumentisalwaysthefilename.we
knowthatevery'c'programshouldhaveonemainfunctionanditcantakeargumentslikeotherfunctions.Ifyouwant
toworkwithcommandlineargumentsthemainfunctioncantake2argumentscalledargc,argv.andtheinformation
obtainedinthecommandlineisprocessedontotheprogramthroughthesearguments.Thevariableargcisan
argumentcounterthatcountsthenumberofargumentsonthecommandline.Theargvisanargumentvectorand
representsanarrayofcharacterpointersthatpointstothecommandlinearguments.thesizeofthisarraywillbe
equaltothevalueofargc.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain(intargc,char*argv[])
{
inti;
printf("Numberofarguments=%d",argc);
for(i=0;i<argc;i++)
printf("\nargv[%d]=%s",i,argv[i]);

Basics of C Programming

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Basics of C Programming

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C

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