Sdac Lec 9 10 Space Propulsion

IN THE NAME OF
ALLAH
THE MOST BENEFICENT
THE MOST MERCIFUL
SPACERAFT
DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
qsmzeeshan@yahoo.com ; 0321-9595510
DR. QASIM ZEESHAN
BE, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NUST, PAKISTAN, 2000
MS, FLIGHT VEHICLE DESIGN
BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS, BUAA, P.R.CHINA, 2006
PhD, FLIGHT VEHICLE DESIGN
BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS, BUAA, P.R.CHINA, 2009
LECTURE # 9
SPACECRAFT
PROPULSION
Introduction
Purpose of the propulsion subsystem
Transfer spacecraft from launch vehicle parking
orbit to spacecraft mission orbit
Maintain and control spacecraft orbit
Maintain and control spacecraft attitude
Types of spacecraft propulsion systems
Chemical
Liquid, Solid or Hybrid
Solar Electric
Nuclear
Thermal or Electric
Introduction
Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate
spacecraft and artificial satellites. There are many different
methods.
Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft
propulsion is an active area of research.
However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a
gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed
through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is
called a rocket engine.
Introduction
All current spacecraft use chemical rockets (bipropellant or
solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket
and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their
first stage.
Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often
monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-
keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control.
Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades,
and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use
them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising.
Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well,
although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters
(two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.
Space Propulsion Applications
Launch Vehicles
Ballistic Missiles
Earth Orbiting Satellites
Upper Stages
Interplanetary Spacecraft
Manned Spaceflight
www.army-technology.com
en.wikipedia.org
www.britannica.
com
blog.wired.com
www.psrd.hawaii.edu
Space Propulsion Functions
Primary propulsion
Launch and ascent
Maneuvering
Orbit transfer, station keeping, trajectory correction
Auxiliary propulsion
Attitude control
Reaction control
Momentum management
www.nasm.si.edu
INTRO
10
INTRO: DEVELOPMENT of ROCKET
11
The real inventor of the rocket were Chinese [ Feng Jishen, (970 AD)
]
The invention of ROCKET was the practical result of experiments.
GUN POWDER & BAMBOO TUBES
13
Salahuddin
Ayyubi
Dardanelles Gun: The Cannon of Mehmud
Used during siege of CONSTANTINOPLE
Dardanelles Gun: The Cannon of Mehmud
Used during siege of CONSTANTINOPLE
20
Kublai Khan used it during his invasion of Japan in 1275
1300s; Rockets were used as bombardment weapons as
far west as Spain, brought west by the Mongol hordes,
and the Arabs
Tipoo Sultan, in the 1770s used against the
British army in India.
21
The Mysore rockets utilised effectively during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, and were
later updated by the British into the Congreve rockets, which were successively
employed during the Napoleonic wars and the War of 1812.
22
23
Goddard
Oberth
Von Braun
Tsiolkovsky
Korolev
Modern Rocket
Engineers, Mathematicians and Dreamers
26
Wan Hu
He is said to have attached 47 rockets to a bamboo chair, with the
purpose of ascending into heaven
There was a huge explosion. When the
smoke cleared, Wan and the chair were
gone, and was said never to have been seen
again.
27
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935)
, a mathematics teacher wrote
about:
Space travel, including
weightlessness and escape
velocity, in 1883
Artificial satellites in 1895.
Derived the rocket equation, and
dealt in detail with the use of rocket
propulsion for space travel;
Described multi-stage rockets in
1924.
28
Hennan Oberth (1894-1992)
He published his (rejected) doctoral thesis in 1923,
as a book
Examined the use of rockets for space travel
The design of liquid-fuelled engines using alcohol
and liquid oxygen
29
Robert Goddard (1882-1945) , a professor
Published , A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
Goddard's inventions included the use of gyroscopes for guidance, the use
of
vanes in the jet stream to steer the rocket.
First liquid-fuelled rocket from Auburn, Massachusetts, on 16 March 1926.
Goddard mentioned the possibility of sending an unmanned rocket to the
Moon, and for this he was ridiculed by the Press
Because of his rocket experiments he was later thrown out of
Massachusetts by the fire officer
In 1960 the US government bought his patents for two million dollars
30
Von Braun
Enthusiastic engineers , development of the A4 liquid-fuelled
rocket which became the notorious V2 weapon.
From its launch site in Gennany, carried a 1,000- pound bomb
into the centre of London.
US took von Braun and key members of his team.
INTRO: SPACE PROGRAM
31
The Russian space program has
been the most active and focused in
history:
The first artificial satellite
The first man in space
The first spacecraft on the Moon
The first docking of two spacecraft
The first space station
32
The American space program :
Artificial satellite
Man in space
Man on the Moon
Docking of two spacecraft
International space station
Space Shuttle (24 ton to low Earth orbit)
Reuseablity
33
The Chinese space program :
NOT a RACE
Chang Zheng, or Long March.
China's first satellite in 1970
China (third in the world) to have launched a man into space
INTRO
34
Other programs
Japan, India, and Pakistan
all have space programs
REVISION
LECTURE # 9
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
LECTURE # 9
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
The specific impulse of a rocket-propellant combination is analogous to "miles per
gallon" for an automobile. All other things being equal, the AV we can obtain from a
rocket stage is directly proportional to its Specific Impulse.
Consequently, the specific-impulse provides us with a convenient measure of a
rocket's intrinsic efficiency.
Once we have chosen the fuel and the oxidizer to be used, a chemical rocket's
specific impulse is largely determined by the energy contained in its propellants.
The specific impulse of a rocket-propellant combination can be defined us the number
of seconds a pound of the Propellant will produce a pound of thrust, Generally
speaking, rocket scientists strive for the Highest Specific impulse they can achieve.
The specific impulse of A Rocket can be computed by dividing the Thrust it generates
by e dot , the rate at which it consumes its propellants:
-
=
w
f
I
sp
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
This eqn is featured in Fig below together with another useful eqn for Specific
Impulse
-
=
w
f
I
sp
o
e
sp
g
V
I =
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
The specific impulse of a rocket-propellant combination can be defined as the number of seconds a pound of
propellant can produce a pound of thrust.
In this conceptual diagram, a rocket-powered skateboard is attached with a string to a barber pole that is, in
turn. connected to a spring scale.
To measure the specific impulse of the rocket-propellant combination, ignite the rocket and adjust its valves until
it is generating one pound of thrust, as indicated by the spring scale, and then count off the number of seconds
during which its one-pound-propellant load can continuously produce one pound of thrust.
-
=
w
f
I
sp
o
e
sp
g
V
I =
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
To measure the specific impulse of a rocket-propellant combination, we first load the rocket with one pound of
propellant (fuel and oxidizer loaded at the proper mixture ratio).
Then we fire the rocket and adjust its propellant valves until the rocket is producing exactly one pound of thrust, as
indicated by the spring scale.
Finally, we count off the number of seconds until the rocket bums exactly one pound of propellant. The number of
seconds that elapses during the burning of one pound of propellant equals the specific impulse of that particular
rocket-propellant combination.
The resulting specific- impulse value, in turn, can be used in the rocket equation to calculate the velocity increment we
can obtain from the rocket when it is loaded with a specific payload and a specific load of propellants.
-
=
w
f
I
sp
o
e
sp
g
V
I =
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
When expressed in units of seconds, the specific impulse can be interpreted in the
following ways:
the impulse divided by the sea-level weight of a unit mass of propellant
the time one kilogram of propellant lasts if a force equal to the weight of one kilogram
is produced, for example a hypothetical vehicle hovering over the Earth (imagine the fuel
to be supplied from outside, so that the mass on which the thrust is applied does not
reduce by spending fuel)
alternatively, for engines that can not produce a large thrust: approximately the time
one kilogram of propellant lasts if an acceleration of 0.01 g of a mass of one 100
kilogram is produced
100 times the time an acceleration g can be produced (i.e. a thrust equal to the weight
on Earth of the current mass) with a propellant mass of 1 % of the current total mass
(100 times the time it takes in this case to reduce the total mass by 1 %)
the time an acceleration g can be produced with a propellant mass of 63.2 % of the
initial total mass (the time it takes in this case to reduce the total mass by a factor e, to
36.8 %)
twice the net power to produce an acceleration of 1 m/s
2
to a mass which at Earth has a
weight of 1 N (i.e. a mass of 102 grams)
-
=
w
f
I
sp
o
e
sp
g
V
I =
ROCKET EQUATION
LECTURE # 9
Tsiovosky
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (17 September
1857 19 September 1935) was an Imperial
Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of
the astronautic theory.
Along with his followers the German Hermann
Oberth and the American Robert H. Goddard, he
is considered to be one of the founding fathers of
rocketry and astronautics.
His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket
engineers such as Sergey Korolyov and Valentin
Glushko and contributed to the success of the
Soviet space program.
Tsiovosky
Draft first space ship by Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky
ROCKET EQUATION
Newtons second law, manipulated in accordance with simple relationships from
integral calculus, is used in deriving the rocket equation. That famous equation,
which is also called Tsiovoskys equation, is highlighted at the bottom of this figure.
Tsi- ovosk/s equation indicates that the maximum velocity we can obtain from a
load of propellant is directly proportional to the specific impulse multiplied by the
natural logarithm of the ratio of the weight of the rocket at ignition and the weight
of the rocket at burnout.
The Rocket Equation
Figure includes a simple derivation of the rocket equation, which is also called
Tsiolkovskys equation, in honor of the Russian schoolteacher who first derived it nearly 70
years ago. Notice that the derivation hinges on the proper interpretation of Newtons
second law (F = ma), where both the mass of the rocket, w, and its acceleration, a, are
constantly changing. The end result of this step-by-step derivation is the rocket equation:
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
-
=
w
f
I
sp
o
e
sp
g
V
I =
ROCKET EQUATION
where AV is the ideal (maximum) velocity the rocket can generate, I
sp
is the specific
impulse of the rocket-propellant combination, and W
o
and W
f
are the ignition
Weight and burnout weight respectively, at the beginning and end of the rocket
burn.
We can use the rocket equation to calculate the ideal velocity a particular rocket
can generate while burning a particular load ofpropellants.
In the real world, of course, trajectory losses, including gravity losses, drag losses,
and steering losses, must be subtracted from the ideal velocity to obtain a more
realistic estimate of the actual velocity the rocket can produce.
(
(
= A
f
o
sp
W
W
gI V ln
The Tsiolkovsky Equation
mass M velocity V
dt
dM
V
dt
V d
M
dt
V M d
= =
=
=
,
0
) (
Begin with momentum conservation for

An Isolated Body in free space
Exhaust
motion
Rocket
motion
No aerodynamic drag
and no gravity
The Tsiolkovsky Equation Cont.
dt
dM
V
dt
V d
M

=
Mass of the rocket is determined by what lies within
its mechanical envelope and rocket nozzle
Mechanical
envelope
Mass leaves
envelope at V
ex
leading to mass
decrease within
envelope
) ln(
1
0 0
I
R
ex
t
ex
t
ex
M
M
V V
rocket of time burn t
dt
dt
dM
M
V dt
dt
V d
dt
dM
V
dt
V d
M
= A
=
=
=
} }
Mass Initial to Mass maining of Ratio
M
M
Nozzle the of out Velocity Exhaust V
Velocity in Change Final V
I
R
ex
Re =
=
= A
) ln(
R
I
ex
M
M
V V
Equation y Tsilokovsk The
= A
In order to maximize the AV we must maximize V
ex,
the
exhaust velocity ( it must be very explosive fuel)
and the ratio of fully fueled or initial mass M
I
to final or
remaining mass M
R
( the rocket must be a fuel tank, composed of the lightest
substance possible that can withstand the stress)
Specific Impulse
Exhaust velocity is most
often given in terms of
Specific Impulse =I
sp
sec) / 5 . 4 sec( 450
sec 8 . 9
2
km at Oxygen and Hydrogen Liquid
is fuels chemical for I Highest
gravity to due ion accellerat m g
g
V
I
sp
ex
sp
=
=
Analysis :
With time velocity increases
Natural logarithm of the ratio of initial to current mass
Exhaust velocity : How fast the mass is being expelled
The most advanced liquid-fuelled chemical rockets today produce an
exhaust velocity of : 4500m/s
It does not depend on the thrust
To achieve a high rocket velocity, the mass ratio has to be
large
The mass ratio is defined as the ratio of vehicle-plus-propellant
mass, to vehicle mass
A mass ratio of, say, 5 indicates
80% of the initial mass of the rocket is fuel
Car, which has a typical empty mass of 1.5 ton, and a fuel mass of 40 kg
A mass ratio of 1.003
The rocket can travel faster than the speed of its exhaust.
The point at which the rocket speed exceeds the exhaust speed is
when the mass ratio becomes equal to e, the base of natural
logarithms
Tsiolkovsky calculated how fast a rocket needs to travel to reach
space.
and determined : there was a LIMIT
A mass ratio of 10 is almost impossible to achieve.
R
FuelBurned
ex
R
FuelBurned
ex
R
I
ex
R
FuelBurned
R
FuelBurned
R
FuelBurned R
R
I
M
M
V
M
M
V
M
M
V V
Becomes Equation The
M
M
where
M
M
M
M M
M
M
For

~ + = = A
<<
+ =
+
=
) 1 ln( ) ln(
1
1
For the case of small rocket burns on satelites in space,
where the mass of fuel burned is small relative to the satellite mass
The equation becomes simple
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
-
=
w
f
I
sp
o
e
sp
g
V
I =
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
Specific Impulse rockets Ability to deliver a certain
(specific) impulse for a given weight of propellant
I
sp
=
I
mpulse
g
0
M
propellant
=
F
thrust
0
t
}
dt
g
0
m
propellant
dt
0
t
}
g
0
= 9.806
m
sec
2
(mks)
Mean specific impulse
At a constant altitude, with
Constant mass flow through engine
I
sp
=
I
mpulse
g
0
M
propellant
=
F
thrust
0
t
}
dt
g
0
m
propellant dt
0
t
}
=
F
thrust
g
0
m
propellant
Instantaneous specific impulse
Rocket Equation
AV = V
final
V
0
M
0
= M
final
+
m
propellant
AV = g
0
I
sp
ln 1+
m
propellant
M
final
(
(
(
= g
0
I
sp
ln 1+ P
mf
P
mf
= "propellant mass fraction"
Sometimes
m
propellant
M
final
+
m
propellant
Is also called
propellant mass
Fraction or load mass fraction
LECTURE # 9
SPACE PROPULSION
REQUIREMENT
PROPULSION REQUIREMENTS
Typical
Propulsion
Requirements
Typical
Propulsion
Requirements
Maneuver V, km/s
Orbit transfer:
LEO to GEO
LEO to GEO
GTO to GEO (1)
GTO to GEO (2)
LEO to Earth escape
LEO to translunar orbit
LEO to lunar orbit
GTO to lunar orbit
LEO to Mars orbit
LEO to solar escape
3.95 (no plane change required)
4.2 (including plane change of
28 deg)
1.5 (no plane change required)
1.8 (incl. plane change of 28
deg.)
3.2
3.1
3.9
1.25-1.4
5.7
8.7
Orbit control: Station-keeping
(GEO)
50-55 m/s per year
Orbit control: Drag
compensation
alt.: 400-500 km
alt.: 500-600 km
alt.: >600 km
< 100 m/s per year max. (<25
m/s average)
< 25 m/s per year max. (< 5 m/s
average)
< 7.5 m/s per year max.
Attitude control: 3-axis control
2-6 m/s per year
Auxiliary tasks:
Spin-up or despin
Stage or booster separation
Momentum wheel unloading
5-10 m/s per manoeuvre
5-10 m/s per manoeuvre
2-6 m/s per year
LECTURE # 9
SPACECRAFT PROPULSION
EQUATIONS
Equations
Thrust
Mass Flow
Impulse
Specific Impulse
Ideal Rocket Equation
Propellant Tank Mass
PERFORMANCE
Specific Impulse : Thrust produced per unit weight flow rate
How a Thermodynamic Rocket Works
e a e e
A p p v m F ) ( + =

m = mass flow rate (kg/sec)
v
e
= propellant exhaust velocity (m/sec)
p
e
= pressure at nozzle exit (Pa)
p
a
= ambient pressure (Pa)
A
e
= area of nozzle exit (m
2
)
e
v m F

=
For Ideal Expansion (p
e
= p
a
):
Thrust Equation
Thrust Equation
P2
P
T
Pe
Te
Ae
F1
F2
Thrust Equation
Change of momentum of flux across surface
of CV
Sum of forces on
CV
Change of momentum of mass contained in
CV
Thrust Equation
No Body Forces
Steady Flow
Uniform flow at nozzle exit
One dimensional flow (only x)
Pe P2
Thrust Equation
F + Fb = +
F =
F = F1 F2 F 2 = (pe-p2) Ae
Thrust Equation
F =
u ds = mass flow rate
F = m Ve
F = F1 F2 m Ve = F1 (pe-p2) Ae
F1 = m Ve + (pe-p2) Ae
Thrust Equation
If
Pressure Thrust
Momentum Thrust
Characteristic
Thrust
Thrust Equation
Effective exhaust velocity
Characteristic Velocity
PERFORMANCE
MULTISTAGE ROCKETS
M
0i
: The total initial mass of
the ith stage prior to firing
including the payload mass
the mass of i, i+1, i+2, n stages.
PERFORMANCE
MULTISTAGE ROCKETS
Discarding, Inert mass (empty fuel tanks etc ) during the flight is
bound to improve the performance
The thrust remains the same, but after the tanks have been dropped
off, the mass of the rocket is smaller, so the acceleration will be
greater
The final velocity of an n stage launch system is the sum of the
velocity gains from each stage.
n n
V V V V V A + + + A + A + A = . ..........
3 2 1
PERFORMANCE
The mass ratio of the single rocket
F S
P F S
o
M M
M M M
R
+
+ +
=
The rocket is then divided into two rockets, each having half the fuel
and stacked one on top of the other
The first rocket is ignited, and burns until all its fuel is exhausted
PERFORMANCE
P F S
P F S
M M M
M M M
R
+ +
+ +
=
2
1
1
The mass ratio of the first rocket
The lower rocket then drops off, and the upper rocket is ignited.
P S
P F S
M M
M M M
R
+
+ +
=
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
PERFORMANCE
Compare the performance of a single and a two-stage rocket:
o e e
R v V log =
2 log 1 log R v R v V
e e e e
+ =
Two stage stage
Single stage
PERFORMANCE
Calculation :
A rocket of total mass 100 ton
Mass of spacecraft of 1 ton
Exhaust velocity of 2,700 m/s
Structural mass is 10% of the fuel mass.
Single stage
Ro = 9.09
PERFORMANCE
Two stage stage
velocity of the first stage
R1 = 9.09
velocity increment of the second stage
R1 = 8.42
PERFORMANCE
Total velocity = 7342 m/s ;
1383 m/s more than what was achieved for single stage
Perform the same calculation for 3 and 4 stage vehicles with same data
Total Impulse is the force imparted integrated over the burning time
Definitions
Mathematically
Definitions
Assumptions
Cannot be uniform over entire nozzle area
Measurement can be very difficult (velocity profile)
1-D behavior is assumed (Uniform over entire area)
Average equivalent velocity at which Propellant is ejected
Mathematically
.
m
F
g I c
s
= =
Definitions
Thrust
) (
.
a e e e
p p A u m F + =
Momentum Thrust Pressure Thrust
Definitions
Thrust
) (
.
a e e e
p p A u m F + =
Thrust equation
a e
p p =
e
u m F
.
=
When
Characteristic Thrust
Definitions
Exhaust velocity
) (
.
a e e e
p p A u m F + =
Thrust equation
. .
.
.
) (
m
p p A
m
u m
m
F
a e e e

+ =
Dividing by mass flow rate
.
) (
m
p p A
u c
a e e
e

+ =
Definitions
Altitude performance of rocket engines
.
) (
m
p p A
u c
a e e
e

+ =
Variable Part
Fixed Part
Definitions
Nozzle Exhaust velocity
The propellants burns inside the combustion chamber
The gas produced is heated by the chemical energy of the combustion
The gases expands through the nozzle
The exhaust velocity can be derived by setting the kinetic energy of
the exhaust gas equal to the change in enthalpy of the gas as it
expands through the nozzle.
The process is assumed to be under isentropic conditions
No heat escapes from the gas to the nozzle walls
The exhaust is assumed to behave like a perfect gas
Nozzle Expansion
NOZZLE
I
sp
versus Power
Lox hydrogen
Nuclear power
required
High fuel
mass
ISP
(Sec)
Thrust per Unit Power
N/kW
0.1 0.2
1000
50%
eff.
500
Resisto-jet
Arc-jet
MET
Ion
Thrusters
Orbital transfer: Earth to Mars
Start in low circular orbit do rocket
burn to give AV (add energy)
This puts one into transfer orbit that
is an ellipse
At highest point of ellipse
(aphelion) one performs rocket
burn to add AV to circularize orbit
at Mars(add more energy)
To return one reverses the
procedure (subtract energy)
LECTURE # 9
FUEL TYPES
Rocket Fuel Types
Solid Fuel
Liquid Fuel
(turbo pump fed)
Liquid Fuel
(pressure fed)
oxidizer
fuel
pressurant
Turbo pump
Thrust
chamber
ENERGY SOURCES
ENERGY SOURCES
Energy Source
Chemical Nuclear
Thermal
Electric
Solar
Thermal
Thermal
ENERGY SOURCES
Chemical
Solid
Propellant
Liquid
Propellant
Mono Propellant
Bi-propellant
Hybrid
LECTURE # 9
SOLID FUEL
Solid Fuel Rockets
Solid Fuel
Solid fuel rockets are oldest (China in
~200 AD)
Simple and reliable
Inexpensive, easy to Launch
Part of Space Shuttle Booster
I
sp
of solid fuel is low
I
sp
~ 250 seconds compared to liquid
fuels I
sp
~ 300-450 seconds
Solid fuels
Solid fuels consist of a solid oxidizer plus a fuel example
Oldest solid fuel Black Powder
Saltpeter (KNO
3
) + Carbon+ Sulfur
Oxidizer : KNO
3
( releases oxygen)
Fuel : Carbon (burns with oxygen)
Burn accelerator: Sulfur ( combines with left over potassium,
releasing more oxygen)
SRM
SRM
In solid propellant rockets , the word "motor" is used.
The propellant is contained and stored directly in the combustion
chamber
long-time storage (5 to 20 years).
Motors come in many different types and sizes, varying in thrust
fromabout 2 N to over 4 million N
Solid propellant rocket motors have been credited with having no
moving parts
SRM
The principal components of a solid rocket motor
1. Propellant grain
2. Igniter
3. Motor case
4. Exhaust nozzle
5. Thrust vector control
6. Mounting provisions
SRM
SRM Classification
Basis of Classification Examples of Classification
Application Satellite boosters, ballistic missiles, sounding
rockets
Diameter 0.025 to 6.6m
Length 0.025 to 45m
Propellant Composite, double-base, Composite-modified
double-base
Case design Steel monolithic, fiber monolithic, segmented
Grain installation Case-bonded, Cartridge-loaded
Grain configuration Cylindrical, Spherical, end burning , 3D
Grain Configuration
Grain Configuration
Grain configuration basically is a geometrical consideration that
is going to impose a certain thrust law, thrust versus time, which
in turn is going to satisfy the ballistic performance requirement
for a specific mission
Grain is the shape of propellant mass inside
the rocket motor. The propellant grain is a
cast, molded, or extruded body, once ignited,
burns on all exposed surfaces to form hot
gases
Grain Configurations
A variety of grain configurations are available depending upon
the available propellant
Two dimensional as well as three dimensional configuration can
be selected depending on specific requirements
1. Star
2. Slotted tube
3. Wagon wheel
4. Three dimensional grain
LECTURE # 9
LIQUID FUEL
LIQUID ROCKET ENGINE
The mission requirements can be translated into rocket engine
requirements in terms of
Thrust-time profile
Propellants
Number of thrust chambers
Total impulse
Number of restarts
Minimum reliability
Engine masses and their sizes or envelopes
The design of any propulsion system is tailored to fit a specific
application or mission requirement
Application Mission velocity
The desired flight trajectories
orbit transfer Vulnerability
Attitude control torques Duty cycle
Minimum life (during storage or in orbit)
Number of units to be built and delivered. They include
constraints on cost, schedule, operating conditions,
storage conditions, or safety rules
A liquid propellant rocket propulsion system is commonly
called a rocket engine
One or more thrust chambers
One or more tanks to store the propellants
A feed mechanism to force the propellants from the tanks into the thrust
chamber(s)
A power source to furnish the energy for the feed mechanism
Suitable plumbing or piping to transfer the liquids
A structure to transmit the thrust force
Control devices to initiate and regulate the propellant flow and thus the
thrust.
Many different types of rocket engines have been built and flown
Thrust size from less than 0.01 lbf to over 1.75 million pounds
One-time operation or multiple starts (some have over 150,000 restarts)
With or without thrust modulation (called throttling)
Single use or reusable
Arranged as single engines or in clusters of multiple units
The thrust chamber or thruster is the combustion device where
the liquid propellants
Metered
Injected
Atomized
Mixed
Burned to form hot gaseous reaction products
Hot gaseous are accelerated and ejected at a high velocity to
impart a thrust force
A thrust chamber has three major parts:
An injector
A combustion chamber
A nozzle
The propellants, which are the working substance of rocket
engines, constitute the fluid that undergoes chemical and
thermodynamic changes
Oxidizer (liquid oxygen, nitric acid, etc.)
Fuel (gasoline , alcohol, liquid hydrogen, etc.).
Chemical compound or mixture of oxidizer and fuel
ingredients, capable of self-decomposition
A bipropellant rocket unit has two separate liquid propellants, an
oxidizer and a fuel
A monopropellant contains an oxidizing agent and combustible
matter in a single substance
A cold gas propellant is stored at very high pressure, gives a low
performance
A cryogenic propellant is liquefied gas at low temperature, such as
liquid oxygen (-183C) or liquid hydrogen (-253C).
Liquid Fuel (turbo pump)
Liquid Fuel
(turbo pump fed)
oxidizer
fuel
Thrust
chamber
Most commonly used space
launch vehicle
Highest I
sp
and M
I
/M
R
Basic design unchanged since
German V-2
LOX (liquid oxygen) is common
oxidizer
Kerosene or Liquid Hydrogen are
common fuels
turbo
pump
Liquid Fuels
Liquid fuels have lower average molecular
weight exhaust than solid fuels
They can be burned in thrust chamber of
fixed geometry to maximize performance
The liquid can be pure cryogenic gases
such as oxygen and hydrogen
LECTURE # 9
HYBRID
HYBRID FUEL
LECTURE # 9
OTHERS
Gas Acceleration Mechanism
Gas Acceleration Mechanism
Thermal Electrostatic Electromagnetic
Pressure
Electric
Field
Gas
acceleration
Ions acceleration
Magnetic Field
Gas
acceleration
ION THRUSTER
Electromagnetic Propulsion
NUCLEAR
While chemical and electric systems are
used for the propulsion of todays
spacecrafts,
nuclear propulsion is still under study.
LECTURE # 9
ELECTRIC
Electric Propulsion
Electric Propulsion
Electric propulsion heats or accelerates gases electrically to
achieve higher I
sp
than possible with chemical combustion
Electro thermal uses electric arcs to heat gas to welding arc
temperatures
Ion thrusters electrically accelerate ionized gas to high velocity
Electric Propulsion
Electric Propulsion
Electric Propulsion
Electric Propulsion
ELECTROTHERMAL SYSTEMS
ELECTROTHERMAL SYSTEMS
ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS
ELECTROSTATIC
ELECTRIC Thrusters
LECTURE # 9
COLD GAS
Cold Gas
Cold Gas
Cold Gas
Cold Gas
Cold Gas
Cold gas
Cold gas
z
1
x
1
y
1
0
II
III
IV
I
(a)
y
1
II
I
III
IV
X1
o1
o2 o4
o3
z
1
(b)
II
I
III
IV
45
o1
o2
o4
o3
y
1
z
1
(c)
LECTURE # 9
HOT GAS
Liquid Propellant
LECTURE # 9
HOT GAS
MONOPROPELLANT SYSTEMS
HOT GAS
LECTURE # 9
HOT GAS
BIPROPELLANT SYSTEMS
LECTURE # 9
HOT GAS
PROPELLANT TANKS
Propellant Tanks
Propellant Tanks
Surface area: S
Volume: V
Radius: r
Diameter: D
Height: h
Sphere
Right circular cylinder
Spherical cap
Spheroid
Torus
Formulas for surface area and volume of specific tank geometries
LECTURE # 9
APPLICATIONS
THRUST LEVEL
High thrust : for launch, missiles etc
Low thrust : for efficient in-space maneuvers
Spacecraft Propulsion
Characteristics of
Space Propulsion Systems
Characteristics of
Impulse bits
Impulse bit is the smallest change in momentum required to allow for e.g. fine
attitude and orbit control of a spacecraft.
Storable propellants
Storable Propellants are liquid (or gaseous) at ambient temperature and can
be stored for long periods in sealed tanks, e.g. monopropellant hydrazine
In contrast, cryogenic propellants, which are liquefied gases at low
temperature, such as liquid oxygen (-147 C) or liquid hydrogen (-253 C) are
difficult to be used for long space flight missions.
Note: at present only storable propellants are used for space flight
missions.
Characteristics of
Impulse bits
Impulse bit is the smallest change in momentum required to allow for e.g. fine
attitude and orbit control of a spacecraft.
Storable propellants
Storable Propellants are liquid (or gaseous) at ambient temperature and can
be stored for long periods in sealed tanks, e.g. monopropellant hydrazine
In contrast, cryogenic propellants, which are liquefied gases at low
temperature, such as liquid oxygen (-147 C) or liquid hydrogen (-253 C) are
difficult to be used for long space flight missions.
Note: at present only storable propellants are used for space flight
missions.
INTELSAT V
Propellant mass of 168.9 kg required
Transfer orbit (7 kg)
Spin up, reorientation
Drift orbit (29.9 kg)
Reorientation, spin down
GEO (132 kg)
NS Station Keeping (106 kg)
EW Station Keeping (11.7 kg)
Attitude Maintenance (12.3 kg)
Disposal (2 kg)
INTELSAT V
ORBIT TRANSFER
INTELSAT V satellite has a Thiokol AKM that produces an average thrust of 56
kN
(12,500 lbf) and burns to depletion in approximately 45 seconds.
STATIONKEEPING AND ATTITUDE CONTROL
Array of four 0.44 N (0.1 lbf) thrusters for roll control,
Array of ten 2.0 N (0.45 lbf) thrusters for pitch and yaw control and E/W
stationkeeping,
Array of two 22.2 N (5.0 lbf) thrusters for repositioning and reorientation.
Four 0.3 N (0.07 lbf) EHTs are used for N/S stationkeeping.
The nominal mass of the spacecraft at beginning of life (BOL) is 1005
kg and the dry mass at end of life (EOL) is 836 kg. The difference of
169 kg represents the mass of the propellant for a design life of 7
years.
LECTURE # 9
CHEMICAL PROPULSION
Chemical Propulsion
Chemical reaction produces energy
Liquid
Bipropellant
Two reactants
Fuel and Oxidizer
MMH, UDMH, O
2
, HNO
3
, N
2
O
4
Monopropellant
Single reactant
Catalyst
N
2
H
4
, H
2
O
2
Solid
Fuel and oxidizer combined in a solid mixture (grain)
Hybrid
Typically a solid fuel and a liquid or gaseous oxidizer
LECTURE # 9
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
Solar Electric Propulsion
Several Classifications
Electrothermal
Resistojet
Arcjet
Electrostatic
Ion engine
Electromagnetic
Pulsed Plasma Thruster
Hall Effect Thruster
MPD
LECTURE # 9
NUCLEAR PROPULSION
Nuclear Propulsion
Fission or Radioactive Isotope Decay
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP)
Transfers heat produced by nuclear process into propellant
gas
Propellant heating increases thrust and specific impulse
Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP)
Uses heat produced by nuclear process to produce electric
power
Electric power used to ionize and accelerate propellant
LECTURE # 9
PROPELLANT LESS PROPULSION
Propellant-less Propulsion
Solar Sail
Uses solar pressure to generate thrust
Large, reflective surface area required
Electrodynamic Tether
Uses Earths (or other planets) magnetic field to
generate a force (with an electric current)
Atmospheric Drag
Aerobraking
Re-entry
LECTURE # 9
SOLAR SAILS
SOLAR SAILS
Small solar sails, (devices that produce thrust as a reaction force induced by
reflecting incident light) may be used to make small attitude control and
velocity adjustments.
This application can save large amounts of fuel on a long-duration mission
by producing control moments without fuel expenditure.
For example, Mariner 10 adjusted its attitude using its solar cells and
antennas as small solar sails
SOLAR SAILS
Small solar sails, (devices that produce thrust as a reaction force induced by
reflecting incident light) may be used to make small attitude control and
velocity adjustments.
This application can save large amounts of fuel on a long-duration mission
by producing control moments without fuel expenditure.
For example, Mariner 10 adjusted its attitude using its solar cells and
antennas as small solar sails
SOLAR SAILS
Mariner 10 was an American robotic space
probe launched by NASA on November 3,
1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus.
Mariner 10 was launched approximately two
years after Mariner 9 and was the last
spacecraft in the Mariner program (Mariner 11
and 12 were allocated to the Voyager
program and redesignated Voyager 1 and
Voyager 2).
The mission objectives were to measure
Mercury's environment, atmosphere, surface,
and body characteristics and to make similar
investigations of Venus. Secondary objectives
were to perform experiments in the
interplanetary medium and to obtain
experience with a dual-planet gravity assist
mission.
There currently is a spacecraft mission doing a
more in-depth survey of Mercury, MESSENGER.
The planning of the mission was dependent on
Mariner 10's data sets.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft
Display.do?id=1973-085A
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/mariner.htm
MARINER 10
MARINER 10
MARINER 10
MARINER 10
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 image showing a scarp on the plains of
Mercury. The SW-NE trending scarp, which may have
been formed by compressional stresses, is radial to
the Caloris Basin, to the southwest (north is up). The
image is about 240 km across. (Mariner 10, Atlas of
Mercury,
Location & Time Information
Date/Time (UT): 1974-03-30
Distance/Range (km): N/A
Central Latitude/Longitude (deg): +52.50/171.00
Orbit(s): Flyby
Imaging Information
Area or Feature Type: scarp, crater, plains
Instrument: GEC 1-inch vidicon tube (TV) camera
Instrument Resolution (pixels): 700 x 832, 8 bit
Instrument Field of View (deg): 0.38 x 0.47
Filter: N/A
Illumination Incidence Angle (deg): N/A
Phase Angle (deg): N/A
Instrument Look Direction: N/A
Surface Emission Angle (deg): N/A
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 mosaic of Mercury taken as the spacecraft
was outbound after the first flyby. This mosaic was
made up of 18 pictures, taken about 6 hours after
closest approach. The north pole is at the top, and the
equator is about two-thirds down from the top. The
resolution is about 2 km. Half of the Caloris Basin is
visible at the terminator on the left, just above the
middle of the image. The bright ray crater at the upper
right is the 45 km diameter Degas
Location & Time Information
Date/Time (UT): 1974-03-30
Distance/Range (km): 200,000
Central Latitude/Longitude (deg): N/A
Orbit(s): Flyby
Imaging Information
Area or Feature Type: Global view
Instrument: GEC 1-inch vidicon tube (TV) camera
Instrument Resolution (pixels): 700 x 832, 8 bit
Instrument Field of View (deg): 0.38 x 0.47
Filter: N/A
Illumination Incidence Angle (deg): 75
Phase Angle (deg): 75
Instrument Look Direction: N/A
Surface Emission Angle (deg): 0
SOLAR SAILS
Solar sails (also called light sails or photon sails)
are a form of spacecraft propulsion using the
radiation pressure (also called solar pressure) of
a combination of light and high speed ejected
gasses from a star to push large ultra-thin
mirrors to high speeds.
Light sails could also be driven by energy beams
to extend their range of operations, which is
strictly beam sailing rather than solar sailing.
Solar sail craft offer the possibility of low-cost
operations combined with long operating
lifetimes.
Since they have few moving parts and use no
propellant, they can potentially be used
numerous times for delivery of payloads.
LECTURE # 9
SPACE PROPULSION
CASE STUDY
SPACE PROPULSION CASE STUDY
Summarizes key features and performance characteristics of existing and
planned (near future) propulsion systems for use on spacecraft such as
satellites
This study demonstrates the design of a baseline orbital propulsion system
for a spacecraft with a total loaded mass of 5000 kg (including the
propulsion subsystem). In more detail, the propulsion system should allow
for the spacecraft to perform a coplanar LEO-GEO orbit transfer mission.
Three options are considered:
1. Minimum energy, high thrust (Impulsive shot)
2. Low thrust chemical
3. Low thrust (spiral transfer)
The main difference is in the velocity change required, the thrust level and the
mission duration.
We determine subsequently the various propulsion options for use, their main
advantages and disadvantages with respect to amongst others functionality,
operation and cost, and calculate propulsion subsystem and net vehicle mass
(vehicle mass excluding propulsion system).
The results are compared and the various systems assessed for their mission
suitability.
No attempts are made to determine the effects of varying total vehicle mass
on the outcome of this assessment.
Also we neglect the need for a margin on required velocity change to account
for mission uncertainties.
Propulsion Options
The following propulsion options are considered as candidate for the mission at
hand:
Chemical:
a. Liquid bipropellant
i. Cryogenic
ii. Storable
b. Solid
c. Hybrid
Other propulsion options like chemical monopropellant, laser-thermal, nuclear-
thermal, plasma, and tethered propulsion are left out of consideration to limit
the amount of analysis to be performed.
System Concept Analysis and Design
Many missions desire minimal mass to reduce the mission cost, which may be
achieved in part by choosing the appropriate propulsion system.
Some military missions and manned missions, however, may prefer minimal TOF over
minimal cost associated with minimal mass.
At times, the choices for the orbit transfer and propulsion system may be obvious,
but, the appropriate design is not obvious, given that designing a propulsion system
depends on the transfer orbit chosen, and vice versa.
For such design problem, a tool that designs the orbit transfer and propulsion
system may alleviate the difficulty in solving the coupled problem
We could go through a detailed analysis to determine the mass of propulsion
system, but, it becomes very complex and tedious.
There are many detailed design choices required to compute the propulsion system
mass, we take a very simple approach to approximating the propulsion system
mass.
To develop a propulsion budget based on a given AV budget, for Preliminary
Design, we can estimate the cost of the space mission by using the rocket equation
to determine the total required spacecraft plus propellant mass, in terms of the dry
mass of the spacecraft, the total required AV
) ln( ln ln R gI
m
m
gI
m m
m
gI V
sp
f
o
sp
p o
o
sp

(
(
(
(
= A
| | 1
) / (
=
A g I V
f p
sp
e m m
m
f
m
o
- m
p
is the Final Vehicle Mass
m
o
=Initial Vehicle Mass
m
p
=Mass of the Propellant Consumed
R =Mass ratio.
It assumes zero losses due to Gravity and Drag, and is thus the Limiting Ideal case.
In practice the AV achieved will be somewhat smaller
) ln( ln ln R gI
m
m
gI
m m
m
gI V
sp
f
o
sp
p o
o
sp

(
(
(
(
= A
| | 1
) / (
=
A g I V
f p
sp
e m m
I
sp
is the most important and first figure of merit.
Note that the I
sp
is dependant on the nature of propellant, nozzle design, ambient
pressure, and combustion efficiency.
Given a structural mass fraction r
s
for the propulsion system, the total mass of the
propulsion system is
) ln( ln ln R gI
m
m
gI
m m
m
gI V
sp
f
o
sp
p o
o
sp

(
(
(
(
= A
| | 1
) / (
=
A g I V
f p
sp
e m m
s
p
total
r
m
m
=
1
To evaluate Empty Vehicle Mass (EVM) a 1% ~ 5% margins are
considered to account for ullage, propellant boil off in case of liquid
and sliver in case of solid propellant.
In this section, the various propulsion options available are analyzed
to a level of detail considered fit for conceptual analysis and
design. Table provides an overview of the various options as well as
their typical performances, and advantages and disadvantages with
respect to amongst others thrust control, restartability, reliability,
flight status and cost.
The information in the table is not considered to be all inclusive, but
is given for the reason of demonstrating how propulsion options may
be mapped and characterized in a comparative way.
Courtesy Barry Zandbergen, TU Delft
) ln( ln ln R gI
m
m
gI
m m
m
gI V
sp
f
o
sp
p o
o
sp

(
(
(
(
= A
| | 1
) / (
=
A g I V
f p
sp
e m m
s
p
total
r
m
m
=
1
Various options are analysed with respect to their effect on total
propulsion system mass.
We will select appropriate values for thrust and when
applicable also
Propellant
specific impulse
oxidiser-to-fuel ratio
propellant density
tank pressure, sail material, etc.
and perform an initial sizing of the system.
The numbers are not optimized to obtain the best performance.
) ln( ln ln R gI
m
m
gI
m m
m
gI V
sp
f
o
sp
p o
o
sp

(
(
(
(
= A
| | 1
) / (
=
A g I V
f p
sp
e m m
s
p
total
r
m
m
=
1
No System Concept
Typical (vacuum)
performances
Advantage/
Disadvantage
Remark
1
Cryogenic
chemical
bipropellant
Propellant: Liquid hydrogen &
liquid oxygen I
sp
: 400-450 sec
Typical oxidiser/fuel mass ratio
is 5. Thrust level: High (~kN)
Advantages: Space qualified Used today mostly for
launcher stages including some upper stages Extensive in
flight heritage Highest average I
sp
with respect to other pure
chemical systems Disadvantages: Expensive and complex
compared to other chemical systems due to low temperature
storage of propellants (hydrogen at 20 K and oxygen at 80 K)
high g-load on s/c due to relatively high thrust (necessary to
reduce storage time)
Presently only used for
short duration launcher
missions (Ariane 5, Space
Shuttle, Centaur)
2
Storable chemical
bipropellant
Propellant: MMH/hydrazine
&N
2
O
4
I
sp
: 300-340 sec. Typical
oxidiser/fuel mass ratio is 1.65.
Thrust level: Moderate thrust
(~400 N)
Advantages: Space qualified Extensive in flight heritage
Propellants can be stored for longer periods of time (up to many
years) Average I
sp
compared to other pure chemical systems
Hydrazine can also be used as monopropellant offering an
increase in reliability Disadvantages: Expensive and complex
compared to solid and hybrid systems Moderate g-load on s/c
Used for almost all current
GEO communication
satellites
3
Solid chemical
propellant
Propellant: Composites +
aluminiumI
sp
: 285-300 sec.
Thrust level: High (~kN)
Advantages: Space qualified Extensive in flight heritage
Low cost High reliability Disadvantages: Limited
performance (I
sp
) Not restartable inaccurate injection
high g-load on s/c due to relatively high thrust
Has been used in the very
beginning of GEO
commerce. Only used
seldom today
4
Hybrid chemical
propellant
Propellant: Aluminized poly-
ethene & N2O4 Isp: 310-320
sec. Typical oxidiserto fuel mass
ratio is 2. Thrust level: High
(~kN)
Advantages: Restartable Cost in between those of solid
and liquid chemical systems Reliability in between reliability
of solid and pure liquid systems Disadvantages: Not space
qualified Little flight heritage inaccurate injection (not
staged) high g-load on s/c
Low-cost replacement for
liquid systems.
5
Solar thermal
Propellant: Liquid hydrogen Isp:
800 sec Thrust level: ~100N
Advantages High performance Disadvantages Low
development status (first flight planned by in 2004, but no
definite plans have emerged) Requires separate power source
to provide thermal power
Candidate system for LEO-
GEO transfer missions and
interplanetary cargo
missions
6
Ion propulsion
Propellant: Xenon gas Isp:
Better than 2000 sec Thrust
efficiency: 75% Thrust level:
Thrusters of 200 mN are
available.
Advantages Space qualified Very high performance
Control Disadvantages Full transfer takes long time (> 1 year)
due to low thrust level Little heritage in low thrust transfer
mission. Autonomous transfer necessary High cost
Requires separate power source to provide electrical power
Candidate system for
missions
7
Solar sailing
Sail (assembly) loading of 2.5
gram/square meter. Thrust
level: ~0.9 |iN/m2 at 1 AU
Advantages: Requires no propellant mass Essentially
unlimited operation time Low acceleration loads due to low
thrust (~0.9 |iN/m2) Disadvantages: No flight heritage
Relatively long flight times due to low acceleration levels
Complex system due to large sail and need for sail steering
Candidate system for
missions and interstellar
travel
Property
Liquid
Cryogenic
Liquid
Storable
Solid Hybrid
AV [km/s] 3.895 3.950 3.895 3.895
Thrust level 60 kN 1.6 kN 50 ~ 20 kN 50 kN
Effective exhaust velocity; I
sp
*g
o
[m/s] 4500 3250 3000 3250
On board propellant mass [kg] 2983 3552 3817 3666
Propulsion system dry mass [kg] 377 426 382 424
Propulsion system total mass [kg] 3360 3978 4199 4080
Vehicle dry mass [kg] 2017 1448 1183 1334
Vehicle dry mass excl. propulsion system [kg] 1640 1022 801 910
Propellant storage volume [m
3
] 9.60 3.4 2.62 3.12
Acceleration (end of mission) [g
o
] 3.2 0.11 2.3 3.8
Burn time ~3.5min 120 min ~3.5 min ~4 min.
Time in transfer orbit 5-6 hours Several days 5-6 hours 5-6 hours
Property
Liquid
Cryogeni
c
Liquid
Storable
Solid Hybrid
Solar
Thermal
Ion
Prop
Solar
Sail
AV [km/s] 3.895 3.950 3.895 3.895 4.611 4710 4710
Thrust level 60 kN 1.6 kN 50 ~ 20 kN 50 kN 100 N 1.4 N 0.56
Effective exhaust velocity; I
sp
*g
o
[m/s] 4500 3250 3000 3250 8000 20000 -
On board propellant mass [kg] 2983 3552 3817 3666 2300 1060 -
Propulsion system dry mass [kg] 377 426 382 424 2180 2181 -
Propulsion system total mass [kg] 3360 3978 4199 4080 4480 3241 2500
Vehicle dry mass [kg] 2017 1448 1183 1334 2700 3940 5000
Vehicle dry mass excl. propulsion system
[kg]
1640 1022 801 910 520 1759 2500
Propellant storage volume [m
3
] 9.60 3.4 2.62 3.12 33.3 1.96 -
Collector/solar array/sail area [m
2
] - - - - 396.8 95.2 1x10
6
Acceleration (end of mission) [g
o
] 3.2 0.11 2.3 3.8 0.002 0.00003 0.000016
Burn time ~3.5min 120 min ~3.5 min ~4 min. ~45 hour ~173 days ~1 year
Time in transfer orbit 5-6 hours
Several
days
5-6 hours
5-6
hours
Multiple
days
~173 days
(~
1
/
2
year)
~2 year
Characteristics PAM-D PAM-DII TOS IUS Centaur H-10 D-M L-9
Stage: Manufacturer
Boeing Boeing Lockheed Martin Boeing
Lockheed
Martin
Ariane-space RSC Energia Ariane-space
Length (m) 2.04 2.00 3.30 5.20 9.0 9.9 6.8 4.5
Diameter (m) 1.25 1.62 3.44 2.90 4.3 2.6 4.1 5.4
Engine: Manufacturer
Thiokol Thiokol CSD CSD
Pratt-
Whitney
SNECMA Isayev DASA
Type (Star 48) ISTP SRM-1 SRM-1, SRM-2 RL 10A-3-3A HM7B 11 DM 58 Aestus
Number 1 1 1 1, 1 2 1 1 1
Fuel Solid Solid Solid Solid LO
2
LH
2
LO
2
LH
2
LOX RP1 N
2
O
4
/ MMH
Composition TP-H-3340 HTPB HTPB 5.5:1 4.77 2.6 2.05
Total Thrust (N)
66,440 78,300 200,000
200,000
81,200
147,000 62,700 84,000 29,000
Specific Impulse (s)
292.6 281.7 294
292.9
300.9
442 444.2 361 324
Burn Time (s)
54.8 121 150
153.0
104.0
488 725 680 1100
Stage: Pad Mass (kg) 2,180 3,490 10,800 14,865 18,800 12,100 18,400 10,900
Impulse Propel. Mass (kg)
2,000 3,240 9,710
9,710
2,750
16,700 10,800 15,050 9,700
Burnout Mass (kg)
189 250 1,090
1,255
1,150
2,100 1,300 2,140 1,200
Airborne Support Equip. Mass
(kg)
1,140 1,600 1,450 3,350 4,310
Illustration:
Schedule: Start Date 1975 1980 1983 1978 1982 1986 New 1988
Operational Date 1982 1985 1986 1982 1990 New 1996
Type of Development Com-mercial Com-mercial Com-mercial Gov't Gov't ESA ILS ESA
Sponsor Boeing Boeing OSC USAF USAF ESA ILS ESA
CSDChemical System Division, United Technologies; ESAEuropean Space Agency; ILSInternational Launch Services; OSCOrbital Sciences Corporation;
RSCRocket Space Corporation; DASADaimler Chrysler Aerospace; SNECMASocie'te' Nationale d'Etudes et de Constructions de Moteurs d'Avion
LECTURE # 9
SPACE PROPULSION
COMPARISON
COMPARISON
COMPARISON
COMPARISON
COMPARISON
The above curves of m
PS
/m
S/C
, plotted as a function of v gives the first and
most important indication for the pre-selection of propulsion systems. If we
assume m
PS
/m
S/C
< 0.30, we can read directly from the curves of m
PS
/m
S/C
:
for low v 150 m/s, compressed cold gas and vaporising liquid propulsion
systems seem to be the best choice, because they meet the requirement and
have the lowest cost;
for 150 < v 650 m/s, monopropellant hydrazine fed propulsion systems are
the best choice, because of their inherent simplicity (reliability) and potential low
cost, while still meeting the requirement;
for high v > 650 m/s, bipropellant systems, monopropellant hydrazine fed
resistojet systems (power-augmented thrusters, arcjets), and electrostatic
(electromagnetic) systems will satisfy the v-requirements best.
LECTURE # 9
SPACE PROPULSION
FUTURE REQUIREMENTS
THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST

Sdac Lec 9 10 Space Propulsion

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Begin with momentum conservation for

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