Special Subject M (2008-9)

T.E LAWRENCE AND GERTRUDE BELL BRITAIN AND THE ARABS, 1914-22
PROFESSOR C.A. BAYLY & DR T.N. HARPER

Winston Churchill, Gertrude Bell and T.E. Lawrence during the Cairo Conference of 1921

-2This wide-ranging option examines the rise of Arab nationalism and the emergence of a new political order in the Middle East during and after the First World War. It will chart the collapse of the Ottoman empire, the course of the Arab Revolt and the revival of European power in the region. A primary focus will be on the rise of new states Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia and the emergence of the Palestine question. The paper will examine the controversies surrounding the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, the Balfour Declaration and the post-war Anglo-French partition of the Middle East. It will embrace key episodes such as the capture of Jerusalem, the creation of the first Arab state in Damascus and the revolt in Iraq in 1920. It will, through Arab sources in translation, trace the social bases and ideology of nationalism in this period. The paper will examine the contention of elite and new popular forces and explore the varied Arabist and Islamicist elements of Arab thought. A major focus of study will be the ways in which Arab elites were incorporated into new structures of European indirect rule after 1918 and the conflicts to which this gave rise. A second theme will be Britains encounter with the Arab world. This will be studied through a series of extraordinary figures, in particular T.E. Lawrence and Gertrude Bell but also Allenby, St John Philby, Parker Pasha and other luminaries of the Arab Bureau who exercised a tremendous sway over Middle Eastern affairs in this period. The sources will show the various ways in which British understandings of Arab society, and the revival of the crusading idea during the Palestine campaign, shaped political events. At the heart of this will be the relationship between Orientalist scholarship, archaeology and imperial power. The paper will also have much to offer students of the history of espionage. This is not merely a paper about politics, but also about the generation of historical myth. It will examine how these key episodes such as the Arab Revolt have been remembered and interpreted within the Middle East, and ways in which this historical memory has resurfaced in later periods. Of particular concern will be the garland of legends that surround T.E. Lawrence, the conflicting western and Arab interpretations of his role, the later biographical controversies and the iconography of his portrayal in David Leans 1961 epic, Lawrence of Arabia. The paper will chart Lawrences journey from imperial hero to gay icon and his place in debates on imperial masculinities. In a similar vein the paper will re-examine Gertrude Bells remarkable career as Oriental Secretary in Iraq and the complexities of her relationships with Arab notables and imperial proconsuls. Bell had arguably a greater impact on post-war Middle Eastern history than Lawrence, and the paper will examine her place in the growing literature on gender and imperialism. The sources for study are diverse: memoir and raw intelligence; literature and polemic; film and the internet. The paper employs a variety of historical perspectives political, social and cultural to re-examine the multi-layered dynamics of imperialism and nationalism at a defining moment in Middle Eastern history.

N.B. This reading list supersedes that in the Facultys printed and on-line book list.

-3For Study
[Note: Materials set For Study may be set as source extracts in the examination; * indicates useful sources to begin your reading}

British policy:
Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon His Majesty's high commissioner at Cairo, and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca: July 1915-March 1916 (1939) Great Britain Report of a Committee set up to consider certain correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon His Majesty's high commissioner in Egypt, and the Sharif of Mecca in 1915 and 1916 (1939) K. Bourne & D.C. Watt, eds. British documents on foreign affairs: Part 2: From the First to the Second World War, Series B: Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939 (1985-1997): 1. The end of the war, 1918-1920. Doc nos. 1, 5, 10, 11, 28, 28A, 29, 33, 33A-C, 35, 45, 51, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 72, 82, 85, 87, 88, 98, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 156, 173, 174, 175, 177, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 205. v. 2. The Allies take control, 1920-1921, Doc nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 26, 27, 28, 35, 44, 45, 53, 54, 171, 199, 203, 209, 213, 214. 215, 216, 217, 218. v.3. The Turkish revival, 1921-1923, Doc nos. 152, 153, 154, 155, 156. Sir Edmund H. H. Allenby A brief record of the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force: under the command of General Sir Edmund H. H. Allenby, July 1917 to October 1918 (1919) Vivian Gilbert The romance of the Last Crusade with Allenby to Jerusalem (1923), pp. 67-235. Richard Meinertzhagen Middle East Diary, 1917-1956 (1959), pp. 4-128. Army Diary, 1899-1926 (1960), pp. 212-27. * Sir Ronald Storrs Orientations (2nd ed., 1945), pp. 149-305, 317-462. Great Britain Arab nationalism: King Abdullah of Jordan Sylvia G. Haim, ed. Robin Bidwell, ed. Memoirs of King Abdullah of Transjordan, ed. Philip P. Graves (1950), pp. 103-211 Arab nationalism: an anthology (1962), pp. 83-96. The Arab bulletin: bulletin of the Arab Bureau in Cairo, 1916-1919, Vols.1 4 (1984) Vol. 1 (1916): pp. 5-8, 23-24, 31-33, 40-44, 47-49. [break in pagination] AB, 7: pp. 2-8; AB, 9: pp. 6-11. pp. 130-1, 177-8, 187-91, 217-26, 237-43, 247-60, 318-22, 336-9, 342-4, 386-90, 403-4, 440-1, 454-65, 473-84, 547-56.

-4Vol. 2 (1917): pp. 14-20, 30-35, 55-66, 74-80, 107-114, 1578, 164-5, 173-7, 191-2, 300-311, 333-9, 347-353, 388-392, 395-9, 439-442, 449-456, 491-2, 509-511 Vol. 3 (1918): pp. 519-20; pp. 9-14, 21-24, 57-60, 91-92, 107-9, 115-20, 185-192, 194-5, 275-7. Vol. 4 (1919): Notes on the Middle East, pp. 57-61, 77-79, 112-5. Perspectives on the Late Ottoman empire: Djemal Pasha Alexander Aaronson Memories of a Turkish statesman, 1913-19 (1922), pp. 137237. With the Turks in Palestine (1917), pp. 7-79.

T.E. Lawrence and his mythology: * T.E. Lawrence T.E. Lawrence David Garnett (ed.), David Garnett (ed.), Malcolm Brown (ed.), Lowell Thomas The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, a triumph (1935), pp. 27-60, 93-108, 326-35, 450-56, 515-23. Oriental assembly (1939), pp. 25-39, 103-46. The essential T. E. Lawrence (1992), pp. 31-70, 104-9,

182-5, 221-7.
Letters of T. E. Lawrence (1939), pp. 40-137. Secret despatches from Arabia and other writings (1991), pp. 61-73, 101-9, 140-60, 172-4, 186-95, 226-60. With Lawrence in Arabia (6th ed., 1925) pp. 15-36, 82-97, 152-64, 287-317.

A. W. Lawrence (ed.)
Richard Aldington

T. E. Lawrence by his Friends (1937), pp. 145-54, 1778, 193-202, 219-37.

Lawrence of Arabia: a biographical inquiry; introduction by Christopher Sykes (2nd ed., 1971), pp. 2-10, 84-105, 194207, 247-95. Lawrence and the Arabs (Repr. 1991), pp. 44-58, 156-62, 406-18 T.E. Lawrence: an Arab view (1966), pp. 1-63, 93-120, 22351, 257-87. Filming T.E. Lawrence: Korda's lost epics (1996), pp. 1-27, 48-56, 119-29. Lawrence of Arabia (1962)

Robert Graves Suleiman Mousa A. Kelly, et al, eds. David Lean, director Gertrude Bell and Iraq: * Gertrude Bell Gertrude Bell Sir Aylmer Haldane

The letters of Gertrude Bell, selected and edited by Lady Bell (1987), pp. 300-626. Diary for 1919: [http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/diaries/Dy1919.html] The insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920 (1922), pp. 8-44, 64-90, 256-76.

-5E.S. Stevens * A.T. Wilson By Tigris and Euphrates (1923), pp. 17-43, 59-73, 273-322. Loyalties: Mesopotamia, 1914-17 (1930), prologue, pp. 120, 64-78, 143-69, 254-66, 279-313.

For Reference * Introductory reading Additional primary source

Overviews: * D.K. Fieldhouse * Elizabeth Monroe * Albert Hourani M. E Yapp Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958 (2006) Britains moment in the Middle East, 1914-1971 (1981) A History of the Arab peoples (1991) The Near East since the First World War (1991)

Efrain and Inari Karsh

David Fromkin

Empires of the sand: the struggle for mastery in the Middle East, 1789-1923 (2002)
A peace to end all peace : the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East (2000)

British strategy in the Middle East: * Elie Kedourie John Darwin Elie Kedourie England and the Middle East: the destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1921 (1987 edn.) Britain, Egypt and the Middle East, 1918-1922 (1981) In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: the McMahon-Hussein correspondence and its interpretations, 1914-1939 (1976) Changing languages of empire and the Orient: Britain and the invention of the Middle East, 19171918, The Historical Journal, 50, 3 (2007) Lord Curzon and British policy in the Middle East (1999) Allenby & British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-19 (1999) The last crusade: the Palestine campaign in the First World War (2002) London and the invention of the Middle East: money, power and war, 1902-1922 (1995) An undeclared empire: the British in the Middle East, 1918-39, JICH, 27, 2 (1999) British military intelligence in the Palestine campaign, 191418 ( 1998) British intelligence and the Middle East, 1900-1918: how much do we know?, Intel. & Nat. Security, 17, 1 (2002), 33-52

James Renton

John Fisher Matthew Hughes Anthony Bruce Roger Adelson John Darwin Yigal Shelty Yigal Sheffy

-6David French The Dardanelles, Mecca and Kut: Prestige as a Factor in British Eastern Strategy, 1914-16, War and Society, 5, 1 (1987), pp. 45-61 The illicit adventure: the story of political and military intelligence in the Middle East from 1898 to 1926 (1982) The Arab Bureau: British policy in the Middle East, 1916-20 (1992) British Middle East policy-making after the First World War : the Lawrentian and Wilsonian schools', Historical Journal, 41 (1998), 773-93 Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain's Covert Empire in the Middle East (2008) The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia, American Historical Review, 111, 1 (2006) Military Intelligence and the Arab Revolt: The First Modern Intelligence War (2007) Bedouin tribes and the imperial intelligence services in Syria, Iraq and Transjordan in the 1920s. J. Cont. Hist., 38, 4 (2003), 539-61 Empires of intelligence : security services and colonial disorder after 1914 (2008) The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. Vol. 2: British-French Supremacy, 1914-1945 (2nd ed. 1975) Egypt and the defence of the Middle East (1998), Vol 1

H. V. F. Winstone Bruce Westrate Timothy J. Paris

Priya Satia

Priya Satia

Polly A. Mohs Martin Thomas

Martin Thomas J. C. Hurewitz, ed.

J. Kent, ed. The French:

* C.M. Andrew & A.S. Kanya-Forstner France overseas: The Great War and the climax of French imperial expansion (1981) F. W. Brecher French policy toward the Levant 1914-18', Middle Eastern Studies, 29, 4 (1993) Dan Eldar France in Syria: The Abolition of the Sharifian Government, April-July 1920, Middle Eastern Studies, 29, 3 (1993) Christophe Leclerc Avec T.E. Lawrence en Arabie : la Mission militaire franaise au Hedjaz, 1916-1920 (1998) The late Ottoman Empire: * A.L. Macfie Marion Kent, ed. Bernard Lewis Blent Gkay The end of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 (1998) The Great powers and the end of the Ottoman Empire (1984) The Emergence of Modern Turkey (1961) A Clash of Empires: Turkey Between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918-23 (1997)

-7Allan Cunningham The Wrong Horse? Anglo-Ottoman Relations before the First World War", in Cunningham, Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1993) Great Britain's Relations with the Young Turks 19081914, Middle Eastern Studies, 2, 4 (1966) War and Society under the Young Turks, 1908-1918, Review: a Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center, 9, 2 (1988) Turkey in the World War (1930) The desperate Ottoman: Enver Paa and the German empire - I', Middle Eastern Studies, 30, 1 (1994, 'Part II, Middle Eastern Studies, 30, 2 (1994) Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire 1908-18 (1996)
[http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7n39p1dn/]

Feroz Ahmad Feroz Ahmad Ahmad Emin Charles D. Haley

* Hasan Kayali

Selim Deringil Henry I Morgenthau

Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (1997) Ambassador Morgenthaus story [American Ambassador at Constantinople from 1913 to 1916] (New York, 1918) The story behind Ambassador Morgenthau's story (Istanbul, 1990) Ottoman Empire and the World Economy, 18201913: Trade, Capital, and Production (1987) The Economic History of the Middle East, 18001914 (1975) The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War (2008) The Ottoman army, 1914-1918 : disease & death on the battlefield (Salt Lake City, 2008) The Ottoman Empire in World War I : Volume I: Prelude to War (Ankara, 2006) From empire to republic: the Turkish war of national liberation, 1918-1923 : a documentary study (Ankara, 2002) [electronic version of a 6 volume study, available in CD-ROM in the Microfilm Room of the UL]

[http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/morgenthau/MorgenTC.htm]

Heath W Lowry evket Pamuk Charles Issawi, ed. Mustafa Aksakal Hikmet Ozdemir Stanford J. Shaw Stanford J. Shaw

The emergence of Arab nationalism: The Arab awakening: the story of the Arab National Movement (1938) Albert Hourani Ottoman reform and the politics of the notables, in W.R. Polk and R.L. Chambers, eds., Beginnings of modernization in the Middle East (1968) William Cleveland The Making of an Arab Nationalist: Ottomanism and Arabism in the Life and thought of Sati al-Husri (1971) Rashid Khalidi, et al, eds., The origins of Arab nationalism (1991) Israel Gershoni, James P. Jankowski Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: the search for Egyptian nationhood, 1900-1930 (1987) George Antonius

-8James Gelvin Eliezer Tauber Eliezer Tauber Mousa Suleiman N. Masalha, M. Haddad Y. Porah Muhammad Y. Muslih * Rashid Khalidi Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the close of Empire (1998) The emergence of the Arab movements (1993) The Arab movements in World War I (1993) A matter of principle: King Hussein of the Hijaz and the Arabs in Palestine, Int. J. of ME St., 9 (1978) Faisal's Pan-Arabism, 1921-33, Middle Eastern Studies, 27, 4 (1991) The Rise of Arab Nationalism Reconsidered, Int. J. M. Et St., Vol. 26, No. 2. (May, 1994) The origins of the Palestinian-Arab nationalist movement, 1918-29 (1972) The origins of Palestinian nationalism (1988) Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (NY, 1998)

Egypt: * Afaf al Sayyid-Marsot Roger Owen The British Occupation of Egypt from 1882, in Oxford History of the British Empire, III (1999) Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (2004) Modern History of Egypt (2nd edn 1980) Cambridge History of Egypt (1998) Vol. 2

P.J. Vatikiotis M.W. Daly, ed., Amira El Azhary Sonbol, ed. The last khedive of Egypt: memoirs of Abbas Hilmi II

(1998)
Donald M. Mckale Influence without power: the last Khedive of Egypt and the great powers, 1914-18, Middle Eastern Studies, 33, 1 (1997) Egypt: imperialism & revolution (1972) Peasants in Revolt: Egypt 1919, Int. J. ME St., 24 (1992)

Jacques Berque Ellis Goldberg Palestine: * Ilan Pappe David Kushner, ed. Beshara Doumani Roger Owen, ed. M. Veret Mark Levene

A History of Modern Palestine (2004) Palestine in the late Ottoman period: political, social, and economic transformation (1987) Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900 (Berkeley, 1995) Studies in the economic and social history of Palestine in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (1982) The Balfour Declaration and its makers, Middle Eastern Studies, 6 (1970) The Balfour Declaration: A Case of Mistaken Identity, English Historical Review, 107, 422 (1992)

-9Mim Kemal Oke The Ottoman empire, Zionism and the Question of Palestine (1880-1908), Int, J. of Middle Eastern St., 14, 3 (1982) Palestine papers, 1917-1922: seeds of conflict (1972) The question of Palestine, 1914-18: British-Jewish-Arab relations (London, 1973) La question de Palestine, tome 1 : 1799-1921 (1999) Ploughing sand: British rule in Palestine, 1917-1948 (1999) One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate (2000) A history of Zionism (1972) The invention of a nation: Zionist thought and the making of modern Israel (London, 2003) Trial and error: the autobiography of Chaim Weizmann (1949) Between beloved Ottomania and the land of Israel: the struggle over Ottomanism and Zionism among Palestines Sephardi Jews, 19081913, Int, J. of Middle Eastern St., 37 (2005) Europe and its Orients in Zionist culture before the First World War, The Historical Journal, 49, 4 (2006) The Arabs and Zionism before World War I (Berkeley, 1976) The Short Life of Private Ihsan, Jerusalem 1915, Jerusalem Quarterly, 10, 1 (2007) Negotiating Ottomanism in Times of War: Jerusalem During World War I Through the Eyes of a Local Muslim Resident, Int. J. Middle East Stud., 40 (2008)

Doreen Ingrams Isaiah Friedman Henri Laurens, Naomi Shepherd * Tom Segev Walter Laqueur Alain Dieckhoff Chaim Weizmann Michelle U. Campos

Arieh Bruce Saposnik Neville J. Mandel Salim Tamari Abigail Jacobson

Syria and Jordan: A.H. Hourani Engin Deniz Akarli Eugene Rogan Philip S. Khoury Philip S. Khoury Malcolm B. Russell * Eliezer Tauber Toby Dodge Syria and Lebanon (1946) The long peace : Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920 (1993) [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6199p06t/] Frontiers of the State in Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921 (1999) Urban notables and Arab nationalism: the politics of Damascus 1860-1920 (1983) Syria and the French mandate: the politics of Arab nationalism, 1920-1945 (1987) The first modern Arab state: Syria under Faysal, 1918-20 (1985) The formation of modern Syria and Iraq (1995) An Arabian prince, English gentlemen and the tribes east of the River Jordan: Abdullah and the creation an consolidation of the Trans-Jordanian state (1994) King Abdullah, Britain and the making of Jordan (1987)

Mary C. Wilson

-10Timothy J. Paris Britain, the Hashemites and Arab rule, 1920-1925 : the Sherifian solution (2003)

Iraq: A History of Iraq (2002) Kurds, Arabs and Britons. The diaries of Wallace Lyon in Iraq 1918-44 (2002) Toby Dodge Inventing Iraq : the failure of nation building and a history denied (2003) S.H. Longrigg Iraq, 1900-1950 (1953) * P. Sluggett Britain in Iraq, 1914-32 (1976); revised edn: Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country (2007) Ghassan R. Atiya Iraq, 1908-21: a socio-political s tudy (1973) L. Lukitz Iraq: the search for national identity (1995) Radhika Singha Finding Labor from India for the War in Iraq: The Jail Porter and Labor Corps, 19161920, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 49, 2 (2007) Kristian Coates Ulrichsen The British occupation of Mesopotamia, 1914-1922, Journal of Strategic Studies, 30, 2 (2007) Y. Nakash The Shi`is of Iraq (1995) Juan R. I. Cole Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam (2002) Reeva S. Simon & Eleanor H. Tejirian, eds., The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921 (2004) * Charles Tripp D.K. Fieldhouse Arabia: Madawi al-Rasheed George Stitt Haifa Alangari S. Tanvir Wasti Madawi al-Rasheed A History of Saudi Arabia (2002) A Prince of Arabia: The Emir Shereef Ali Haider (1948) The struggle for power in Arabia: Ibn Saud, Hussein and Great Britain, 1914-1924 (1998) The Defence of Medina, 1916-19, Middle Eastern Studies, 26, 4 (1991) Politics in an Arabian Oasis: Rashidis of Saudi Arabia (1997)

T.E. Lawrence and his biographers: * J.M. Wilson Lawrence of Arabia: the authorized biography of T.E. Lawrence (1990)

* Brian Holden Reid

Albert Hourani,

T.E. Lawrence and his biographers, in Brian Bond, ed., The First World War and British Military History (1991), pp. 227-59 The myth of T.E. Lawrence', in Louis, William Roger ed., Adventures with Britannia : personalities, politics and culture in Britain (1995), 9-24.

-11Charles M. Stang, ed.

Jeffrey Meyers, ed. M.D. Allen Joel C. Hodson Victoria Ocampo Suleiman Mousa Michael Yardley John E. Mack Sidney Sugarman Lawrence James Michael Asher James Barr Khalid Hajji Malcom Brown Daniel Bivona

Waking Dream of T.E. Lawrence: Essays on his life, literature, and legacy (2002)
T.E. Lawrence: soldier, writer, legend: new essays (1989) The medievalism of Lawrence of Arabia (1991) Lawrence of Arabia and American culture : the making of a transatlantic legend (1995) 338171 T.E., Lawrence of Arabia (translated by David Garnett, 1963) T.E. Lawrence and his Arab contemporaries, Arabian Studies, VII (1985) Backing into the limelight: a biography of T.E. Lawrence (1985) A prince of our disorder: the life of T.E. Lawrence (1998 edn.) A garland of legends: 'Lawrence of Arabia' and 'The Arab Revolt' (1992) The golden warrior: the life and legend of Lawrence of Arabia (Rev. ed, 1995) Lawrence: the uncrowned king of Arabia (1999) Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain's Secret War in Arabia, 1916-18 (2006) Lawrence d'Arabie, ou, L'Arabie de Lawrence: Gographie, politique, potique, sagesse (2001)

Lawrence of Arabia: The Life, The Legend (2005) [Catalogue of Imperial War Museum Exhibition]

British Imperial Fiction, 1870-1940 : Literature and the Administration of the Empire (1998), ch. 5 T.E. Lawrence Studies Website: http://www.telstudies.org Lawrence on film: Adrian Turner Steven C. Caton * Kevin Jackson B. Babbington & P. Evans Kevin Brownlow The South Bank Show Christophe Leclerc The making of David Lean's Lawrence of Arabia (1994) Lawrence of Arabia: A Film's Anthropology (1999) Lawrence of Arabia ([BFI Film Classics] 2007) Biblical epics: sacred narratives in Hollywood cinema (1993) David Lean : a biography (1996), pp.402-91 Lean and Bolt, 1990 Lawrence d'Arabie : crire l'histoire au cinema (2001)

M. Bernstein & G. Studlar, eds. Visions of the East: Orientalism in film (1997)
Gertrude Bell, women and empire: * Liora Lukitz Janet Wallach A Quest in the Middle East: Gertrude Bell and the Making of Modern Iraq (2005) Desert queen: the extraordinary life of Gertrude Bell, adventurer, adviser to kings, ally of Lawrence of Arabia (1997)

-12Daughter of the Desert: the remarkable life of Gertrude Bell (2006) Margaret E. Tabor Pioneer women: Mrs. Sherwood, Isabella Bird, Mary Knight, Gertrude Bell (1930) H.V.F. Winstone Gertrude Bell (Rev. ed., 1993) P.P. Graves The life of Sir Percy Cox (1941) M. Strobel & N Chaudhuri, eds. Western women and imperialism: complicity and resistance (1992) Billie Melman Women's Orients: English Women and the Middle East, 1718-1918 (1992) James Buzard Victorian women and the implications of empire, Victorian Studies (1993) Antoinette Burton Burdens of history: British feminists, Indian women, and imperial culture, 1865-1915 (1994) Billie Melman Women's Orients: English Women and the Middle East, 1718-1918 (1992) Indira Ghose Women travellers in colonial India: the power of the female gaze (1998) * Mary Louise Pratt Imperial eyes : travel writing and transculturation ([1992], 2nd rev, edn. 2008) Georgina Howell

Nancy Miclewright
Reina Lewis

Victorian traveler in the Middle East: the photography and travel writing of Annie Lady Brassey (2003)

Rethinking orientalism: women, travel, and the Ottoman harem (2004) Shirley Foster Colonialism and Gender in the East: Representations of the Harem in the Writings of Women Travellers, The Yearbook of English Studies, 34 (2004), pp. 6-17 Mary Roberts Intimate outsiders : the harem in Ottoman and Orientalist art and travel literature (2006) Reina Lewis and Nancy Mickelwright, eds. Gender, modernity and liberty : Middle Eastern and Western women's writings: a critical sourcebook (2006) Monica Anderson Women and the politics of travel, 1870-1914 (2006) Views of the Arab World: * Edward Said Maxime Rodinson Robert Irwin John MacKenzie Aijaz Ahmad Homi Bhabha Orientalism (1978) Europe and the mystique of Islam (1988) For Lust of Knowing: Orientalists and their Enemies (2006) Orientalism: history, theory and the arts (1995) The politics of literary post-coloniality, Race & Class, 36, 3 (1995) Of Mimicry and Man: the Ambivalence of Colonial iscourse, in F. Cooper & L.A. Stoler, eds., Tensions of empire (1997), pp. 152-60

-13David Washbrook Orients and Occidents: Colonial Discourse Theory and the Historiography of the British Empire, in Robin W. Winks, ed. Ox. Hist. B. Empire, IV (1999), pp. 596-611 Ottoman Orientalism, American Historical Review, 107, 3 (2002), pp. 768-796 German Orientalism and the Decline of the West, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 145, 4 (Dec., 2001), pp. 465-473 Colonising Egypt (1988) Heart-beguiling Araby: the English Romance with Arabia (1989) Unfolding the Orient: Travellers in Egypt and the Near East (2001) and Interpreting the Orient: Travellers in Egypt and the Near East, II (2001) Geography, cartography and military intelligence: the Royal Geographical Society and the First World War, Trans. Inst. Brit. Geographers, 21, 3 (1996), pp. 504-533 The zealous intruders: western discovery of Palestine (1987) Britain and the other: the archaeology of imperialism', in Brocklehurst, Helen; Phillips, Robert (ed.), History, nationhood and the question of Britain (2004) Measuring Jerusalem : the Palestine Exploration Fund and British interests in the Holy Land (1999) From Pilgrimage to Budding Tourism: The Rule of Thomas Cook in the Rediscovery of the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century, in S. Searight & M. Wagstaff, eds., Travellers in the Levant: Voyagers & Visionaries(2001) The rediscovery of the Holy Land in the nineteenth century (Jerusalem, 1979) The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism (Oxford, 2005) Images of the crusades in the 19th and 20th centuries, in Jonathan Riley-Smith, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (1995), pp. 365-91 The blond Bedouin, in M. Roper & J. Tosh, eds., Manful assertions: masculinities in Britain since 1800 (1991), pp. 113-44

Ussama Makdisi Suzanne Marchand

Timothy Mitchell Kathryn Tidrick Paul & Janet Starkey

Michael Heffernan

Naomi Shepherd Margarita Daz-Andreu

John Moscrop Ruth Kark

Yehoshua Ben-Arieh Eitan Bar-Yosef Elizabeth Siberry

Graham Dawson

Other imperial lives: Lawrence James Lord Wavell H.V.F. Winstone, ed. Imperial Warrior: the life and times of Field Marshall, Viscount Allenby, 1861-1936 (1993) Allenby; a study in greatness (1940) The diaries of Parker Pasha: war in the desert 1914-18 told from the secret diaries of Colonel Alfred Chevallier Parker, nephew of Lord Kitchener, Governor of Sinai, and military intelligence chief in the Arab revolt (1983)

-14Elizabeth Monroe Roger Adelson G. F. Clayton Mark Cocker J.N. Lockman Brian Garfield John Buchan M. Fitzherbert Alois Musil E. Gombr Philby of Arabia (1973) Mark Sykes: portrait of an amateur (1975) An Arabian diary (1969) Richard Meinertzhagen: soldier, scientist & spy (1989) Meinertzhagens diary ruse: false entries on T.E. Lawrence (1995) The Meinertzhagen Mystery: The Life and Legend of a Colossal Fraud (2007)

Greenmantle (Repr. 1993)

The man who was Greenmantle: a biography of Aubrey Herbert (1983) In the Arabian desert (1931) Alois Musil - Initiator of Political and Commercial Activities towards the Middle East, Archiv orientln, 63 (1995), pp. 426-430 Alois Musil vs. T. E. Lawrence? Archiv orientln, 63 (1995), pp. 435-439 Lawrence of Moravia, Times Lit. S. (19 August, 1994)

T. Prochzka Ernest Gellner Wider Contexts: Jacob M. Landau Azmi zcan

The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology & organization (1994) Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924) (1997) F. Robinson The British empire and the Muslim World, in Judith Brown & W.R. Louis, eds., Ox. Hist. B. Empire, IV (1999) Sugata Bose A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (2006) * Erez Manuela The Wilsonian Moment: Self Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (2007) David Bloxham The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (2007) Touraj Atabaki Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers (2006) Touraj Atabaki & Erik Jan Zurcher Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918-1942 (2004) Mark Mazower Salonika, city of ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews (2004) Muhammad Khudayyir Basrayatha: The Story of a City (2008)