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Power Engineering International February 2013 1 Power Engineering International
POWER ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL
Contents
FEBRUARY 2013/// VOLUME 21/// ISSUE 2
4 Industry Highlights
6 News Update
46 Diary
48 Project & Technology Update
52 Ad Index
Opinion
18 International nuclear investment
An international legal advisor on nuclear power projects
argues that foreign investment in new-build plants should
be welcomed, not feared, and illustrates the international
fnancing models available.
Features
12 Russias power sector: An insiders view
As Russias power reforms enter a crucial phase, major
players discuss what has been done and what key
challenges remain.
22 Holistic approach to HRSG management
A top-down, intergrated managing of heat recovery steam
generators can maximise the proftability of a combined-
cycle plant.
28 Middle East plans for fossil fuel phase-out
As the Middle Easts energy consumption rockets, the region
is embracing nuclear and renewables to conserve its own
oil and gas.
34 The SNCR option for large coal boilers
Selective non-catalytic reduction systems can be an attractive
alternative to selective catalytic reduction in coal plants.
40 Mega trial opens Europe to micro-CHP
A large-scale initiative across 12 European nations aims to
test the potential for fuel cell micro-CHP in the EU.
On the cover
The core of Unit 4 at Kalnin nuclear power plant in Russia. (see p.12)
Credit: Rosatom
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Coming up in Marchs issue
European electricity demand on the rollercoaster
Trade body Eurelectric assesses where the European electricity sector
stands in an overall environment of recession that is putting huge
pressure on the promised low-carbon transition towards 2050.
Latin Americas shale gas boom
If media reports are to believed shale gas is booming in the region.
What could this mean for the regions traditional power generation
mix, especially hydros dominance?
The trend of operating combined-cycle plants in
varying modes places stresses on HRSGs (p.22)
Source: Alstom
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4 Power Engineering International February 2013 www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
Industry Highlights
A
ccording to offcial fgures, last year
saw several European countries rely
more heavily on their existing coal-
fred power feet to generate electricity, at
the expense of those plants fred by natural
gas. The UKs Department of Energy and
Climate Change (DECC) released data
that showed coal dominated the countrys
energy mix in 2012, on the back of rising
natural gas prices that makes the spark
spread less favourable.
Similarly in Germany, the BDEW (the
National Association of Energy and Water
Industries) has reported that gas-fred
power generation fell by an astounding
27 per cent last year, as many of the
countries energy providers opted to
switch to cheaper coal. According to the
latest fgures, both hard coal and lignite-
fred plants rose 1.5 per cent on 2011,
accounting for a 44 per cent share of gross
electricity demand.
As Germany continues to implement
its ambitious Energiewende or energy
transition towards greater reliance on
renewable energies, the countrys power
producers are clearly facing signifcant
challenges, with gas-fred generation
assets bearing the brunt.
One sobering illustration is E.ONs
announcement last month that it is
seriously considering closing its ground-
breaking Irsching 5 combined-cycle power
plant (CCPP), which only came on line in
2010 and is one of Europes most effcient
power plants.
According to reports, operators of gas-
fred power assets in Germany are suffering
from high gas prices and a big drop in
wholesale power prices, plus a signifcant
reduction in plant running hours, because
renewables take precedence on
transmission grids. I have heard stories of
CCPPs running less than 1000 hours a year.
So you might think all this looks good
for a longer-term revival in coal-fred
power generation in Europe, but youd be
wrong. Although existing coal-fred assets
are being fred-up, no-one in Europe is
seriously looking at constructing new
higher effciency coal plants to replace the
increasingly aged feet neither from an
economic nor environmental viewpoint.
And new-build coal in Europe received
a further knock back at the end of last
year, when the frst round of the European
Commissions (EC) NER300 funding was
announced, with relatively little fanfare I
have to say. The outcome, which some
may argue was not unexpected, was that
not one of the carbon capture and storage
(CCS) projects shortlisted was awarded
funding. Instead, 23 renewable energy
demo projects will share a 1.2 billion pot.
It was initially reported that 275 million
envisaged for CCS projects in the frst
round remains available to fund projects
under the second phase of the NER 300
programme. However, subsequently on the
NER300 website that has been described
as untenable.
Before you start calling me a harbinger
of CCS doom, there have been some
recent positive developments in the CCS
area. Global Data released a bullish report
at the end of last year, saying that current
government plans and other initiatives
mean that 10 GW of CCS capacity globally
could be on line by the end of this decade.
A more practical development has
been the recent establishment of a
network of international test facilities, with
the ultimate goal to help accelerate the
commercialisation of CCS technologies. The
network is being headed up by Norways
CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad.
Finally, the European Commission is
apparently preparing a EU CCS Policy
document that Frederic Hauge, president
of Bellona Foundation and an advocate
of CCS, describes as the most important
document that the [EC] has produced on
CCS for the last two years.
There is little available detail, but
allegedly the EC plans to go beyond the
ETS and introduce new mechanisms such
as Emission Performance Standards or
a CCS certifcate system. According to
Hauge, such mechanisms should provide
clear and predictable incentives for CCS
deployment in Europes energy sector. As is
so often the case, let us wait and see.
New-build coal in
Europe received
another knock back
when not one of the
CCS demo projects
shortlisted for the
NER300 funding was
successful
Dr Heather Johnstone
Chief Editor
1302PEI_4 4 2/15/13 9:21 AM
5 Power Engineering International
Industry Highlights
Pull Quote xxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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xxxxxxxxxx
Heather Johnstone
Chief Editor
www.powerengineeringint.com
W
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News Update
International
Power and utilities
set for robust deal
making this year
The global power and utility sector is set for
robust merger and acquisition (M&A) activity
in 2013 following a decline last year, according
to new fgures.
While 2012 was a year of transformation
which resulted in a tougher landscape,
analysts at Ernst & Young believe that the
ingredients are in place for a steady deal-
making environment in 2013.
In its recently published Power Transactions
and Trends report, Ernst & Young reveals that
M&A deals fell in 2012 to $120.4bn, compared
to $144.7 bn in 2011.
It states that a weak macro environment
prompted buyers to focus on lower-risk
transactions and internal cost cutting
programmes. While the frst half of the year
remained in line with 2011, the second half
depressed the average deal value, with
more deals under $100m refecting a greater
emphasis on smaller deals and an increase in
renewable energy transactions.
Joseph Fontana, Ernst & Youngs Global
Transactions Power & Utilities leader, said
the tougher landscape in 2012 was caused
by decade-low natural gas prices in North
America, aggressive European environmental
regulations, continued Eurozone economic
uncertainty and over-leveraged balance
sheets at some larger European players.
Europe contributed almost half of 2012s
global deal volume and value. Divestment
and privatisation programmes accounted
for nearly 20 per cent of European activity as
a number of utilities sold non-core assets to
strengthen their core businesses and expand
in emerging markets.
Europe was also the focus for renewable
energy transactions, with wind the
most active segment. While subsidy cut
announcements curtailed some activity,
momentum was maintained as utilities
struggled to balance capital allocation and
portfolio management, while complying with
aggressive environmental mandates.
This strong European performance will
continue in 2013, states Ernst & Young. It
predicts billion-dollar deals to come out of
European utility divestment programmes,
particularly on the regulated side, where there
is strong buyer interest.
Last year, Europe was also the favourite
destination for Asian investors, who were
attracted by favourable regulatory policies
and availability of high-quality assets.
In the Asia-Pacifc region, major transactions
in China and Australia signifcantly increased
the regions 2012 deal value to $30bn
compared to $11.3 bn in 2011.
In the Americas, the US became one of
the most active countries for generation deals
during 2012, thanks to depressed natural gas
prices, while in Latin America, Brazil continued
to attract foreign investors on the back of
its strong economic growth and signifcant
energy infrastructure investment needs.
Looking to deals this year, Joseph Rodriquez
of Ernst & Youngs Global Power & Utilities
Sector, said: The ingredients are in place for
a steady deal-making environment in 2013.
Access to credit remains relatively strong,
and there is a war chest of sovereign wealth
capital ready to be put to work. The valuation
gap between buyers and sellers that held up
some deals in 2012 will narrow as sellers act
on investor pressure to redeploy capital.
Fontana added: As global power and
utility companies continue to operate in a fuid
market, transaction opportunities will naturally
follow. Whether the aim is to rebalance the
mix of competitive and regulated businesses,
reduce debt, focus core operations, or free up
capital to invest in emerging markets, there
will be robust activity in 2013.
See next months issue for detailed analysis
of the Ernst & Young report
Global wind power
hits record 282 GW
A new peak in wind power generation was
recorded in 2012, with total installed capacity
reaching 282 GW.
Of the 45 GW of new wind turbines that
were activated in 2012, China and the US led
the way with 13 GW each, while Germany,
India and the UK were next with about 2 GW
apiece, according to the Global Wind Energy
Council. The UK now ranks sixth in the world for
installed wind power, with 8.5 GW. In Europe,
only Germany (31 GW) and Spain (23 GW)
have more. China leads the world with 77 GW
installed and the US is second with 60 GW.
Europe
Energiewende was not
thought through says
Siemens boss
A senior boss at German power engineeing
giant Siemens has conceded that his home
countrys Energiewende or energy transition
from nuclear to renewables had been a
disaster and was not thought through.
But Lothar Balling, executive vice-president
of gas turbine solutions, said he remained
convinced that Germany would achieve its
target of delivering 80 per cent of its energy
from renewables by 2050.
Balling was speaking at POWER-
GEN Middle East, which recently took
place in Qatar, told the audience that
Turbines off the UK coast.
Credit: SSE
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1302PEI_7 7 2/15/13 9:21 AM
News Update
the decision to ditch nuclear in favour of
renewables was both a role model and
a disaster.
It was a very public decision and it was
not thought through, he said. He explained
that since the decision in 2011 in the wake
of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan,
Germany had suffered several energy
challenges, many caused by the inability
of the grid to cope with power from wind
farms. He said in 2009 there were 285 forced
shutdowns of wind turbines by the end of
2011 this had rocketed to more than 1000.
He said fexible generation is the key at
the moment and added there were also
signifcant challenges surrounding regulation
and transmission.
However he joked that the famous German
resilience to fnd solutions to problems would
result in the country getting the situation
under control.
His optimism was shared by Andreas Wiese,
executive director of German engineering and
consulting company Lahmeyer International,
who said he was 100 per cent sure Germany
would hit its 2050 target.
More delays push
back Olkiluoto 3
due date to 2016
Progress reports from the consortium
developing the Olkiluoto 3 nuclear reactor in
Finland have shown that further delays are
expected in bringing the plant into operation.
Finnish utility Teollisuuden Voima (TVO)
said it is preparing for the possibility that the
plant may be further delayed until 2016. The
reactor was originally intended to commence
operations in 2009 but has experienced
several setbacks, with TVO stating last year
that it expected it to be delayed until2014.
Based on progress reports from the
plant supplier, a consortium comprising
French nuclear engineering frm Areva and
Germanys Siemens, TVO said the production
start may be postponed until 2016.
The Finnish utility confrmed it had asked
the supplier to update the overall schedule
after the last delay was announced, but
that it still had not received an adequate
scheduleupdate.
Areva chief executive Luc Oursel has said
the reactor will ultimately cost $10.7bn.
Germany suffers
drastic drop in
gas generation
Gas-fred power generation fell by 27 per cent
in Germany last year according to the latest
fgures from the National Association of Energy
and Water (BDEW).
Many of the countrys energy providers
opted to switch to cheaper coal and rely on
renewables thanks to high gas prices in 2012.
UK faces EU fnes
of 250,000 a day
The UK is facing potential fnes of up to
250,000 ($393,000) a day, for failing to
implement European Union (EU) internal
market rules in Northern Ireland.
The rules in question are to do with
separating energy production and supply, as
well as simplifying third-party access to private
networks.
Delays in implementation of the EU
Internal Energy Market rules have negative
effects on all players and are therefore not
acceptable, said EU Energy Commissioner
Gunther Oettinger.
The European Commission has referred
the UK to the Court of Justice of the European
Union for failing to meet a March 2011
deadline to transpose the directives into
national law.
The directives do not yet apply in Northern
Ireland, but are in force throughout the rest of
the UK.
The UKs Department of Energy and
Climate Change (DECC) said EU rules would
be implemented in Northern Ireland by April
of this year.
The Commission has recommended
that the UK be subject to a daily penalty of
127,000 for each directive from the day of
the courts judgment until each directive is
fully transposed.
The suggested penalty refects the
duration and gravity of the infringement. The
court, however, could order a different penalty.
In a statement to Power Engineering
International, DECC expressed its
disappointment with the punitive action being
taken at European level.
The UK is very supportive of the single
energy market [in Europe}, which brings
benefts to both consumers and business right
across the EU.
It is regrettable that a fne has been
proposed by the Commission at this stage
given the signifcant work completed in the
UK in relation to these directives with the
remainder due to be completed by April 2013.
The reactor pressure vessel at Olkiluoto.
Credit: Areva
1302PEI_8 8 2/15/13 9:21 AM
www.PowerEngineeringInt.com 9 Power Engineering International February 2013
When looking at natural gas used in power plants, plants with
combined heat and power (CHP) and district heating plants it
reportedly fell by 14 per cent.
This development in the use of gas-fred power plants illustrates
the critical economic situation in which operators of such power
plants fnd themselves, said Hildegard Mller, chairman of the BDEWs
Executive Board.
Coal-fred power plants, both hard coal and lignite-fred plants,
accounted for almost 44 per cent of the countrys gross electricity
demand, up around 1.5 per cent on 2011.
Renewable energy continued its growth in importance as an energy
source during 2012, with its combined share from wind, solar and
biomass rising to 21.9 per cent, compared to 20.3 per cent in 2011.
Middle East
Japan offers Saudi Arabia nuclear
skills as kingdom targets 17 GW
Japanese Trade Minister Toshimitsu Motegi has offered his countrys
expertise in developing nuclear power in Saudi Arabia.
The kingdom is interested in building nuclear power stations in a bid
to free up more oil for exports, while Japan is seeking to secure more
oil from the Middle Eastern nation in the event of potential instability in
world supply.
A Saudi offcial told Motegi he was hopeful Japanese technology
could be used in the development of Saudi nuclear power plants, with
the kingdom planning to build up to 17 GW of nuclear power capacity
over the next two decades.
See feature: Sun sets on oil and gas dominance p.28
Asia
EDF eyes gas deal in Cambodia
Frances EDF is in negotiations with Cambodia to construct a gas-fred
power plant that would be fuelled by natural gas reserves located in
disputed waters off the countrys coast.
French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault met Cambodian Prime
Minister Hun Sen in Phnom Penh to discuss the deal and the company
is close to signing a memorandum of understanding to enter into
more detailed negotiations.
French ambassador-in-waiting, Serge Mostura, told reporters that
the plant will enable the city of Phnom Penh to get the energy it
needs. The Cambodian capital suffers regular blackouts during the
hottest months of the year because of a lack of supply.
The deal is complicated by the challenge of access to the natural
gas located in offshore blocks that are in a disputed territory with
neighbouring Thailand. French oil frm Total has exploration rights in
the area and is awaiting a resolution to the dispute.
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1302PEI_9 9 2/15/13 9:21 AM
News Update
Solar plant to help
bridge energy gap in
Pakistan
Korean Solar Energy Company has launched
a 1000 MW solar project in Balochistan,
Pakistans largest province. The plant is
expected to cover the provinces current
power shortfall of 900 MW.
The Korean government has agreed to
invest in the power sector of Balochistan, and
has signed a memorandum of understanding
for building a 300 MW solar power plant with
the provincial government and to start work
on the remaining 700 MW of the project, said
Additional Chief Secretary (Development)
Aslam Shakir Baloch. He added that the
province was moving ahead on the $9.1m
Solar Energy Home Project, in which about 300
villages will receive electricity.
Singapore set for
$808m gas boost
Senoko Energy has inaugurated two gas-fred
power stations and says the plants will add
862 MW in capacity to Singapores grid.
In a move to cut down its carbon dioxide
emissions, the Singaporean power producer
has converted three 250 MW oil-fred plants
into two high-effciency natrual gas-fred
combined cycle plants.
The power generator is reported to have
invested S$1 bn ($808m) in repowering the
three oil-fred plants.
The company plans to use liquefed natural
gas (LNG) from Jurong Island receiving
terminal in Singapore. This LNG facility is
expected to begin operations in the second
quarter of 2013.
Africa
GDF to build Africas
largest wind park
European utility giant GDF Suez has confrmed
it is to build and operate what it has dubbed
Africas largest wind farm, to be located in
the desert in the south of Morocco.
The Tarfaya wind park will have an output
capacity of 300 MW, promising a 40 per cent
boost to Moroccos current total installed
wind capacity.
GDF Suez will invest around $122m in the
project, which is due to enter service at the
end of next year.
Nareva Holding, a major investor in energy
projects in Morocco, will match the investment
made by GDF Suez.
In addition, the project will also be part
fnanced through 360m ($484m) of debt
provided by a group of three Moroccan banks:
Attijariwafa Bank, Banque Centrale Populaire
and Banque Marocaine du Commerce
Exterieur.
According to GDF Suez, Morocco where
the demand for electricity is growing on
average at 6 per cent annually wants to
produce 42 per cent of its electricity from
renewable sources by 2020.
North America
US military set to
quadruple renewable
energy capacity
US military spending on renewable energy
will hit $1.8bn by 2025, boosting total
installed capacity four-fold, according to new
research.
A new report predicts that the military will
increase its renewables capacity from the
current 80 MW to more than 3200 MW in the
next 12 years.
This has the potential to make the US
Department of Defense one of the most
important drivers of cleantech in the
United States, according to analyst Dexter
Gauntlett of Pike Research, which compiled
the report.
Gauntlett added that the $1.8bn
spend would transform the production,
consumption, and transport of fuel and
energy within the military.
The US Army, Navy, and Air Force have
each set ambitious targets of 1 GW of installed
renewable energy capacity by 2025, and Pike
calculates that because these initiatives have
gained considerable momentum, many of
the targets will be achieved.
The report states that because of the
US Department of Defenses use of power
purchase agreements and enhanced use
leases, some military installations should be
able to pay the same amount or even less
for renewable electricity as they currently do
for retail power from the grid.
According to the report, the US
Department of Defense currently spends
in the region of $20 bn per year on
energy and uses 3.8 billion kWh of electricity.
Latin America
Alstom snatches
$1.35bn Brazilian wind
deal from GE
Renova Energia has awarded Alstom a
contract to provide more than $1.35bn of
turbines in what is believed to be South
Americas largest ever wind order.
Alstom won the contract ahead of the
Brazil-based developers current supplier
General Electric (GE).
The project involves the installation of
440 onshore turbines with 1200 MW of
capacity, starting in 2015.
According to Renova Energia chief
fnancial offcer Pedro Pileggi: The deal put on
the table by Alstom was better. Price is always
important. By providing manufacturers with
long-term planning capabilities theyre able to
reduce costs.
Demand for wind turbines in Brazil is
expected to come close to tripling in 2013 to
2024 MW from 732 MW in 2012, according to
data compiled by Bloomberg.
Two years ago, virtually all of our onshore
wind turbine sales were in Europe, Jerome
Pecresse, president of Alstoms renewable
power unit told the news agency. Now, more
than half are in Latin America.
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
for more information
i
1302PEI_10 10 2/15/13 9:21 AM
What PEi readers are
talking about online
What is the enduring
appeal of coal
power?
Agree? Disagree? Join the debate at
the Power Engineering International
group at www.linkedin.com
Coal is a cheap source of power, especially when you
have plenty of low-cost labour, minimal environmental
regulations or health and safety regulations, and can
use the environment as a dump for pollution at no cost.
It is only when you factor these issues into the overall
energy discussion that you see it is not really cheap at all.
However, since western nations built their economies
with cheap labour and coal, it is not fair of us to deny
developing nations the same opportunity, but it is
important that we impress upon them the problems
associated with coal and do everything we can to
promote renewable energy in these countries.
Steven Law, renewable engineer ,
Ontario Ministry of Environment
Well, gas is just not proftable across large parts of Europe
now so coal burning is quietly increasing to record levels
again. E.ON in Germany is now going to close a gas
plant that uses F-class turbines (Irsching 5), which shows
how bad things are getting. Also, there is a feeling that
complaints against coal are becoming more muted and
less fashionable, as nobody wants to be seen as spending
money unnecessarily during times of austerity.
Harald Thaler, industry director,
Frost & Sullivan
Coal may not be fashionable, but you dont have to
spend billions of dollars bribing utilities to use such
technology with taxpayers money to operate them. It
is appears there is socialism for the power companies
and capitalism for the consumer. It is time there is proper
regulation to ensure that there is a proper free market
in the energy market. An unlikely prospect given current
government prospects.
Nicholas Newman,
energy journalist
1302PEI_11 11 2/15/13 9:21 AM
Russian electricity sector
R
ussias reform of its conventional
electricity market is widely
recognised as one of the most
ambitious reform processes ever
undertaken by any country.
The outcome of this process
will not only have a substantial impact on the
energy sector but also on Russias longerterm
economic performance. According to the
International Energy Agency, it will help to
determine the nature and pace of investment
and modernisation of the sector and will help
to shape incentives for effcient, fexible and
innovative operation and end use.
The reform landmarks that have been
achieved so far are impressive. They include
the unbundling and signifcant privatisation
of generation infrastructure; the introduction
of an investment mechanism; progress toward
more cost refective pricing; and creation and
strengthening of key market and regulatory
institutions. However, the full outcome remains
uncertain at the moment, and many believe
that the reform process is in a critical phase.
Based on interviews conducted by Focus
Reports on our behalf, we get the insiders
view of the Russian electricity sector from four
major stakeholders government, regulatory
and state-owned entities.
Ivan Grachev, Chairman,
State Duma Energy Committee
The State Duma Energy Committee plays
an important role in shaping the legislation
of the Russian power sector. From a legislative
point of view, what are some of the key laws
that still require further changes in order to
guarantee better progress in the sector?
In my view, the reforms of the power
sector in Russia have not been carried out
properly. The foundations of these reforms
were built on the fact that modernisation
would only become possible through market
mechanisms. However, there is a strong
The reform process of the
conventional electricity
sector in Russia is nothing
if not ambitious, and
undoubtedly there have
been signifcant gains.
However, many believe
it is entering a crucial
period. We get the insider
view of the industry,
including the key reform
issues, as well as its
nuclear and hydropower
expansion plans in Russia
and beyond its borders.
Russias power sector:
An inside view
The frst reactor of the two-unit Novovoronezh II NPP is slated for start-up in 2014
Credit: Rosatom
1302PEI_12 12 2/15/13 9:21 AM
1302PEI_13 13 2/15/13 9:21 AM
disparity between the money needed for
modernisation and the revenues that can be
raised from the end-user side. As a result, the
power system continues to degrade and its
equipment depreciate.
The market-based price formation
system does not bring a fair price and does
not correspond to the capacity we have in
place. We need a change in the legislation of
our sector, and thermal energy in particular.
We need federal investment programmes
specifc to our sector. Moreover, we require
better regulations around energy effciency.
All in all, drastic changes are required.
The State Dumas Energy Committee has
had many conversations with the Federal
Tariff Service and the Minister of Energy to
discuss the issues regarding electricity tariffs.
Where do these discussions currently stand
and what do you propose?
Looking back at the resources needed
to modernise the system, there are different
estimates. Yet, even if we divide the smallest
estimates by the population and, for example,
a time frame of ten years, we need to
understand these targets are not achievable.
We have to defne which of these
investments, such as infrastructure or
power stations, will be handled by the
government, and which will be taken on by
private companies. Then we will be able to
understand which tariff programmes will be
suitable for the population.
As private investors entered the market
during the reforms, they had to commit
to investing in new capacity up to 2018,
in line with the government scheme. How
satisfed is the Russian government with the
investments that have been made on behalf
of the private sector?
As far as I am aware, most of the private
investors did not satisfy these requirements.
This was already obvious at the beginning of
the reforms, because there was a clear gap
between the cost of these investments and
the capitalisation of these companies.
The cost of producing a kW in Russia, for
example, lies around $3000. The capitalisation
per kW, however, lies around $300, which
explains why there cannot be that much
investment in this feld. Although, there are
some exceptions, related to either the richer
regions in Russia or specifc energy-intensive
projects such as aluminum smelters.
According to the World Bank, Russia has
the potential to halve its energy consumption,
indicating an immense opportunity for
better energy effciency. What steps have
already been taken on this front?
Based on the fact that Russia uses twice
as much energy as it actually needs vis--
vis its GDP, I agree with the statement from
the World Bank. The main law on energy
effciency Law 261 has been passed, but
unfortunately included two major errors.
The frst is an increase in bureaucracy.
Saying to a population that certain
equipment for energy effciency is
mandatory is one thing, but assuming they
will automatically invest remains an illusion. In
reality, if someone does not have the fnancial
resources to make these upgrades, even a
written law cannot enforce the investment.
The second illusion that foreign experts
contend is that electricity price increases will
automatically result in energy effciency. It is a
fact that the price of electricity has increased
by a factor of 12 to the US dollar during the
reforms, while this had no impact whatsoever
on our level of energy effciency.
Therefore, we must understand what role
the government will play in the modernisation
of the sectors infrastructure and equipment.
From then onwards, we will have to build
effective legislative mechanisms that will
allow us to earn on energy effciency.
Sergey Novikov, Head of
the Federal Tariff Service
In early 2011, the then president of the
Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev (now
prime minister) told the BBC that if the rising
trend of electricity prices were to continue in
Russia, the countrys power could become
more expensive than in Europe or the United
States as early as 2014. How do you view this
statement today? Would you agree?
Tariff increases are never a popular
matter to discuss and few stakeholders
particularly consumers support upward
price movements. Therefore, it is standard
practice for us to cooperate with regulatory
authorities in the US and Europe to collaborate
and compare both price indicators on the
market, as well as the rules of functioning.
In the period 201011, we thought
that the regional regulatory authorities,
i.e. those functioning on the territories of
the constitutional entities of the Russian
Federation, which are part of the regional
administrations and formally independent
from the Federal Tariff Service, would be
much more careful in adopting investment
programmes at that time. However, rather
than their mistake, the discrepancy in
expectations was the result of the legislation
that was in force back then.
As a result, we experienced a signifcant
increase electricity transmission tariffs,
which particularly affected the small and
medium-sized enterprises. They saw their
prices increasing abruptly, by 3050 per
cent, and urged us to adjust the regulatory
framework. On the one hand, we clarifed
the requirements with regards to investment
programmes and their returns, but on the
other, we also increased the public factor in
these decision-making processes.
Russias Energy Strategy 2030 has set
ambitious targets with regards to investment
plans to modernise the electricity system in
the next two decades. How healthy is the
current balance between the revenues that
can be made on the market and the money
that will be needed for these investments?
The most important aspect is to fnd
a balance between the interests of the
investors and the consumer of the electricity.
The regulatory framework in Europe, the US
and Russia has changed considerably. As a
result, the structure of the sector, as well as
the tasks of the regulatory authorities, have
become increasingly complex.
Our tasks are linked to the different
interests in the sector. They need to support
a reliable functioning of the sector, its
development and take into account the
interests of the consumers. These interests
1302PEI_14 14 2/15/13 9:21 AM
are often very different and sometimes even
conficting. Following the different structural
changes in the sector, consumers have now
become frst-time participants in the process,
sometimes even as producers or investors.
The new task of fnding a balance
between these different interests implies that
we need to re-evaluate our regulatory tools
in the broader sense. We need to look at our
fnancial resources, which can both come
from the market and from the budget, to
develop the sector and fnd this balance.
Kirill Komarov, Deputy General
Director, Global Business
Development, Rosatom
Despite the continuing global economic
crisis and the Fukushima disaster in 2011,
Rosatom managed to nearly double the
number of overseas orders from 12 at the
start of 2011 to 21 at the end of the year. How
do you explain such strong performance in
this challenging external environment?
The Fukushima disaster frst of all did not
have a signifcant impact on nuclear energy
worldwide.
At a meeting in September 2012 at the
International Atomic Energy Agency, the
consensus among all countries present was
the decrease in the construction of nuclear
power plants (NPPs) up to 2030 has only been
impacted by 10 per cent. We see that the only
countries showing intentions to stop building
NPPs were not very serious about their nuclear
plans prior to the incident in Japan. Germany,
for instance, has about 27 per cent share of
nuclear, yet it did not have plans to build new
reactors. The discussions before and after
Fukushima have always been about the
schedule to close down their NPPs.
At the same time, those countries that
are the current drivers of global economic
growth, i.e. India, China, Russia and Turkey, as
well as Southeast Asia, the Middle East the
Latin America, have confrmed plans to build
new NPPs. This is a current issue for Europe
too, where we see important projects in the
UK and Central European countries including
the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.
Also in France there is continuous interest.
Another very important event has been
the fact that the US, for the frst time in 20
years, has obtained a license to build a new
NPP. This implies that nuclear energy remains
relevant and is still an important part of the
global energy mix.
There are several reasons why Rosatom
has been so successful in this period. First
of all, our NPPs are of the III+ Generation
and use the most modern technology. Even
before lthe 2011 incident in Japan, our NPPs
met all the post-Fukushima requirements.
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1302PEI_15 15 2/15/13 9:21 AM

These, for example, include all the necessary active and passive
security elements.
Another important factor is that we not only build NPPs abroad but
also domestically, something our competitors do not do. You cannot
go to another country and start building NPPs without showing its
reliability on your own territory..
A third factor is that we can approach the market with truly
comprehensive proposals. Rosatom is a unique company by owning
all technology related to the nuclear sector, from uranium mining
to decommissioning. This is especially important for countries that
have only just started developing their nuclear sector because we
can help them in all the steps to build up their nuclear infrastructure.
This extends from the training of personnel and the developing of a
legal framework to answering fuel issues, structural challenges, and
so forth.
A very important aspect in this regard is that we can provide
fnancing too. In todays world, the biggest obstacle to building NPPs
is not Fukushima but the global crisis. These days it is very hard to fnd
money to fnance expensive long-term infrastructure projects. NPPs are
defnitely a proftable investment, although it is hard to understand this
if the return only comes after 20 years. Assuming that the life cycle of a
NPP is roughly 60 years, during its last 40 years these plants really work
as cash machines. At that point, the expense level to produce energy
becomes much lower than for gas and coal-fred stations. The issue,
however, is how to fnd the money for those frst 20 years.
This is why Rosatom has developed a detailed policy to allow its
clients to fnd help for fnancing solutions. We now have several tools to
address this issue, ranging from intergovernmental credit that Russia is
willing to give to countries that want to build NPPs with our designs, to
becoming investors ourselves. In this second instance, we do not only
provide the technology but also provide the actual funding to build
these NPPs. This is the so-called build-own-operate (BOO) model,
which we have now deployed in Turkey [for the Akkuyu NPP].
Evgeny Dod, Chairman of the Board, RusHydro
You took over the leadership of RusHydro together with a number of
top managers from INTER RAO UES at the end of 2009. Have these frst
three years been an opportunity for RusHydro to make a new start?
After three years, we can certainly draw a number of conclusions.
Our main task in November 2009 was to deal with the consequences
of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydropower plant incident, a task
that has been carried out successfully. We have set a fast pace of
reconstruction and renovation of the plant and it will be accomplished
in 2014. The number of new projects is also unprecedented: 4000 MW
of new capacity is expected to be commissioned in 2012, and an
additional 10,000 MW by 2015. These are unique volumes for the hydro
sector in Russia, as well as in the [former] Soviet Union.
We are also carrying out a programme of modernisation of our
existing plants. We are planning to invest in the region of $10 billion
with expected dates of completion within the next ten to 15 years.
Considering that only 20 per cent of Russias hydro resources have
been developed to date, the potential for the future is signifcant. HPPs
can be considered as a stimulus for growth of regional industrial
clusters. For example, we are at the commissioning stage on the
Boguchanskaya HPP, which has an installed capacity of 3000 MW. [It is
scheduled to be fully operational this year].
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1302PEI_16 16 2/15/13 9:21 AM
To investors you have announced great
potential for the Far East of Russia. Can you
elaborate on your expansion strategy there?
RusHydros expansion strategy is mainly
focused on Russia. When the government
decided to provide us with the assets of
RAO UES of Far East, representing around
9000 MW of installed capacity and several
networks in that region. We are working on the
synchronisation of our investment programmes
with the construction of a comprehensive
infrastructure in Siberia and the Far East.
While our priorities clearly focus on Russia,
we do have international projects too. Today,
we own the 561 MW cascade HPP in Armenia
and also have a cascade project lined up
in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan. Our institutes are also
working on projects in India, Vietnam and
Africa. We also believe in signifcant potential
for tidal energy in Chile and Argentina.
Traditionally Russia is more associated
with oil and gas resources rather than
hydropower. How diffcult is it for Rushydro to
sell the idea of clean energy abroad?
Russia is a unique country and we
are fortunate to have large reserves of
hydrocarbons. As a nation, we are certainly
focused on using oil and gas as energy
sources because these are cheaper to use
and consumers are still unwilling to pay for
more expensive energy from wind, solar and
biofuels. simply for the sake of the environment.
As a result, the returns for companies
operating in such sectors have been less
attractive. The Russian government, however,
has now put programmes in place to
increase the share of renewables to 4 per
cent. As a company operating in the area
of renewables, we [also] try to effectively
push these initiatives. This not only includes
hydropower, but also geothermal and solar
power. While this is not easy, Russia is also not
an island. The growing global trend [towards
renewable energy] will soon arrive in Russia.
In partnership with Focus Reports, we
will be publishing a two-part report on
the Russian electricity sector this year. For
more informaiton on Focus Reports, visit
www.focusreports.net.
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1302PEI_17 17 2/15/13 9:21 AM
L
ast years Energy Bill will be seen as
a frm endorsement of new nuclear
projects by both current and potential
investors in the UK nuclear programme.
This Bill will entice the international
investment and expertise needed for future
energy security and help to kick-start Britains
much-needed nuclear revival.
The UK government has solid reasons
to welcome foreign investment in nuclear
power projects, in addition to the increasing
need for reliable, carbon-free energy security.
Successful nuclear projects require strong
partnerships, with commitment, mobilisation
of industries and risk mitigation on both sides.
Tangible government commitment and
support is fundamental to the enticement
of invaluable international investment,
experience and partnerships in the UK.
Last years 700 million ($1 billion)
purchase by Hitachi of the Horizon Project is a
positive development and a signifcant vote
of confdence in the future of the UK nuclear
programme. The government is beneftting
from nurturing relationships with a number of
Asian countries, including Japan.
Traditionally, nuclear reactor vendors
have been reluctant to make large equity
investments in new nuclear projects and,
while this is changing for many reasons, the
action by Hitachi of purchasing Horizon is a
signifcant milestone. Given the remaining
uncertainties over the reform of the UK
electricity market, investment in its nuclear
programme still represents a leap of faith by
any investor. The British government should
illustrate to Hitachi and other prospective
investors that they will fnd a willing and
supportive partner that is fully committed
to, and appreciates the signifcance of,
investments in the UKs energyfuture.
To support the development and
construction of the new reactors, Hitachi
will most likely seek further investors and
partners. Such partners will closely examine
the actions of the British government, as well
as the general investment climate, prior to
making their fnal decision to invest.
A new nuclear programme goes beyond
the building of electricity-producing units.
With those units must come a whole new
industry, with a multi-generational, society-
wide commitment that provides long-term
benefts in the form of energy, economic and
national security. Hitachis involvement not
only represents a commitment to the UKs
nuclear programme, but also an investment
in the countrys economy and society, and an
opportunity to develop the jobs and growth
the government has been seeking. Indeed,
the partnerships Hitachi could make with the
UK nuclear supply chain may be exportable
to other European projects.
Those unconvinced by the fnancial
viability of the UK new nuclear programme
should note that while the development
of new nuclear projects can be complex,
lengthy and costly, with proper planning and
co-operation from government, industry, local
communities and fnancial institutions, the
fnancial risk during the development phase
can be greatly minimised.
Attracting foreign
investment into the UKs
newly revived nuclear
power sector is essential
to the success of the
governments ambitious
plans, believes
George Borovas, head of
the International Nuclear
Projects team at law frm,
Pillsbury.
Foreign cash
should not
be feared
Opinion: Investing in nuclear
1302PEI_18 18 2/15/13 9:21 AM
Nuclear energy, by providing reliable and afordable electricity, helps
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1302PEI_19 19 2/15/13 9:21 AM
The UK has all the fundamentals for a
robust nuclear programme. Unlike some
other countries embarking on nuclear
new build, it has an existing and successful
nuclear programme, an independent and
sophisticated regulator, a strong industry that
can be mobilised to support new projects, an
independent and fair judiciary (important
for foreign investors) and broad public and
political support. However, the UK does not
have recent construction experience.
The international nuclear industry learns
valuable lessons from each and every
new build. Recent projects around the
world demonstrate the importance of the
utilisation of experienced human resources
who can capitalise on construction and
operational lessons learned. Asian countries
have signifcant recent nuclear construction
experience. In addition, they have the beneft
of liquidity and easier access to capital.
Critics wary of foreign infuence should
appreciate that nuclear energy is a global
business. The attraction of foreign investment
is a wise, long-term move by the British
government. Tangible commitment to new
partnerships will be vital to secure the UKs
affordable electricity supply in the future.
From an international perspective
global interest in nuclear power is causing
governments, sponsors and lenders to look
beyond the ways in which nuclear has
traditionally been fnanced. Nuclear power
has many long-term advantages compared
to fossil fuels, including: signifcantly lower
external costs, such as damage to health
and the environment; cost competitiveness;
and stable baseload generation of electricity
over a long period of time. But getting private
investment involved in the construction of
nuclear power plants has become crucial to
the success of global nuclear development.
There are various emerging nuclear
fnancing structures and each is briefy
describedbelow.
Pure equity investment
Reactor vendors and other nuclear industry
companies team up with plant owners to
create project companies that will ultimately
own the assets and fnance them with equity
contributions. These partnerships provide the
anchor capital that will allow other private
investors to make relatively small investments
by buying shares in these project companies.
Finnish Model
Partnership with a consumer consortium is
a model adopted for the Olkiluoto plants in
Finland (referred to as the Finnish Model).
A number of major industrial electricity
consumers invested in the plant through a
joint venture by Teollisuuden Voima Oy (TVO).
Each equity investor contributes a proportion
of the costs of building and operating the
plant in return for electricity supplies that the
shareholder can use itself or resell.
This model is suitable in countries where
there is suffcient concentration of energy
intensive industries, but is unlikely in countries
where power must be sold to the grid at a low
price, or where the grid must deliver the power
to all takers at the same cost. Participation
in such a partnership could potentially be
open to market players other than industrial
electricity consumers.
Utilities that have surplus capital and are
interested in market expansion in the nuclear
industry, either domestic or international,
will be well-received in countries where
investment is a major impediment to the
construction of new nuclear power plants.
Supply tied to equity investment
Nuclear utilities and electricity-intensive
industrial consumers form long-term industrial
and commercial partnerships on the basis of
sharing risks associated with the performance,
scheduling and development of the utilities
nuclear capacity.
Both utilities and industrial consumers can
beneft from this type of partnership, which
contributes to furthering utilities investment
plans in new nuclear power plants and
provides secured sourcing of electricity for
participating industrial customers for as long
as the arrangement lasts.
Asset pooling
For equity investors other than industry energy
players, particularly fnancial sponsors, an
alternative approach could be asset pooling,
where a group of investors prepared to invest in
nuclear create a joint fund and then invest in
a range of nuclear portfolios. This could be an
option for various institutional investors such as
pension funds or insurance companies that
are typically seeking investments with long-
term, stable and predictable returns
The nuclear industry learns valuable lessons from every project says Borovas
Credit: WANO
Waste: A vital consideration
Credit: Sellafeld
1302PEI_20 20 2/15/13 9:21 AM
Debt fnancing
While plant owners and project sponsors
prefer debt, commercial lenders expect
a high equity component to reduce their
own exposure. Insofar as debt fnancing is
available from commercial lenders, these
loans have been secured against the assets
of the sponsoring utilities and not against the
nuclear project itself. The availability and cost
of debt fnancing depends on the strength of
the balance sheet of the sponsoring utilities.
During the construction phase of a new
plant, banks are most likely to favour this
corporate fnancing approach backed by
the balance sheet of one or a consortium of
large, virtually integrated utilities with expertise
in nuclear construction and operation, strong
existing assets and a large consumer base.
Debt fnancing introduced at different
phases of a project could take a different form.
While balance sheet fnancing is generally
required by banks to provide fnancing for the
construction phase, non-recourse fnancing
is likely to be considered by banks for the
operational phase.
Phased fnancing
Nuclear projects comprise different and
distinct phases (development, construction,
operation and decommissioning), which may
or may not be attractive or suitable to various
types of investment groups according to the
risk profle they carry.
While during the lowest-risk operational
phase, equity holders, funds and long-
term debt holders are potential investors,
the development, construction and
decommissioning phases present higher risks
that may only be suitable to certain investors.
With phased fnancing, the cost of capital for
each phase only refects the risk of that phase
and each phase may present a different capital
structure. For example, government funding
and equity investment may be introduced
to fnance the initial construction phase. As
the project proceeds and risks diminish over
the course of construction, the cost of capital
also diminishes. When the project moves
from the construction to the operation phase,
government support and equity shareholders
can be replaced with non-recourse fnancing.
In addition for multiple units the revenue
stream from operating units can be used to
fnance new construction.
Combining the cash fow of multiple unit
construction can also beneft from economies
of scale by sharing plant facility resources,
saving temporary construction expenses and
optimising project management. Collectively
these serve to signifcantly reduce the overall
construction price of multiple units.
Irrespective of the fnancing model or
investment forms, private investors and
lenders will always carefully examine the
political and licensing risks, technology
choices, as well as project management,
supply chain and construction risks before
investing in a new nuclear project.
George Borovas is a partner and head
of International Nuclear Projects at law
frm Pillsbury For more information visit
www.pillsburylaw.com/nuclear-energy.
i
1302PEI_21 21 2/15/13 9:21 AM
D
riven by the demands of
todays deregulated markets
and the infux of intermittent
renewable generation into
the grid, combined-cycle
power plants increasingly
have to respond to large load fuctuations in
a short time.
To meet the challenges associated with
the various modes of operation, the heat
recovery steam generator (HRSG) within a
combined-cycle plant must be capable of
frequent starts, rapid load transients and
prolonged periods of operation at low loads
for spinning reserve.
At the same time, HRSGs have become
more complex with the rapid development
of gas turbine technology. As HRSG pressures
and temperatures have increased, units have
become larger and new designs have been
introduced to accommodate the changing
steam parameters.
Although many of these HRSGs are still
relatively new, it is important to manage the
condition of this asset from the outset in order
to maintain continued safe operation and
maximise operating lifetime.
Pro-active analysis and monitoring of
assets can provide valuable insight into
weak links or constraints in the design that
can limit response rates or hamper the ability
to continuously operate according to a
particular operation profle.
The information provided by such analysis
and monitoring can be used to establish limits
for plant operation and assess the fnancial
impact. If the impacts are severe, then options
to modify the design can be explored in a
cost-beneft analysis. This approach allows
a balance to be struck between risk to the
reliability and availability of the HRSG, and
the potential fnancial returns from having a
more fexible plant.
Asset management
Asset management was introduced to
determine the optimum and most effcient
use of a plants assets. Essentially, owners and
HRSG cycling and lifecycle management
A carefully
managed cycle
The growing trend of operating combined-cycle plants in varying modes places stresses on the HRSG
Heat recovery steam
generators are
increasingly operating in
cycling mode according
to market demands. This
requires a holistic, top-
down and integrated
management of
assets to maximise the
overall proftability of a
combined-cycle plant,
writes Alstoms Pascal
Decoussemaeker
1302PEI_22 22 2/15/13 9:21 AM
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1302PEI_23 23 2/15/13 9:22 AM
operators have shifted their focus from simple
maintenance and cost reduction to the
optimisation of overall plant competitiveness.
Items such as operating strategy and production
losses are now all part of the equation.
For effective asset management it is
important to fnd the optimum compromise
between risk taking and risk mitigation. This is
only possible if there is suffcient knowledge of
the condition of the HSRGs parts.
The planning of maintenance and
inspection works should also refect the
criticality of the equipment. It should aim to
optimise the allocation of scarce resources
such as people, specialised equipment and
spare parts to maintain the lifecycle value
of the asset and not compromise production
or EHS (environmental protection, health
management and safety) commitments.
Acquiring the correct knowledge of
the assets condition requires a good
understanding of the most critical areas and
to implement a plan to monitor the assets
condition so it is maintained in accordance
with the initial design goal. This is possible with
the right combination of off-line inspections
and on-line monitoring.
Asset degradation
A good understanding of a plants history
and future operation profle are important
to make an analysis of the main drivers of
asset condition degradation. The thermal
and mechanical fexibility of a HRSG is heavily
dependent on the fundamental layout and
detailed design of its components.
Creep will be a degradation driver for
components that are exposed for long
periods to high temperatures, such as
superheater and reheater tubes, outlet
headers, manifolds and piping that typically
operate at temperatures above 500 C.
In situations where plants are increasingly
cycled, however, fatigue damage of certain
pressure parts and structural parts, such as
hot casings, can occur. Fatigue damage
usually results from thermal stresses due
to temperature differences within, or
between, parts. For example, thick-walled
components, such as drums or superheat
outlet headers, can develop signifcant
through-wall temperature gradients during
startup. Large temperature differences can
also occur at junctions between thick-
and thin-walled parts, such as tube-to-
header connections.
Through-wall temperature gradients
in thick-walled components can cause
fatigue cracking on the internal (water/
steam heated) surface, particularly around
penetrations where so-called star-burst
cracking radial cracks emanating from
the edge of the hole is common. Detection
of this type of damage requires, as a
minimum, internal (borescopic) inspection, in
combination with ultrasonic inspection.
Temperature differences between parts,
such as tube-to-header connections, can
result in cracking from either the internal or
external surface, depending on the nature
of the transient temperature history. External
surface cracks generally form at the toe of the
weld in the thinner wall of the components
that are joined, such as the tube of a tube-to
header connection. Internal cracks are less
common, but can occur at the root of full-
penetration tube-to-header welds.
These fatigue cracks that are the result of
cycling are generally sharp and straight. The
cracks may be oxide-flled held open or shut
by residual stresses so careful inspection is
often required to detect them. Dye penetrant
or magnetic particle testing is typically used
to fnd these cracks. Advanced knowledge of
where to employ these techniques based on
an understanding of operating history and
damage mechanism greatly facilitates their
application to the appropriate locations.
Cycling-related failures
Other cycling-related failure modes can be
triggered by poor operational practices,
inappropriate control logic or defective valves.
A common case is damage to
components downstream of desuperheaters
caused by improper spray control logic. High
steam temperatures at very low steam fows
during start up and shut down may trigger
desuperheater spray while there is insuffcient
steam fow to entrain the spray fow. This results
in water pooling in the bottom of pipes and
large top-to-bottom temperature differences,
which cause the pipe to bow and generate
potentially damaging local stresses in the
adjacent components. Leaking spray valves
can also cause the same problem.
Low load operation is becoming increasingly
popular as a way of avoiding constant start
up and shut downs of the gas turbine. This
usually results in higher gas turbine exhaust
temperatures and lower exhaust gas fows,
which change the balance of heat pick-up in
the HRSG, often resulting in a bias toward higher
heat pick-up in the fnishing superheater.
This, in turn, requires higher amounts of
desuperheater spray to maintain acceptable
steam temperatures into the steam
turbine. The higher amounts of spray fow
combined with reduced steam fow results
in longer distances required downstream
of the desuperheater for complete spray
evaporation. This can result in spray
impingement on downstream components
generating high thermal stresses.
To mitigate these effects it is important
to frst understand the various operating
scenarios and spraywater requirements.
There must also be a balance between local
metal temperatures higher temperatures
might be permissible at lower operating
pressures and spray capacity. In certain
circumstances, adjustments to heat pick-up
or desuperheater or piping design may be
needed to optimise operation over the full
range of operating scenarios.
The reduced steam fows at low load
also mean reduced water velocities in
economisers. If velocities are suffciently low,
buoyancy forces can cause reverse fow in
some tubes of down-fow economiser banks.
This generates tube-to-tube temperature
differences, resulting in thermal stress.
In many cases the issues mentioned
cannot be detected or diagnosed using the
standard plant control (DCS) instrumentation.
Invariably, additional local thermocouples, to
directly detect overspray for example, and
heat balance calculations are needed.
The examples outlined occur frequently
in practice and have been known to cause
damage affecting the functionality of
components in a relatively short period of
time. This highlights the need to continuously
review operating scenarios and practices in
relation to the original design goal and past
operation. Changes in modes of operation
should be reviewed to establish their impact
on the asset to ensure future reliability.
Based on this assessment, it is important
to develop an effective condition monitoring
system to get an early warning of potential
issues. This can be achieved by combining
on-line monitoring and off-line inspections.
On-line monitoring
Inspection and monitoring quantify the
progress of the degradation and provide
assurance that the asset integrity is maintained
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1302PEI_25 25 2/15/13 9:22 AM
in accordance with the design. There are
two different types of monitoring during
operation: monitoring the symptoms of a
certain problem and monitoring key process
parameters that trigger the degradation.
For HRSGs, monitoring the symptoms is
limited to visual and other non-destructive
inspections during the operation of the plant.
This can be used to identify failure modes that
lead to, for example, steam leaks, exhaust gas
leaks, external corrosion and internal wall loss.
Key process parameters are monitored
using a HRSG life-monitoring tool to check
elements that contribute to important failure
modes. This tool allows operators to monitor
the accumulation of creep and fatigue
damage for critical pressure parts.
Key temperature, pressure and steam fows
from the plant instrumentation are monitored
and calculations are made to determine
temperature profles and stresses within
pressure parts. The variation of stress with time
is monitored by the system so cycles can be
counted to determine fatigue damage, and
operating time at a certain temperature can
be used to determine creep damage.
Such a system will provide reports and
displays to allow operators to monitor
damage over time. It also provides an
indication of conditions that need immediate
attention to avoid severe damage.
For such a tool to be effective, it is
important that the calculation algorithms
have all been validated against appropriate
benchmark cases and are compliant with
prevailing codes and standards. Material
data used by the system must be based on
published values. This can be assured if the
tool has been certifed by an independent
agency, such as for example TUV.
Off-line inspections
Periodic off-line inspections are required to
review the asset condition for degradation
modes that cannot be inspected on line, or
to further investigate areas identifed during
on-line monitoring. For HRSGs, this needs to be
planned alongside the gas turbine inspection
to optimise overall plant availability.
Priorities for inspection should be
established based on a combination of a
review of the degradation modes, as well
as the types of operation and the potential
effects on the HRSG components. This
invariably requires a review of the HRSG
design to understand high-stress locations.
Knowledge of the operational history is also
required, particularly for transient scenarios
and off-design conditions.
For large feets, experience can also
provide valuable feedback. Standardised
designs facilitate inspection planning as
components requiring specifc inspection
procedures will be consistent unit to unit. It
should be noted, however, that HRSGs of the
same design that operate behind different
gas turbines may experience different issues
as the turbines generate different thermal
transients in the HRSGs.
To do the up-front review and properly
identify concerns requires a thorough
consideration of numerous failure modes
and degradation phenomena. This calls
for a systematic approach to catalogue
information and perform calculations
to screen components based on their
susceptibility to relevant failure mechanisms.
Software that supports this type of
review over the lifetime of the equipment
is very useful. Such a tool should allow the
cataloguing of unit information, such as
drawings and previous inspection results,
performing relevant calculations to assess
risk to components based on operating
conditions and past history. It should also
support the management of engineering
reviews and recommendations.
Internal inspections can also provide
insight to operational issues. Damage to some
internal components may be indicative of the
need to further evaluate other areas of the
HRSG. Damage to drum separators through
fow accelerated corrosion, for example, may
be an indication that water chemistry is not
correct and that the corrosion is occurring
elsewhere in the evaporator section.
In addition to the functional components
carrying the steam and water and the
structural components that support the
HRSG, it is important to assess items such
as baffes and insulation. Damaged gas
baffes can allow gas bypassing, which can
reduce performance. This can also result in
localised high temperatures on downstream
components that could cause more severe
fatigue because of steaming and tube-to-
tube temperature differences in economisers.
Loss of insulation in wall and roof panels has
resulted in damage to casing and, in some
cases, structural steel.
No upfront screening calculations can
identify such local effects, which highlights
the need for a co-ordinated effort based on
both engineering review and competent
inspection. This allows plant operators to
move from a reactive mode to a pro-active
one, which pays off in the long run.
Holistic approach
Effective management of HRSG assets
to maximise the overall proftability of a
combined-cycle plant requires a holistic
approach. The operational requirements
of the plant must be considered, based
on business needs, asset condition and
the expected drivers of asset degradation,
according to component design, as well
as past, current and anticipated future
operational conditions.
Once such a review has identifed the
areas with the highest criticality, this analysis
must then be used to determine an effective
condition monitoring programme.
Pascal Decoussemaeker is product manager,
HRSG at Alstom. For more information, visit
www.alstompower.com
i
A holistic approach is key to the effective
management of HRSG assets
1302PEI_26 26 2/15/13 9:22 AM
Power Engineering International February 2013
Where the engine community meets
27
th
CIMAC World Congress
on Combustion Engine Technology
for
Ship Propulsion
Power Generation
Rail Traction
May 13 16, 2013
Shanghai Exhibition Center
Shanghai, China
for further information visit: www.cimac.com
Information exchange at the highest level
1302PEI_27 27 2/15/13 9:22 AM
Middle Easts energy transition Middle Easts energy transition
T
he Middle East is not so much at
an energy crossroads but instead
preparing to drive down an as-yet
unbuilt power superhighway.
The regions astronomical
electricity consumption is well
known, as is the fact that if left unaddressed,
it will impact the regions vast reserves of oil
and gas, which are currently fuelling its power
plants. The problem is not that these supplies
for domestic use will run out it is that there will
be less of them to export, and the economics
of that are stark: In Saudi Arabia we burn oil
for $4 and sell it for $100, said a speaker at
POWER-GEN Middle East this month.
A year ago, the talk at POWER-GEN Middle
East was of the regions consumption crisis: this
year, much debate focused on the regions
consumption crisis.
The biggest challenge is meeting
demand, said Amer Alswaha, chairman of
the IPP unit at Saudi Electricity Company, who
added that electricity demand is doubling
every ten years.
Bander Allaf, senior business development
manager at ACWA Power in Saudi, added
that the kingdoms electricity consumption is
2.7-times the world average the equivalent
of burning two million barrels of oil per day.
In Saudi Arabia,
58 per cent of its
installed capacity is
gas turbine-based.
By 2022 that will have
fallen dramatically to
2 per cent, replaced
by steam turbines
and solar
The Middle East knows it has a consumption
conundrum, however it also knows where the
answer to it lies: renewables and nuclear.
What the region also has for the time
being at least is the time to formulate an
The Middle East knows it
has a consumption crisis
and also knows what it
is going to do about it.
Following this months
POWER-GEN Middle East
in Doha, Kelvin Ross
examines how the region
plans to wean itself
off hydrocarbons and
introduce renewables and
nuclear.
Sun sets on oil and
gas dominance
The heat is on: As the Middle East faces a
consumption crisis, solar is an obvious solution
Credit: ABB
1302PEI_28 28 2/15/13 9:22 AM
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1302PEI_29 29 2/15/13 9:22 AM
Middle Easts energy transition
action plan, and then the economic clout to
deliver it.
The big challenge for this region is to
plan ahead, said Qatars minister of Energy
and Industry, Dr. Mohammed bin Saleh
Al-Sada at the offcial opening ceremony of
POWER-GEN Middle East in Doha.
That planning is taking place across the
region, with each nation forming a blueprint
to meet rising demand while phasing-out
fossil fuels and phasing-in low-carbon
alternatives.
In Saudi Arabia for example, there is
19,170 MW of capacity under construction,
with another 41,322 MW at various stages
of preparation. Some 58 per cent of the
kingdoms installed capacity is currently gas
turbine-based: by 2022 that will have fallen
dramatically to 2 per cent, replaced by steam
turbines and solar.
Solar produced
in GCC countries
will offer European
countries the most
competitive solution
for their energy
better than building
fossil fuel plants
Bander Allaf, Senior business development
manager, ACWA Power
Domestic solar industry
That the Middle East will look to solar power for
part of its energy solution is a given, however
it plans to harness photovoltaic (PV) potential
on the back of a home-grown industry. For
example, Qatar is already working on a pilot
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1302PEI_30 30 2/15/13 9:22 AM
project that is expected to produce between
510 MW of solar power.
Saudi plans to unlock its massive solar
potential and has set a target of 41,000 MW by
2032. We can add value tomorrow with solar,
said ACWAs Bander Allaf.
The appeal of solar is two-fold: frstly, and
obviously, there is a lot of it in the Middle East,
and secondly, renewables suit the summer
winter consumption swing in the region.
And if the power of solar in the Middle East
can be harnessed and stored in abundance,
the region is already looking to export some
of the resulting electricity to needy European
countries via projects such as Desertec, the
renewables project already up and running in
North Africa.
The schemes backers believe that two-
thirds of MENA countries can be powered by
the regions abundant desert solar energy,
with enough electricity left over to meet 15 per
cent of European consumption.
Solar produced in GCC countries will offer
European countries the most competitive
solution for their energy better than building
fossil fuel plants, said Allaf.
If or when Gulf countries do establish
their own solar industries, it is unlikely to be with
the help of feed-in-tariffs (FiTs), a European
model that appeared to have few admirers
at POWER-GEN Middle East. The feed-in-
tariff structure can never sustain, said Allaf.
He believes the impact that revising FiTs has
had on solar markets in the US, Europe and
Japan was a warning sign. Revising a FiT can
have direct consequences, with too many
companies disappearing.
Nuclear know-how
However, it is with nuclear that the wait-and-
Demand dilemma: The Middle Easts energy use was
a hot topic of debate at POWER-GEN Middle East
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see policy of many Middle East governments will really pay off. The
Bushehr plant in Iran remains the regions only operational nuclear
facility, while the UAE launched a nuclear energy programme in 2009,
which is proceeding apace.
Indeed, the UAE is considered the model for expediting the nuclear
new-build market in the Middle East according to Rudiger Tscherning,
director of the Energy and Environmental Law Center in Qatar.
He said the Middle East currently has the beneft of watching the
successes and more pointedly the failures, of nuclear new build
across Europe.
He singled out Olkiluoto 3 in Finland, which was due to be online
in 2009 at a cost of $4 billion, but is currently mired in setbacks and
as of this month was set to be completed in 2016 with a fnal bill of
approaching $11 billion, but he could as easily picked EDFs Flamanville
in France which is also dogged by delays.
The Middle East would make a
mistake of gargantuan magnitude
if it did not look to nuclear power
Mike Waite, manager, International Business Development,
Westinghouse Electric Company
He also noted that issues which have hit the UK nuclear sector in
recent weeks including British company Centrica pulling out of the
new- build market and plans for a deep geological waste dump in
England being rejected highlighted the importance of long-term
planning and the effect that its absence can have on investors.
Meanwhile, Mike Waite of Westinghouse Electric Company believes
that the Middle East would be making a mistake of gargantuan
magnitude if it did not look to nuclear power as one of the main
solutions to its energy demand challenges.
He said almost every country in the Middle East and North Africa
has expressed some level of interest in nuclear energy, ranging from
1 GW proposals to 50 GW.
Speaking in a nuclear-focused conference session at POWER-GEN
Middle East, Waite added that despite the concerns following the
Fukushima disaster in 2011, nuclear makes as much sense today as it
did then. Nuclear is several times safer than renewables, 100 times safer
than gas and 1000 times safer than oil, he claimed.
One country going in the opposite nuclear direction to the Middle
East is Germany. Almost two years on from the start of its Energiewende
or energy transition from nuclear to renewables, Lothar Balling,
executive vice-president of gas turbine solutions at Siemens, was in
Doha to offer an update of where Germany was in shaping its new
energy landscape.
Was the Energiewende a role model or a disaster? A bit of both,
according to Balling. It was a very public decision and it was not
thought through, he said.
With that in mind, he was asked by Emad Ragaban, business
development consultant at Saudi Aramco, if he really believed that
Germany would hits its target of renewables providing 80 per cent of its
total capacity by 2050?
The answer was a resounding yes, but there is no chance of the
Middle East looking to Germany and deciding to shun nuclear. Instead
it will bide its time, see which reactors are delivered successfully and also,
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1302PEI_32 32 2/15/13 9:22 AM
crucially, be ready to seize the opportunities thrown up by developments
in Asias nuclear market, which is advancing at breakneck speed.
Tough for contractors
If there is one certainty about the Middle East power sector at the
moment, it is that it is a buyers market.
The considerable challenges of developing power projects in the
region were highlighted at POWER-GEN Middle East by senior players
in the sector.
Ian French, vice-president of business development in the Lower Gulf
region for Siemens, said that life is tough for contractors in the GCC
because of the number of frms competing for business.
He said as well as EPC giants such as Siemens and Alstom, there
were also contractors from the US, Turkey, Spain and Greece trying to
break into the market. More and more people are chasing less and
less business, he said, adding that the picture was equally bleak for
developers. The good days have gone.
The Gulf nation offering the most opportunities is Saudi the shining
star of IPPs according to Hemmat Safwat of Greek frm Consolidated
Contractors Company while in the wider Middle East there are strong
opportunities in Iraq, but that was a country for the brave developer
said French.
Cherry-picking the best
The Middle East is sitting between the established European energy
market and the fast-developing power sector in Asia, and is poised
to cherry pick the best from both regions to establish its own security
of supply.
Sarah Fairhurst, a partner at Hong Kongs Lantau Group, told
POWER-GEN Middle East, that the Middle East can leapfrog Asia and
sustainably grow into the future.
Yes, the Middle East has a consumption crisis, but the region will not
be forced into knee-jerk solutions. It is taking its time to pick a suite of
technologies that, with solar, play to its geographic advantages and
can offer home-grown industries, and with nuclear give it the options of
choosing the best-in-class from around the world.
i
One and only: Bushehr power plant in Iran remains the
Middle Easts sole nuclear facility a situation sure to change
Credit: WANO
1302PEI_33 33 2/15/13 9:22 AM
NOx reduction with SNCR
I
n the eighties and nineties when Western
Europes large coal-fred boilers were
retroftted with nitrogen oxides (NOx)
control systems, selective catalytic
reduction (SCR) process was considered
the best available technology (BAT).
But subsequently, when many Central
and Eastern European countries joined
the European Union and had to accept
its emission limits, interest in SNCR grew
because it offered advantages such as lower
investment costs.
Especially in recent years, the SNCR
process has been steadily improved for
small and medium-sized boilers like waste
incineration plants, for which it is widely
considered the BAT. But power plant owners
are now also investigating whether SNCR is
feasible for their large coal-fred boilers too, on
both performance and cost considerations.
SNCR and SCR are post-combustion NOx
control technologies and both work to reduce
NOx to nitrogen and water by using reagents
based on either ammonia or urea. The main
difference between the two systems is the
temperature window, i.e. without a catalyst
the reaction takes place at 9001050 C,
whereas with the catalyst the range drops to
160350 C.
In the SNCR process, reagents in aqueous
solution (ammonia water, urea) or in gaseous
form (ammonia) are injected into hot fue
gases. For an optimum NOx-reduction with
a minimum ammonia slip (NH
3
slip) it is
necessary to evenly distribute and thoroughly
mix the reagent in the fue gases within the
Already considered the
best option for small to
medium-sized boilers,
selective non-catalytic
reduction (SNCR)
systems can now been
demonstrated as an
attractive alternative
to selective catalytic
reduction in large-scale
coal-fred plants, writes
Bernd von der Heide of
Germanys Mehldau &
Steinfath Umwelttechnik.
The SNCR option for
large coal boilers
SNCR could overtake SCR as the deNOx system of choice in large coal-fred power plants
1302PEI_34 34 2/15/13 9:22 AM
s
appropriate temperature window in which NOx-reduction is possible.
The optimum temperature range to achieve high NOx-reduction
combined with a minimum consumption of reagent and a low NH
3

slip is rather narrow and depends to a great extent on the fue gas
composition. For coal-fred boilers the optimum temperature lies
between about 960 C and 1020 C.
Above this temperature range ammonia is oxidized to an
increasing extent, i. e. NOx are formed, while at lower temperatures the
reaction rate is slowed down, causing an NH
3
slip, which may result
in the formation of ammonia salts and lead to secondary problems.
However, because temperatures over the cross-section in the
furnace are rarely uniform and considerable imbalances are often
found, special measures need to be taken to identify the right positions
for the injectors to distribute the reagent properly into the fue gas
under all operating conditions.
To determine whether the SNCR process would suit an existing
coal-fred boiler, it is recommended to perform simple tests with a
portable test installation. Such tests can provide valuable information,
not only on what efforts need to be made with regard to the design
and the equipment of a commercial SNCR plant, but also on the
performance that can be expected and guaranteed under varying
operating conditions.
Regardless of whether ammonia water or urea is to be used in the
subsequent commercial plant, tests are generally performed with urea
solution because it is easy to handle. In addition, from a performance
point of view, both reagents are comparable in most applications.
To-date tests have been conducted on several boilers with capacities
up to 225 MWe in Germany, the Czech Republic andPoland.
In one particular example, a German utility decided to go with the
SNCR process for a 200 MWe coal-fred boiler, after successful testing
and taking into consideration relevant aspects, such as the level of NOx
reduction, the cost-beneft ratio and overall plant availability,
Effective combustion chamber diagnosis
However, temperature measurements with suction pyrometers and
the readings from permanently installed thermocouples only permit
a rough estimate regarding the temperature profles in the individual
potential injection levels during the respective boiler loads. Furthermore,
the temperature distribution and imbalances resulting from the boiler
load, the ignition behavior and the burner confguration, for example,
may vary strongly.
Figure 1: Temperature profles measured by agam ensure the SNCR plant
is optimally operated
1302PEI_35 35 2/15/13 9:22 AM
To ensure that the reagent is always injected
in the upper range of the temperature window
under any operating condition, i.e. in the range
where NOx reduction is highest and NH
3
slip is
lowest, acoustic gas temperature measurement
systems (agam) (Figure 1) should be installed.
Agam measures the real gas temperature
and determines profles across the entire
combustion chamber cross-section.
The system consists of transmitter
and receiver units that have an identical
mechanical and electrical design mounted to
the walls of the combustion chamber and an
external control unit. During the measurement
the solenoid valve
in the compressed
air line on the
transmitter side is
opened, generating
acoustic signals. The
signals are recorded
simultaneously on
both the transmitter
and the receiver
sides. The digitalised
signals are then
used to measure the
transmission time.
Since the
distance is known,
the velocity of
sound can be
determined, which
is then converted
into a temperature,
i.e. the path
temperature. With
several combined
transmitter/receiver
units acting on one
level, multiple path
confgurations can
be obtained to
calculate the two-
dimensional temperature distribution in one
level immediately.
A temperature profle is divided into sections
and can be assigned to individual lances or
groups of lances to switch them to another
level depending on the fue gas temperature
measured. This ensures the reagent gets to the
most effective locations for the reaction, even
with rapidly varying fue gas temperatures, and
that the SNCR plant is always operated in the
optimum temperature range.
After the German utility decided in favour
of SNCR, a preliminary agam was installed to
obtain detailed information and help inform
the design of the commercial SNCR plant, in
particular its injection levels and the number
and positions of the injectors.
The temperature measurements were
performed at the end of the combustion
chamber (at 39 metres) with different
loads and confgurations of pulverisers.
Four symmetric zone temperatures were
determined from the temperature matrix
and the surface average value was used to
calculate deviations for the zones. It showed
the average temperature at the end of
the combustion chamber varied between
750 C at low load (45 MWe, burner level 1)
and 1155 C at full load (185 MWe, with all
burners in operation).
The fnal engineering concept for the
SNCR plant for the the 200 MWe coal-fred
plant was based on the analyses of the
temperature measurements and the tests
with the SNCR demonstration plant
A simplifed process fow chart in Figure 2
shows the function and the scope of supply
of the commercial SNCR plant as designed,
installed and commissioned in the power
plant. Because of the signifcant temperature
differences between low load and full load, as
well as the extreme temperature imbalances,
fve injection levels were installed from
2651.8 metres. The injectors were arranged
so that the right and the left sides of the boiler
could be controlled independently, with
each injection lance individually activated
or deactivated.
The commercial SNCR plant entered
operation in March 2010. The guaranteed
NOx and NH
3
clean gas values were attained
in most cases, with boiler loads ranging from
20100 per cent.
The subsequent optimisation phase,
however, was time consuming because
at each of the fve injection levels the
Figure 2: A fow diagram of the commercial SNCR plant, featuring fve injection levels and agam
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temperature profle had to be measured
at various loads with suction pyrometers
to calculate the difference from the
temperatures measured with the agam at
the 39-metre level. This was necessary to
determine which lances should be operated
at various average temperatures in the zones
and at which temperatures the switching
should be effected at given loads.
SNCR demo in a 225 MWe plant
In a Polish power station with fve 225 MW
coal-fred boilers, an SNCR demonstration was
carried out to validate that a NOx reduction
of at least 25 per cent can be achieved safely
at any boiler load between 40100 per cent.
Temperature measurements, which
could only be performed at two openings at
47.4 metres, found imbalances of more than
120 K between the measuring points. It was
not possible to make further measurements
because there were no other openings large
enough to accommodate a pyrometer
lance. During the tests, the urea was injected
through openings at levels 37.9 metres and
47.4 metres from the front wall, as well as from
the side walls at 47.4 metres.
Despite these challenges the results were
very positive, with NOx reduction far above
the 25 per cent target at all loads and at
almost 60 per cent with 75 per cent load.
In a commercial plant, a third level
for injecting the reagent would improve
performance, especially regarding effciency
and NH
3
slip. To minimise this, a small catalyst
could be introduced at the end of the boiler.
But with an agam like the one installed in the
German boiler the reagent could be injected
more precisely at the optimum temperatures.
As a result the slip could be maintained low
enough to keep the ammonia concentration
in the fy ash below an acceptable limit so
that an additional catalyst slice would not
be needed.
Overall plant availability is essentially
unaffected by SNCR systems. Components
critical for plant operation such as pumps
are provided with redundancy. Although, the
injection lances in contact with the fue gas
must be regularly checked and serviced,
they can be checked during operation and
replaced relatively quickly if required.
The SNCR system in the German power
plant, for example, is equipped with an
automatic data acquisition system to facilitate
fault diagnosis and settings via remote data
connection. The higher investment costs of
such a system can be paid off within a short
period of time since the expense of costly visits
of service engineers can be avoided.
The TWiN-NOx process
Once the decision to use a SNCR system has
been made it is crucial to select the best
reagent. Urea offers advantages in availability,
logistics and cost. Yet process considerations
could make ammonia water the better option.
Coal-fred boilers essentially fall into
two design concepts. The main boiler
design features two fue gas passes and a
contraction nose at the end of the furnace.
The alternative is the tower boiler.
In the two-pass boiler at full load the
optimum temperature is mostly in the level of or
1302PEI_37 37 2/15/13 9:22 AM
within the super heaters. The use of ammonia
water as a reagent is often limited by the
temperatures, which are mostly too high, so that
a lot of the ammonia will burn to NOx before
it can reach the area with lower temperatures
within the heat exchangers. Therefore, the
overall NOx-reduction is not optimised.
With urea solution, the situation is easier
to handle because by the time the water
droplet surrounding the urea particle has
evaporated, the NH
2
of the decomposed urea
will have reached the cooler area. However,
there is serious concern that droplets
containing urea would impinge on the boiler
tubes causing corrosion and damage of the
tubes. Therefore, special attention has to be
paid to the positioning, maintenance and
operation of the injectors.
The situation with tower boilers is no
easier, although the reagent can be injected
in most applications from all four sides of
the boiler.Only the intermediate area lying
between the colder boiler walls and the
hot centre offers an optimum temperature
range for the reactions. Special measures
are needed to achieve suffcient distribution
of the reagent in the fue gas. One alternative
is to inject the reagent in several levels
simultaneously with different penetration
depths and to use lances of different lengths.
But optimum distribution of the reagent is still
diffcult to achieve.
During the testing of the SNCR process
in the 200 MWe coal-fred boiler, in
Germany urea solution was used despite
the subsequent commercial plant utilising
ammonia water. However, the operating
results of the commercial plant did not meet
expectations, especially at full load.
Disappointingly results showed that
automatic control was no better than the
manually-controlled trial equipment. The
only signifcant difference is that ammonia
water is used in the commercial plant. It may
perform less well than urea because it reacts
too close to the boiler wall.
To investigate this, additional tests with
urea were performed in the commercial
plant. The results showed that immediately
after injection of urea, NOx reduction rose
and consumption of the reagent fell, but
concern remained over ureas impact on the
boiler tubes.
Further tests showed that the low volatility
reagents (urea solution NOxAMID) are
indeed released at the end of the droplet
trajectories while the high volatility reagents
(NH
3
) are released near the droplet source
close to the boiler walls.
Subsequent tests showed that by
changing the reagents according to
operating conditions the performance of
the SNCR could be improved considerably.
From there, it was a small step to mix the two
reagents and inject various mixtures into the
furnace to combine the best features of both.
A commercial plant has now been
built that can be operated alternately
or simultaneously with urea solution and
ammonia water (Figure 3). This process,
called TWiN-NOx, gives a more effective and
wider temperature and load range, higher
effciency, lower NH
3
slip, less consumption of
reagent and minimum risk of corrosion.
The future for SNCR
SNCR has now been demonstrated to provide
results that are comparable with those for
catalytic NOx reduction but at a fraction of
the cost. Even in large combustion plants,
greater NOx reduction can now be achieved
through temperature-controlled adjustment
of individual lances. The temperature profle
could be signifcantly improved and extreme
NOx peaks prevented if temperatures
measured by agam were used not only
for regulating the SCNR plant but also for
optimising the combustion process.
All feasible and commercially justifed
technological measures such as optimising
combustion and fue gas recirculation
should be taken. A small additional slice of
catalyst at the tail end of the boiler could
minimise the NH
3
slip. The TWiN-NOx process
is expected to open up further potential for
improvement.
Over many years of continuous operation
at various combustion plants, SNCR has
proven to be reliable and economical for NOx
reduction. In the power plants highlighted
here expectations were always met and
generally exceeded.
From the process point of view, it is
almost irrelevant whether urea solution or
ammonia water is used as long as plants
are engineered, installed and operated
in an appropriate manner. In Germany,
Sweden and the Netherlands, SNCR has
been operating for several years in waste
incineration plants with designed NOx limits of
<100 mg/Nm. These plants reliably comply with
guaranteed values in continuous operation.
Newer plants, equipped with agam and three
injection levels, achieve low NH
3
slip, low NOx
clean gas values and high effciency.
Although SCR can offer slightly higher
NOx reduction levels, the cost-beneft ratio
is generally lower, particularly as NOx values
below 300 mg/Nm are now generally
obtained at large coal-fred boilers through
combustion modifcations alone.
Finally, promising test results have now
been recorded for oil-fred, as well as coal-
fred plants with capacities up to 225 MW.
In heavily coal dependent countries like
Poland and the Czech Republic, the SNCR
deNOx process for large power plants are
beginning to fnd favour.
i
Figure 3: A commercial plant utilising the TWiN-NOx SNCR process in now in operation
1302PEI_38 38 2/15/13 9:22 AM
30 October 1 November 2013
Sandton Convention Centre
Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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1302PEI_39 39 2/15/13 9:22 AM
Micro-CHP in Europe
A
lthough Elcore GmbH, a
German maker of fuel cell
micro-CHP units, only has a
few of its products in homes
in its domestic market, it
already has high hopes of
selling plenty on a fully commercial basis from
later this year before spreading its wings into
other European markets.
The Munich-based frms optimism rests
largely on being among nine suppliers picked
in the 53 million ($71 million) European-wide
Field Trials for Residential Fuel Cell micro-CHP
project (Ene.feld).
Under the initiative, European Union (EU)
utility companies, manufacturers, research
institutes and universities will collaborate on
feld trials across 12 EU Member States of fuel
cell micro-CHP units ranging from 0.3 kWe to
5 kWe, and powered with natural gas and,
subsequently, hydrogen.
By September 2014, 960 units are due to be
installed, with each running as a demonstrator
project for three years, during which lifecycle
costs and barriers to commercialisation will
beassessed.
For fuel cell micro-CHP, the project has
come at a good time. Currently, no units are
being sold on a fully commercial basis in
Europe. Full launch targets have been pushed
back and investor confdence is low.
Many people that we speak to in the
industry feel that its now or never for the
technology, says Scott Dwyer, micro-CHP
research manager at Delta-ee, analysts based
in Edinburgh, UK.
But with things like Ene.feld and other
national feld trial projects such as CALLUX
and NIP, both in Germany, and one in Denmark
we think its justifable to expect a wave of
product launches in the next two to four years.
A range of technologies is to be scrutinised
under Ene.feld: high-temperature (HT) solid
oxide fuel cells (SOFC); low-temperature (LT)
SOFC; HT proton exchange membrane fuel
cells (PEMFC); and LT PEMFC.
The units will be integrated into various
European heating systems both foor
standing and wall hung either in the home
or in separate installation cabinets.
The goals are to demonstrate market
potential and segmentation; gauge the
manufacturing and operating costs, and
the environmental benefts of fuel cell micro-
CHP; develop product specifcations and
harmonised codes and standards; ready a
supply chain for commercial deployment
of fuel cell micro-CHP in the 12 participating
Member States; and provide evidence to
speed up policy support from governments
and broader adoption by new and existing
sales channels such as through utilities.
The European Commissions Fuel Cells
and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) is
committing nearly 26 million to Ene.feld over
60 months from 1 September 2012, as one of
the Joint Technology Initiatives (JTIs) under the
EUs outgoing 7th Framework Programme for
funding research and development.
The European Commissions Directorate
General for Energy (DG Energy) expects
this spend to leverage at least the same
Micro-CHP in Europe
Mega trial
opens Europe
to micro-CHP
An ambitious initiative
across 12 European
nations, involving utilities,
manufacturers and
research institutions, aims
to test the potential for
fuel cell micro-CHP in
the EU residential market,
reports Robert Stokes
1302PEI_40 40 2/15/13 9:24 AM
Micro-CHP in Europe
commitment from participating industries,
half of whom are small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs), such as Elcore.
Insight into new markets
For Elcore, contributing to Ene.feld is a no-
brainer, given the benefts it believes it will
reap from installing about 135 trial units in
households in Germany and three other
countries yet to be decided, but possibly
including the Netherlands.
Ene.feld will give us exposure to
foreign markets so that we can learn what
customers there like and do not like, says
Martin Eichelbrnner, Elcores sales and
marketingmanager.
It will also introduce us to different
certifcation regimes. This will be valuable to
us, though one of the ultimate challenges that
needs to be addressed is standardisation of
these throughout Europe, he adds.
This neatly reinforces key points about
Ene.feld. It will share the knowledge gained
from testing a range of technologies in
highly varied residential markets, climates
and types of houses throughout the EU. Take
Germany, for instance. Elcore already has
a few units operating in homes there and
plans to offer many more systems from late
2013, quite separately from its involvement in
Ene.feld.
According to Eichelbrnner, these
commercial units will be offered at about
9000 each, inclusive of value added tax.
Subsidies for micro-CHP units in Germany
currently only cover up to 500 per unit, but
Eichelbrnner says experience suggests that
German customers would fnd the 9000
price tag acceptable, especially set against a
claimed payback time of only seven or eight
years, as well as savings of up to 50 per cent
on their electricity bills.
Its approach is to offer units that sweat
for customers by working 24/7 to deliver
baseload electricity of 300 We and baseload
heating of 600 Wth. This value proposition has
already been validated in Germany but Ene.
feld means that households in several other
countries will get to assess this approach for
themselves, said Eichelbrnner.
In the UK, 9000 (7780) could look a bit
steep to consumers who tend to grumble
about having to spend even 1500 ($2300)
on a replacement hot water boiler. So
Ene.feld aims to reveal the nuances of such
socio-economic barriers to the deployment of
fuel cell micro-CHP.
Ene.feld feld trials will allow the fne
tuning of fuel cell micro-CHP units
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1302PEI_41 41 2/15/13 9:24 AM
Micro-CHP in Europe
In Japan for instance, says Dwyer, one of
the main routes to market for fuel cell micro-
CHP is through housing developers who build
a huge number of houses each year and
differentiate themselves, for example, by telling
buyers they can generate their own power by
having a fuel cell micro-CHP installed,
But a larger proportion of people in Japan
build or buy new homes rather than buying
second-hand, which is more prevalent in
Europe. In Germany, a lot of heating systems
tend to be sold by installers, who are generally
quite loyal to manufacturers, says Dwyer. In
the UK, France and the Netherlands theres
a low market for boilers as people just tend
to buy them as a distress purchase and
begrudge the price.
And the end customer is not really that
interested in the niceties of the technology
but in the up-front cost of the units and their
installation; the space that they take up; noise;
ease of operation; energy savings; reliability;
ongoing inspection, repair and maintenance
costs; parts availability; the service levels
provided by installers and utilities; and, if they
are sophisticated enough to take a long view,
the payback time.
Innovative business models will be crucial
in Europe, says Dwyer. No-one knows which
one will be successful, but we reckon that as
soon as one takes off therell be quite a few
companies trying to follow that.
Targeting lower demand
Yet Ene.feld is a large and expensive EU
research project: 53 million is a huge sum
for the trials, as is the 26 million from the EU,
particularly when the private sector is already
conducting extensive fuel cell micro-CHP feld
trials in Germany and Denmark.
Why invest so much? For one thing,
DG Energy hopes the substantial public
investment will catalyse the development
of ways to overcome obstacles to the
EUs ambitious goal of cutting energy
consumption by 20 per cent.
Based on the most recent fgures available,
EU households consumed 307.3 million
tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy in
2010. Viewed another way, residential users
consume 27 per cent of EU energy. Reducing
this by a quarter would cut 6.75 per cent from
EU energy consumption, more than a third of
the targeted reduction.
Previous studies suggest this is achievable,
according to DG Energy. It believes that
policies adopted by the end of 2009 will
help cut consumption by about 8 per cent
by 2020. Some of the outstanding reduction
can be reached through further measures on
fnancing, more stringent implementation of
the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
and the new Energy Effciency Directive, says a
spokesperson for DG Energy.
Across the EU, average energy
consumption per household was 1.5 toe in
2009 and annual residential consumption
for buildings was around 200 kWh per square
metre. But, unsurprisingly given Europes varied
climate and wealth, Member States showed
considerable differences.
The share of micro-CHP in general in
household heating and cooling currently
ranges from zero to a fraction of a percentage
depending on country, according to the
Commissions FCH JU. But DG Energy sees
potential for all types of micro-CHP to yield
collective signifcant primary energy
savings in the residential and services sector
through replacing less effcient heating and
cooling options.
The Commissions estimate of micro-CHP
heaters market shares for space heating,
based on devices with energy class labelling
up to A+ are: 2010, 0.1 per cent; 2020, 1 per
cent; 2030, 4 per cent. There is no differentiation
between fuel cells and other types of micro-
CHP in these estimates, but the anticipated
trend is clear and fuel cell micro-CHP is of
particular interest because of the alignment
between its characteristics and residential
energy use trends.
The electrical effciency of fuel cell micro-
CHP is higher than for a normal CHP, says
Mirela Atanasiu, project manager at the FCH
JU. And we are moving towards everything
being electrical, as it is in my own house. I do
not need a boiler, and a fuel cell micro-CHP
can provide more electricity and less heat.
The current state of the art for fuel cell
micro-CHP is 30 per cent electrical effciency,
overall effciency of 70-85 per cent, a lifetime
of three years, a capital cost per unit of
50,000 per kWe, and hand-made
manufacturing. This is according to COGEN
Europe, the Brussels based association for
the promotion of cogeneration, which co-
ordinates and disseminates Ene.feld on
behalf of the FCH JU.
Credit: COGEN Europe
6
233
90
179
130
5
15
70
20
167
30
15
Number of fuel cell micro-CHP units planned for Ene.Field trials
1302PEI_42 42 2/15/13 9:24 AM
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1302PEI_43 43 2/15/13 9:24 AM
Micro-CHP in Europe
The expected performance with Ene.feld
will be 35-50 per cent electrical effciency, up
to 90 per cent overall effciency, lifetimes up to
eight years, capital costs of 13,00027,000
per kWe (excluding a 300 W unit involved)
and with potential to get below 10,000 per
kWe. The aim is to reach pre-serial to serial
production too.
The manufacturers do not see fuel cell
micro-CHP as the only solution to cutting
residential energy use, but as complementary
to other solutions, says Atanasiu.
Other features to Ene.feld make delving
beneath the headline spend instructive,
according to Dr. Fiona Riddoch, managing
director at COGEN Europe.
Its a big project by any standards, but a
lot of the apparent complexity is in making the
products themselves and that is something
that the manufacturers are taking care of,
shesays.
Although the [fnancial] sums seem huge,
much of that is because of the hardware
involved. The advantage of Ene.feld is that
the manufacturers are taking responsibility
for identifying implementation sites and
carrying out feld trials for their own units. So it
is a fairly decentralised project with no central
agenda and with everyone creating their own
timescales within the overall remit.
Ene.feld gets underway
Manufacturers Hexis AG, Switzerland, and Baxi
Innotech, Germany, will be frst into feld trials
under Ene.feld, says Atanasiu. They were
just waiting for the frst payment from us, and
they will deploy in the frst quarter of 2013. We
expect most of the projects units to be in the
feld within two years to run for three years.
Hexis has been talking to municipalities in
Slovenia, which could be the frst locations
involved, she adds. The Trento province of
northern Italy is another location that has
engaged strongly with the project, says
COGEN EuropesDr. Riddoch.
On current plans, 233 units will be installed
in the UK, 179 in Germany, 167 in Italy, 130 in
The Netherlands, 90 in Denmark, 70 in France,
30 in Austria, 20 in Spain, 15 in both Luxembourg
and Slovenia, six in Ireland and fve in Belgium.
HyER [Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Electro-
mobility in European Regions Association],
which promotes the use of hydrogen as
an energy source, is an important partner
in Ene.feld in this regard, says Antanasiu.
They have very good contact with regions
and municipalities and have helped
manufacturers fnd places to install units and
put them in touch with utilities. So we now
have all the actors in the project and some of
the commercial interests will reach the point
where they can really take the step forward to
full commercialisation.
COGEN Europes role is key, adds Antanasiu.
Because there are a lot of competing
commercial interests involved, COGEN Europe
is really the only one that can co-ordinate it.
Its job is to work with the EU institutions
funding Ene.feld and to gather and
disseminate information to interest groups for
use by the industry.
Dr. Riddoch also points out the strong
interest and commitment being shown by
municipalities that are keen to be testbeds
and which could eventually help to drag
through a fuel cell micro-CHP market by
choosing these systems for municipal housing
and other public buildings.
A market is no more than friends talking
to each other about a product or hearing
about it from some source. In that sense,
regions are ideal multipliers of awareness and
communication, she says.
To win EU funding, the Ene.feld partners
had to confrm upfront that they had identifed
installation sites. So the core sites have
already been identifed and the process is
understood, says Dr. Riddoch. COGEN Europe
will be representing Ene.feld at Hannover
Messe industrial fair in April. Come and see
us, she urges. The Ene.feld plan foresees
opportunities for increasing co-operation at
Member State and regional level with a range
of participants in the supply chain to the
customer, she adds.
Big in Japan
As Ene.feld springs into action, it has the
Ene.farm feld trials example from Japan to
inspire it. Japan was installing 5000 fuel cell
micro-CHP units in 2009 but is expected to
bring 50,000 on line this year, according to
Delta-ees Dwyer.
In Japan, we saw huge corporations such
as Panasonic and Toshiba sharing information
with the big gas utilities there and co-branding
products, which has worked really well for
them. Ene.feld is the frst time weve seen
something similarly co-ordinated in Europe
and its a step in the right direction.
With this kind of lead in know-how, and
with volume production bringing down
their unit costs, could the Japanese enjoy a
headstart in Europe if a real market develops?
Is Europe just kidding itself that it can build
an indigenous fuel cell micro-CHP industry of
signifcant value?
Japanese companies looking at Europe
have a number of hurdles to jump over,
says Dwyer. The gas qualitys very different in
Europe, the energy markets are very different,
the way people buy their heating systems,
mean the Japanese cant just decide to sell a
fuel cell micro-CHP product in Europe as they
would a hi-f or a television, he adds.
So they will ask what part of the fuel cell
unit could they have a cost advantage for?
They could end up using the same pumps,
pipes and casings as a European company
would. So they have to make the modifcations
and establish partnerships.
Nobody knows whos going to have the
ultimate advantage.
Robert Stokes is a journalist, who regulalry
writes on distributed energy/CHP matters.
Ene.feld participants
Fuel cell mCHP suppliers to
Ene.feld are Germanys Elcore, Bosch
Thermotechnik, Baxi Innotech, Riesaer
Brennstoffzellentechnik (RBZ), and Vaillant;
Switzerlands Hexis; the UKs Ceres Power;
Denmarks Dantherm Power; and Italys
SOFCpower.
The research partners are: The UKs
Imperial College, London, and Element
Energy Ltd; Germanys EIfER Europisches
Institut fr Energieforschung, Gaswarme-
Institut Essen EV, Gastechnologisches
Institut gGmbH; Denmarks Danmarks
Tekniske Universitet; Italys Politecnico di
Torino and ENVIPARK environment park.
Utilities that are full partners in
Ene.feld are: the UKs British Gas; Italys
Dolomiti Energia; Denmarks Dong Energy;
and Frances GDF Suez. Utilities that have
signed letters of intent to participate
include: Italys Edison, PVB, and ACEA;
Slovenias GIZ DZP; Kiwa and Eneco,
both of the Netherlands; Spains Gas
Natural Fenosa; Germanys Stadtwerke
Rsselheim; and Irelands Bord Gis.
Co-ordination and dissemination
roles are covered by COGEN Europe,
HyER, Slovenias Development Centre for
Hydrogen Technologies, and the
UKs Energy Saving Trust.
i
1302PEI_44 44 2/15/13 9:24 AM
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1302PEI_45 45 2/15/13 9:24 AM
Diary
Diary
April
Power & Electricity World Africa
611 April
Johannesburg, South Africa
www.terrapinn.com
China Epower 2013
810 April
Shanghai, PR China
www.chinaexhibition.com
Power and Energy Systems
1012 April
Phuket, Thailand
http://www.iasted.org/conferences/
Wind Farm Development:
European Offshore 2013
1011 April
Edinburgh, UK
www.wplgroup.com/aci/conferences
Integrated Waste Management
and Green Energy Engineering
1516 April
Johannesburg, South Africa
http://psrcentre.org
Power & Electricity World Asia
1518 April
Singapore
www.terrapinn.com
Saudi Arabian Energy EPC Projects
2124 April
Al- Khobar , Saudi Arabia
www.saudiepcprojects.com
UK Nuclear New Build: Certainty,
Delivery and Sustainability
23 April
London, UK
www.westminsterforumprojects.co.uk
The 6th Energy Storage Forum,
Europe
2325 April
Berlin, Germany
www.energystorageforum.com
Grid-Scale PV 2013
2425 April
Lyon, France
www.wplgroup.com/aci/conferences
May
HydroVision India
68 May
Mumbai, India
www.hydrovisionindia.com
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia
68 May
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www.power-genindia.com
Renewable Energy World India
68 May
Mumbai, India
www.renewableenergyworldindia.com
Powering Innovation: Eurelectric
Conference
14 May
Brussels, Belgium
www.eurelectric.org
Gas in the UK electricity market
30 May
London, UK
www.westminsterforumprojects.co.uk
June
Eurelectric Annual Convention
3-4 June
Bologna, Italy
www.eurelectric.org
POWER-GEN Europe
46 June
Vienna, Austria
www.powergeneurope.com
Renewable Energy World Europe
46 June
Vienna, Austria
www.renewableenergyworld-europe.com
Intersolar Europe
1721 May
Munich, Germany
www.intersolar.de/en/intersolar.html
July
HydroVision International
Denver, CO, US
2326 July
www.hydroevent.com
March
HydroVision Russia
56 March
Moscow, Russian Federation
www.russia-power.org
Russia Power
56 March
Moscow, Russian Federation
www.hydrovision-russia.com
Unconventional Gas
6-7 March
London, UK
www.smi-online.co.uk
Deeper Water Offshore Wind
67 March
London, UK
www.offshorewindconference.com
WTUI Conference
1013 March
San Diego, CA, US
www.wtui.com
European Nuclear Forum
1213 March
Prague, Czech Republic
http://marketforce.eu.com
The Future of Utilities
1921 March
London, UK
http://marketforce.eu.com
Iraq Energy Projects 2013
2527 March
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
www.iraqenergyprojects.com
REA Symposium
26 March
London, UK
www.r-e-a.net/events/rea-symposium-2013
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1302PEI_46 46 2/15/13 9:24 AM
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Enjoy regular exposure in between audio visual news and power generation content, your video will help you capture
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1302PEI_47 47 2/15/13 9:24 AM
Project/Tech Update
PROJECT UPDATE
Aggreko to test
Brazilian wind farms
Aggreko has been chosen by one of the
largest independent renewable power
generation companies in Brazil to conduct
performance tests at the Morro do Ventos
wind farms in the northeast of the country.
Aggreko will supply load banks a
recreation of the load that a power source
will generate for commissioning tests of the
145 MW wind farms, which are operated by
Dobreve Energia. Load bank testing ensures
that the wind farm is ready for grid connection.
Diogenes Paoli Neto, managing director
of Aggreko South America, said Aggrekos
load banks have been used for many
years in more traditional sectors such as
manufacturing, oil and gas and shipping. Our
equipment has been built to work with any
power source, allowing us support test needs
of all technologies, traditional or new.
Meanwhile, Aggreko has opened its
frst service centre in Namibia. The facility
is Aggrekos sixth in its southern and east
African network and the companys regional
managing director James Shepherd said the
expansion into Namibia was a major step in
our strategy to build a local presence. As the
region continues its strong growth, Aggreko
is well placed to support this growth through
the provision of the world leading temporary
power and temperature control services.
ABB clinches US
and UK contracts
ABB has won an order worth around $260 million
from US utility Bonneville Power Administration,
part of the US Department of Energy, to upgrade
the existing Celilo high-voltage direct current
converter station in Oregon.
This station is an important part of the
electricity link between the Pacifc Northwest
and southern California and was commissioned
more than 40 years ago in 1970.
The Celilo converter station is located at the
north end of the Pacifc DC Intertie, also known
as Path 65, which has a capacity of 3100 MW
and originates near the Columbia River. This
Intertie is 846 miles long and connects to the
Sylmar converter station in the south.
Key components of the station upgrade
include valves, controls, transformers as well
as switchgear and cooling equipment. As
well as modernising the converter station, the
upgrade will also make it possible to boost
capacity up to 3800 MW. ABB carried out
a similar upgrade of the Sylmar converter
station in 2004.
Brice Koch, head of ABBs Power Systems
division, said the upgrade will enhance the
reliability of this important HVDC link, thereby
reducing the risk of blackouts and helping to
secure power supply in the region.
ABB has also won an order to supply a
dual channel automatic voltage regulator
(AVR) for Eggborough Powers coal-fred
power station in Goole, England.
Eggborough Power Station provides
around 2000 MW for the UKs National Grid.
The plant went online in 1967 and became
an independent business in 2010.
From the 1990s a number of upgrades
have been undertaken to improve
environmental performance and to replace
major components with more effcient modern
designs, the latest of which is the upgrading of
the power stations AVRs.
ABB is manufacturing a complete
replacement for the existing AVR equipment,
based on its UNITROL 6080 Automatic Voltage
Regulators with dual auto channels and dual
power converters replacing one of the existing
single channel AVR units, while retaining the
rotating exciters.
The UNITROL 6080 is based on the AC
800PEC high performance processor family,
which is an extension of ABBs 800xA control
platform, developed to meet the fast control
requirements of power electronics.
MHI and Marubeni to
revamp GTCC plant
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Marubeni
Corporation have jointly signed a contract
with NTPC to rehabilitate a 663.36 MW gas
turbine combined cycle (GTCC) power
station in Auraiya, in Indias Uttar Pradesh state.
Under the turnkey contract, the two
companies will revamp gas turbines, renew
control equipment and supply and install
equipment. The project is slated to be
Aggrekos service centre in Namibia.
Credit: Aggreko
Eggborough power station: ABB will supply
it with a dual channel AVR.
Credit: ABB
1302PEI_48 48 2/15/13 9:24 AM
September 2426, 2013
Transamerica Expo Center
So Paulo, Brasil
Owned & Produced by: Presented by: Co-located Events:
INTRODUCING
POWER-GEN BRASIL
Latin Americas newest event covering the key technologies, trends and challenges for
the power generation industry.
Co-located with HydroVision Brasil and DistribuTECH Brasil, POWER-GEN Brasil
provides a strategic platform for information exchange, networking and new business
development for the power generation market. With Brasil facing a need for a massive
expansion of its energy sector to keep pace with the demands of economic growth,
POWER-GEN Brasils technical conference will address key issues and hot topics, plus
feature an exhibition showcasing hundreds of products and services from leading
equipment manufacturers and suppliers.
www. power- genbrasi l . com
1302PEI_49 49 2/15/13 9:24 AM
Project/Tech Update
completed in April 2015. The Auraiya GTCC
power station has been operating since 1990.
The rehabilitation work is expected to boost its
installed capacity by 55 MW and extend its
service life by more than ten years.
Europes largest land
wind park goes online
CEZ Groups 600 MW Fantanele/Cogealac
wind park, Europes largest onshore wind
project, has entered full operation in Romania.
The project in Dobrogea, Constanta
County, features 240 GE 2.5 MW wind turbines.
Ondrej Safar, CEZ project manager, said:
Thanks to the Fantanele/Cogealac wind
farm, CEZ is making a major contribution
to increasing Romanias renewable energy
generation. Before this project, Romanias
installed wind capacity was only 14 MW.
The individual wind turbine components
for the Fantanele/Cogealac wind farm were
produced all over the world. The turbine
nacelles were supplied from GEs facility in
Salzbergen, Germany. The rotor blades and
towers came from Germany, Brazil, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Poland and China.
The size of the components one
rotor blade measures nearly 50 meters in
length and the number of units required
comprehensive planning. Twelve modes
of transport were needed to move the
components for each turbine from the port
of Constanta on the Black Sea to the project
site. At peak times, 25 cranes were in action
at once.
Metso recovery boiler
fres up at pulp plant
The Metso-supplied evaporation plant and
recovery boiler for Eldorado Celulose e Papel
S.A. have been started up successfully at
Eldorados Trs Lagoas mill in Brazil.
The mill, the largest single-line pulp mill in
the world, counts on Metsos cutting-edge
equipment in its recovery line.
The evaporation plant, with a capacity of
1600 tonnes an hour of evaporated water, is
the largest single line evaporation plant in the
world with the purpose of concentrating black
liquor up to 80 per cent dry solids content for
effcient and low-emission combustion in the
recovery boiler.
The recovery boiler is also among the
largest in the world in operation and has a
6800 tonnes of dry solids/day black liquor
burning capacity and steam generation of
1109 tonnes of steam/hour. The steam will be
used in the pulp manufacturing process and
in power generation to supply the entire mill
and produce a signifcant amount of power
surplus. Additionally, the recovery boiler has
high chemical recovery effciency making
the mill economically and environmentally
sustainable.
Sayano-Shushenskaya
sees new unit online
A fourth new hydropower unit has been
commissioned at Sayano-Shushenskaya
hydropower plant, Russias largest
hydroelectric plant.
The plant run by RusHydro was closed in
2009 following an accident which resulted
in the deaths of 75 people, damage to all
10 turbines and the collapse of the turbine
hall roof.
Since then, new units have been
manufactured and installed by Power
Machines.
Prior to the commissioning of unit No.
9, a series of start-up tests were performed,
including testing of individual equipment and
systems of the unit, idle running of the turbine,
as well as reliability run of the unit equipment
and systems during 72 hours.
Unit No. 9 has the same functions as units
1, 7 and 8 which were commissioned in 2011
and last year.
UK frm in bid to build
longest turbine blade
A UK frm is building what it believes will be the
longest ever wind turbine blades.
In a 15.5m ($24.8m) project, Blade
Dynamics which is based in the Isle of
Wight off the south coast of England will
construct blades of between 80 to 100 metres
in length, incorporating carbon fbre rather
than conventional fbre glass. Blades currently
deployed offshore are between 60 to 75
metres in length.
The blades are expected to be put into
production by late 2014, with structural trials to
be carried out at a UK test facility.
Blade Dynamics claims the blades will
weigh up to 40 per cent less than their
conventional glass-fbre counterparts, which
would enable signifcant cost savings
throughout the rest of the turbine system.
The blades are expected to be utilised on
the next generation of large offshore wind
turbines currently under development with a
capacity of 8 to10 MW.
The project is being backed by the UKs
Energy Technologies Institute, which will
become an equity investor in Blade Dynamics.
Blade Dynamics senior technical manager
David Cripps said: Financial backing from the
ETI for this project allows deployment on ultra-
large turbines far sooner than would otherwise
have been possible and as a result of this
project we will be hiring new engineers and
technologists to make this possible.
He added that longer, low weight blades
were a key part of the solution to making the
generation of electricity through offshore wind
both more reliable and more economical.
The ETIs offshore wind project manager
Paul Trinick said: Offshore wind has the
potential to be a much larger contributor to
the UK energy system if todays costs can be
signifcantly reduced. Investing in this project
is a key step for the whole industry in paving
the way for more effcient turbines, which will
in turn help bring the costs of generating
electricity down.
Thinking big: bid for largest blades.
Credit: Blade Dynamics
1302PEI_50 50 2/15/13 9:24 AM
Project/Tech Update
EQUIPMENT UPDATE
Alstom installs 1 MW
tidal turbine for testing
Alstom has installed a 1 MW tidal turbine at
the European Marine Energy Centres full-
scale test site in Orkney, Scotland.
The 1MW tidal turbine is ftted on the same
tripod support structure used to deploy a
previously tested 500kW device.
It will now be tested in different operational
conditions off Orkney over an 18 month period.
Jacques Jamart, senior vice-president of
Alstom New Energies, said: This new milestone
installation is a step further towards the
commercialisation of this new power solution.
The aim of this project is also to demonstrate a
new, effcient and reliable turbine design.
The turbine has a rotor diameter of 18
metres, a 22 m-long nacelle and a weight of
150 tonnes. It has three pitchable blades and
operates, fully submerged, at a depth of 40
meters, by rotating to face the incoming tide.
Cummins unveils new
mobile gensets
Cummins Power Generation has
launched four new mobile generator
sets specifcally designed for rental
applications.
Ranging from 150-300 kVA, the new
models include the Cummins QSL9
and QSB7 diesel engines. Supplied
as pre-integrated systems, Cummins
says the new models are ideal for
construction, industrial and events
applications.
Available in 150, 200, 250 and 300
kVA confgurations, the generator sets have
been designed by Cummins new team
of specialist rental engineers. All four new
models beneft from Cummins made key
components supplied as a pre-integrated
system, which the company says increases
maintenance effciency as any potential
issues for the engine, alternator or control
system can be resolved by a single engineer.
GE targets turbine
degradation with flter
GE has introduced ClearCurrent PRO, a gas
turbine inlet flter cartridge that has been
feld tested and shown to positively affect gas
turbine performance while helping to reduce
the effects of turbine degradation.
The fltration portfolio expansion supports
GEs growing focus on the use of natural
gas for power generation. GEs ClearCurrent
PRO cartridge flters are compatible with GEs
FlexEffciency portfolio.
Over the next fve years, GE plans to invest
nearly $11 million to improve its facilities that
produce the ClearCurrent PRO cartridges.
Keith White, general manager of GEs Air
Filtration business, said ClearCurrent PROs
inlet flter offers enhanced output and lower
fuel costs for turbine operators.
Degradation-based maintenance is very
important to turbine operators, added Paul
Sennett, product line leader for gas turbine
inlet systems at GE. Our PRO technology
can help reduce that
degradation and make
it so that the choice of
inlet flters has a direct
correlation to turbine
performance.
Martin Engineerings
brush with conveyors
A new powered brush cleaner for conveyor
belt applications has been introduced by
Martin Engineering.
The rotating design removes material
accumulation and dust in diffcult
applications, even in conditions involving
sticky materials or stringy fbers such as coal
and biomass.
Martin states that the 230/460-volt, 3-phase
electric motor provides successful cleaning
with minimal power consumption. A 1 HP
motor powers the units for 18-42 inch belts,
and a 2 HP motor drives the cleaners for 48-96
inch belts. The motor can be operated in either
direction, and the unit can be installed on the
left or right side of the cleaner, depending on
the plants requirements.
Parker to overhaul
Danfoss water pumps
Motion and control technology company
Parker Aerospace, part of Parker Hannifn
Corp, is to overhaul and recertify the Danfoss
series of high-pressure water pumps for power
generation industry applications.
Danfoss provides high-pressure
water pumps to industry leaders such
as General Electric, Rolls-Royce, and
Siemens. The initial overhaul and
recertifcation work will be performed
at Parkers gas turbine fuel systems
division facility in Massachusetts.
High tide: Alstoms 1MW turbine.
Credit: Alstom
Clean sweep: Martins brush cleaner.
Credit: Martin Engineering
GEs ClearCurrent PRO
Credit: GE
1302PEI_51 51 2/15/13 9:24 AM
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1302PEI_52 52 2/15/13 9:25 AM
6-8 MAY 2013
BOMBAY EXHIBITION CENTRE,
GOREGAON, MUMBAI, INDIA
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME ANNOUNCED
Taking place from 6 -8 May 2013 at the Bombay Exhibition Centre in Mumbai,
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia, along with co-located events Renewable
Energy World India and HydroVision India, is the regions premier conference
and exhibition for the power industry.
Under the theme, Indian Power - Time to Deliver, this three-way event features
a world-class conference programme that covers hot topics, benchmark
industry projects, thought-provoking issues and developments by world-
leading experts from around the globe.
Highlights of Conference Topics include:
Indian Power Time to Deliver (Panel Discussion) Improving Boiler Effciency
Power Supply & Distribution Financing Renewable Energy PV & Indias
Solar Mission Financing of Hydro Projects And much more!
This three-day event also offers a leading industry exhibition showcase and
excellent business networking opportunities.
Join us at POWER-GEN India & Central Asia, Renewable Energy World
India or HydroVision India 2013 and discover new ideas, technologies and
developments and source the latest products and services showcased by
leading companies and suppliers from within India and around the world.
For further conference and exhibition details visit the websites.
INDIAN POWER
TIME TO
DELIVER
www.power-gen-india.com www.renewablenenergyworldindia.com www.hydrovisionindia.com
Event Organizers: Presented by:

Supporting
Organization:
For speaker and conference enquiries, please contact: For exhibitor and sponsorship enquiries, please contact:
POWER-GEN India
& Central Asia
Samantha Malcolm
Conference Manager
T: +44 (0) 1992 656 619
F: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E: samantham@pennwell.com
HydroVision India
Amy Nash
Conference Manager
T: +44 (0) 1992 656 621
F: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E: amyn@pennwell.com
POWER-GEN India
& Central Asia
Kelvin Marlow
Exhibit Sales Manager
T: +44 (0) 1992 656 610
F: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E: kelvinm@pennwell.com
HydroVision India
Tom Marler
Exhibit Sales Manager
T: +44 (0) 1992 656 608
F: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E: tomm@pennwell.com
REGISTER BEFORE 5 APRIL 2013 TO
GET YOUR EARLY BIRD DISCOUNT.
1302PEI_C3 C3 2/15/13 9:06 AM
1302PEI_C4 C4 2/15/13 9:06 AM

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The magazine for the international power industry

MIDDLE EAST EYES A

Admiring the power of nature

For more information, enter 14 at pei.hotims.com

July 23 26, 2013

Event Organizers: Presented by:

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