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List of Useful Equations (Dr Rahmans part): Unit 300762

Fluid Mechanics

Basic terms:
Length, L (m) Remember:
Mass, m (kg) g =9.81 m/s
2

Velocity, V (m/s) Density of water (
w
) =1000 kg/m
3

Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s
2
) Specific weight of water () =9810 N/m
3
or
9.81 kN/m
3

Area, A (m
2
)
Volume (m
3
)
Density, (kg/m
3
) ( is called roh)
Specific weight, (N/m
3
), ( is called Gamma),
Here N is Newton (1 Newton =1 kg.m/s
2
)

Force, F (N)



Equation Terms and units

W = mg W is weight (N), N stands for
Newton
m =mass (kg)
g =acceleration due to gravity
(m/s
2
)

= g =specific weight (N/m
3
), , is
called Gamma
=density (kg/m
3
), Density of
water is 1000 kg/m
3


w
L
L
s

=
s
L
=Specific gravity of liquid
(No unit)

L
=density of liquid (kg/m
3
),
is called Rho

w
=density of water (kg/m
3
)

L
= s
L

w
g
L
= Specific weight of liquid
(N/m
3
)

w
=density of water (kg/m
3
)
g =acceleration due to gravity
(m/s
2
)

Y U
t
=
=viscosity (N-s/m
2
), is
called Mu
= shearing stress(pascal, Pa),
is called Taw
U =Velocity (m/s)
2
Y =Distance (m)

u =
u =kinematic viscosity (m
2
/s), u
is called Nu
=viscosity (N-s/m
2
). is
called Mu
=density (kg/m
3
), is called
Rho

r
h

u o cos 2
=
h = height of capillary rise (m)
o =surface tension (N/m), o is
called Sigma
u = wetting angle (degree), u is
called Theta
=specific weight (N/m
3
), , is
called Gamma
r = radius of tube (m)

A
F
p =
p =Average pressure intensity
(simply called pressure), [Pa
(called pascal)]
F =Force (N)
A =Area (m
2
)
p = h
p = pressure (Pa)
=specific weight of liquid
(N/m
3
)
h =pressure head (height of
liquid) (m)
p
abs
= p
atm
+ p
gauge
Absolute pressure =atmospheric
pressure +gauge pressure
F = h
c
A
F =Force (N)
=specific weight of liquid
(N/m
3
)
h
c
=Vertical depth of the
centroid of the submersed object
from liquid surface
A =area of the submersed object
(m
2
)
A y
I
y y
c
c
c p
+ =
This equation is applicable for
sloping plane area submersed in
a liquid.
y
p
=Inclined distance of the
centre of pressure (m) (See
Figure 3.16 of Text book)
y
c
=Inclined distance of the
centroid of the submersed object
I
c
=moment of inertia of the area
about its centroidal axis (See
Appendix A)
A =area of the submersed object
(m
2
)
3
A h
I
h h
c
c
c p
+ =
This equation is applicable for
plane area submersed vertically
in a liquid.
h
p
=Vertical depth of the centre
of pressure (m) (See Figure 3.16
of Text book)
h
c
=Vertical depth of the
centroid of the submersed object
from liquid surface
I
c
=moment of inertia of the area
about its centroidal axis (See
Appendix A)
A =area of the submersed object
(m
2
)

Q = AV Q is discharge or flow rate (m
3
/s)
A =area of flow (m
2
)
V =Velocity of flow (m/s)

A
1
V
1
= A
2
V
2
= A
3
V
3
= Q This is called Continuity
Equation
L
h z
g
V p
z
g
V p
+ + + = + +
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2


Pressure head at Point 1 +velocity head at Point 1 +
elevation head at Point 1 =
Pressure head at Point 2 +velocity head at Point 2 +
elevation head at Point 2 +head loss

All terms in the equation are in
(m).
P = Qh
P =power in watts
=unit weight of fluid (N/m
3
)
Q =Discharge/flow rate (m
3
/s)
H =energy head difference (m)
= ) (
1 2
V V Q F
F =Force (N)
=density (kg/m
3
), is called
Rho
Q is discharge or flow rate (m
3
/s)
V
1
=Velocity of flow (m/s) at
Section 1
V
2
=Velocity of flow (m/s) at
Section 2