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Coal Mining
Ground
Drilling Explosion
Coal Layer
Coal Mining
Work of coal extracting from its natural environment, processing and transportation to the place that it will be used. Disassembly of the coal layer (drilling and / or detonation with explosives), charging, transporting and crushing to a suitable size for further processing.
Coal Mining
Stages of the coal industry
1. Exploratory Geological Research Geophysical Research Drilling Research 2. Viability Studying 3. Exploration Mining Development Mining Operation Coal processing 4. Transportation 5. Utilization
Coal Mining
Activities before coal mining
Coal localization and avaliation Local Geology Geophysics Geochemistry Drilling Sampling
Reserves evaluation Drilling (mash) Pit or tunnel drilling Evaluation Deposit Geology Mineralogy Mining methods Mineral processing Economy Environment Planning Mininh methods seletion installation needs Project and engineering
OPENING AND DEVELOPMENT Opening of the pit and tunnels Stripping Surfaces and undergrounds constructions
Mining
Coal Mining
The first stage for the implantation of a mining unit is the establishment of a research program, drilling teams, using simultaneously several drilling machines, take the probe evidency. Probe evidence are samples of 50 mm in diameter for definition of reserves / characterization of coal or 200 mm in diameter, in sufficient quantities for various tests, including those of washability. Tests can get information on coal quality on the geological layer characteristics, providing a perfect project of the mine, of the preparation plant and the subsequent use of coal.
Coal Mining
E X P L O R A T O R Y
Probe evidency
Coal Mining
Inorganic
Float-Sink Test
Inorganic Moisture Moisture Organic Matter
Organic Matter
Complete characterization
Complete characterization
Coal Mining
Washability curve It is made by the determination of the properties (ash, volatile matter and sulfur) of the fractions that sink to a certain density of the dense liquid and float into another density a bit higher. It also determines the percentage by weight of each of these fractions. Os valores acumulados so calculados, tabelando-se os rendimentos, matria voltil, cinza e enxofre para os carves flutuados em diversas densidades. O carvo metalrgico considerado como o flutuado em meio denso a vrias densidades. A planta de preparao projetada para remover a poro no-combustvel do carvo a um custo operacional mnimo e um rendimento timo.
Coal Mining
Types of Coal Mining
Open Pit
Underground
Ground
Drilling Explosion
Coal Layer
Coal Mining
Stages of coal mining
Geology Sampling Research Digging stability Project and engineering Suply services
Energy Maintenance Occupational health and security Ventilation Water control Land recovering
ROM
Coal Mining
Steps to coal mining:
Coal Mining
Open pit
Coal Mining
Open Pit
Coal Mining
Open Pit
Coal Mining
Open Pit
Coal Mining
Open Pit
Coal Mining
Open Pit
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground mining
Coal Mining
Underground Mining
Coal Mining
Underground mining Longwall
Coal Mining
Underground Mining Longwall
Coal Mining
Underground Mining Longwall
Coal Mining
Coal Processing
ROM
Classification Processing Pesquisa Digging stability Project and engineering Suply services Energy Maintenance Occupational health and security Ventilation Water control Land recovery
Comsumption products
Coal Mining
Coal processing
Run-of-Mine Process Washed coal
Magnetite is added to water to create an ambient in which multiple density levels are
created.
Coal Mining
Run-of-Mine
Coal beneficiation
Crusher
Fine coal
Medium coal
Thick coal
Froth Flotation
Tailing
Cyclone
Tailing
Dewatering screen Tailing Thickner Clean coal filter Centrifuging Dewatering screen
Clean coal
Clean coal
Clean coal
Coal Mining
Coal beneficiation
Run-of-Mine 55 to 60% of ash 1000 t Pre-scrubber
243 t
Scrubber 12 t 740 t
17 t
60 t
170 t
752 t
Coal Mining
Coal marketing
Consumption products
Materials science and technology Properties and products uses. Ways of sales.
Magnetic separator
Coal sampling
Magnetic separator
Crushing system
Mechanical Mixer
Blending sampler
Car Dumper
Dead storage (to prevent transportation problems and keep a steady flow) and
alive storage (supplies directly the consumer or the means of transport): the coal is removed from the dead and transferred to the alive.
Silo between regular consumption of coke oven battery and irregular receiving
of ships.
Open storage (outdoor):is used for large capacity, due to its lower cost in
relation to the closed storage.
Distribution by Stacker
Distribution by Stacker-Reclaimer
Distribution by Stacker-Reclaimer
Maximum height of fall during stacking. Maximum height of stacks. Stacks located appropriately in relation to the wind direction. Water spray systems on conveyor belts before stacking. Automated system of spraying water in the stacks. Tailing ponds for contention of the material carried by the waters.
Coal Distribution in Yards It should prevent the occurrence of segregation that makes the particles of larger diameter be located in the outer and bottom stack zones and the smaller diameter in the inner and higher stack zones. This arrangement facilitates the movement of air currents through the larger particles, which carry oxygen to the border region with smaller particles, due it has higher specific surface are susceptible to oxidation, may generate hot points. It can lead to located deterioration of coal.
Stacking Methods
Windrow, chevron e cone-shell
Chevron Method
Consists in crossing from one side to another throughout the length of the court with the stacker arranged to feed the center of stack. A small stack of triangular section is deposited along the length of the court in the first step of the stacker. In the second step in the opposite direction a second chevron of coal will be placed on the top of the first. As the number of steps increases the stack increases in height and thickness of chevrons reduces progressively (the same amount of material trying to cover a perimeter of increased cross section). If there is thick coal the main disadvantage of these methods is that there will be segregation and larger particles tend to be deposited in the lower and outside parts of the stackl. Depending on the method of reclaiming used this method may not give the results of homogeneity required.
The winds and the transfer operations are largely responsible for the existence of clouds of fine coal in the atmospheric air from stored coal or in storage. The generation of dust, beyond dependency of the winds action depends on the sum of the free fall that coal is submitted, also responsible for the increased percentage of fines. In coal transfer operations should be used methods for dust removal. The cheapest solution is to spray water. Minimizing the problem of dust generation: prevention, removal, suppression, containment and fines dilution. The physical stability of the coal stacks can be made by spraying of binders (synthetic polymers) which form a film on the surface, preventing the formation of dust.
Drainage water from coal stacks may have three undesirable aspects regarding the viewpoint of use: high acidity, resulting from oxidation of pyrite (neutralization is made by adding lime or limestone); contain particulate matter in suspension by mechanical drag made by percolation water (this material may have dimensions such that it behaves as colloid, dispersing in the liquid mass with slow sedimentation rate), and contain heavy metals (such as Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd and Hg) dissolved in water, resulting from the leaching action of acidic water (these metals can be precipitated at higher pH and removed with particulate material in devices called classifiers or thickeners).
With Reclaimer: the unstacking of coal is made by the bucket wheels which transfer the coal to reverse conveyor belt (now goes in the opposite direction) and will discharge it in the feed conveyor, which takes the coal for further processing.
Types of Unstacking
Oxidation Consequences
Reducing of rheological properties Decrease of the mechanical strength of coke Control problems with charge density. Variations in the coke production. Overheated charges. Carbon deposit Ovens deterioration Increase of coke reactivity. Decrease of coking rate. Fines generation and difficult of handling. Spontaneous combustion. Sponge effect when adding oil.
Steps to Prevent Oxidation Stacks compression Monitoring and eliminating hot points Minimize pressure of the winds