Riaz, Burhan 000536 140 Mathematics SL 2D Calculus Analysation of Revolving Objects The problem that is being faced in this

s paper involves a block of wood that has an unidentifiable curved shape which also makes the surface area immeasurable to simple instruments such as a pen or ruler. To measure this piece of wood, it will be first traced on graph paper (4mm2 ruling). After this initial step, the surface area will be evaluated using estimation, geometry, and integration. Then, the volume of the solid of revolution will be determined using geometry and integration. The results of this method may be useful to such industries that utilize different shapes of wood or other materials. One example is the lamination of wooden materials that can only be created knowing the exact surface area of the piece of material. Laser printing on wooden objects is another example of needing to know the exact area of the surface. Unlike the methods that will be used in this paper to calculate the surface area and volume of the sold of revolution, industries depend on computer imaging techniques that simplify the process. Nevertheless, these longer techniques were once used widespread in industries and their uses still exist today.

Traced Curve of the Wooden Block (4mm2 ruling)

Part 1: Area: 1

Estimation: The quickest method to calculate the surface area would be to tally the number of units which do not intersect with the curve and multiply by the area of a single unit which is 2mm x 2mm= 4mm since each segment of the unit is 2mm and the area of a square is length x width. 2mm 4mm2 2mm There were a total of 2646 units counted that didnt intersect with the curve. The next step would be to multiply the number of units with the area of a single unit. 2646 x 4mm2 = 10584mm2

Next, since the area of the units intersected by the curve are impossible to measure, it is best to try to visually estimate the area and multiply by the area of a single unit. My estimated number was 30.2 units. 30.2 x 4mm2 = 120.8mm2

Now, to complete my estimation it is necessary to add the two areas together. 10584.0mm2 + 120.8mm2 = 10704.8mm2 Thus, my estimated surface area of the bock of wood is 10704.8mm2. This method of estimation is limited due to human error and cannot solely be depended on when calculating the area. Geometry: Another way to find area of a planar region is by measuring areas of circumscribed and inscribed rectangles that are tangent to the curve and then finding their averages which will estimate the total amount of area. In this case, I will be using 20 rectangles to calculate the surface area. Each rectangle will be spaced 10mm apart. Left Endpoints: First, the height or y coordinates were measured for each rectangle according to where the left side of the rectangle first became tangent with the curve. The heights were then multiplied by 10mm which is the width of the rectangle. Since length x width equals area in rectangles, the sum of all 20 rectangles is a feasible estimate of the total area.

Left Endpoints

Box # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Height(mm) 74 78 81 82 82 81 78 72 66 58 51 46 45 44 42 40 36 30 21 10

Area(mm2) 740 780 810 820 820 810 780 720 660 580 510 460 450 440 420 400 360 300 210 100 11170

Total Area

Circumscribed Rectangles (4mm2 ruling)

Right Endpoints: First, the height or y coordinates were measured for each rectangle according to where the right side of the rectangle first became tangent with the curve. The heights were then

multiplied by 10mm which is the width of the rectangle. Since length x width equals area in rectangles, the sum of all 20 rectangles is a feasible estimate of the total area.
Right Endpoints Height(mm) Area(mm2) 78 780 80 800 82 820 82 820 81 810 78 780 72 720 66 660 58 580 50 500 47 470 45 450 44 440 43 430 40 400 36 360 30 300 21 210 10 100 0 0 Total Area 10430

Box # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Inscribed Rectangles (4mm2 ruling)

Thus, the total sum the circumscribed rectangles is 11170mm2 and the total sum of the inscribed rectangles is 10430mm2. This must mean that the actual area is between 10430mm2 and 11170mm2. If we find the average of these two sums by adding them together and dividing by 2, the area is 10800mm2. The actual area is most likely to be close to this number but a better way to measure geometrically is by adding more boxes so that the chance of error is reduced. Integration: The final method that I will use to estimate the area under the curve involves a graphing calculator with regression capability. Before creating a regression, a scatter plot needs to be created by inserting the x and y coordinates. I will use 20 points that are spaced 10mm away. Scatter Plot Coordinates
X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 195 Y 74 78 81 82 82 81 78 72 66 58 51 46 45 44 42 40 36 30 21 0

Scatter Plot 90

200 5

Next, the correct regression must be chosen from the calculator. The quartic regression best fits the scatter plot. This is to be expected since quartic functions usually often contain 3 critical points. Quartic Regression 90

200

Quartic Equation from Calculator

The quartic equation is f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e The definite integral for this function is:

195

[(-5.617E-7)x4 + (2.267E-4)x3 + (-.031)x2 +(1.221)x + (70.482)] dx

By using the Finite Integral function on the calculator and pasting the quartic equation into this function, I received the area under the curve; 10609.963mm2.This method of estimation works very well since the regression is close to the actual data points. We know this because the R2 value is .990 which is close to 1. We can safely say that the actual area is near 10609.963mm2. All methods that were used unsurprisingly lead to similar estimations of the total area. What was surprising was that the geometric method was more off than the estimation method. This of course can be counteracted by increasing the number of rectangles that are measured. The estimation method only presented .9% error while the geometric method presented 1.8% error in relation to the area found by using the integration method. The integration was most successful since the regression was close to the actual curve.

Part 2: Volume of a Solid of Revolution Solid of Revolution of Wooden Block (4mm2 ruling)

Geometry: The equation for finding the volume of a disk is R2w. In other words, (Height210mm). The summation of all 20 disks results in the total volume of the 3D figure. Since I already have the y coordinates (height) for 20 bars, I will simply square it, multiply it by 10mm, and multiply . Example: Disk 1 [(74mm)2(10mm)] [(5476mm2)(10mm)] 54760mm3

Disk # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total Volume

Volume of Disks Height(mm) Height2(mm2) 74 5476 78 6084 81 6561 82 6724 82 6724 81 6561 78 6084 72 5184 66 4356 58 3364 51 2601 46 2116 45 2025 44 1936 42 1764 40 1600 36 1296 30 900 21 441 10 100

Volume(mm3) 54760 60840 65610 67240 67240 65610 60840 51840 43560 33640 26010 21160 20250 19360 17640 16000 12960 9000 4410 1000 718970

Thus, by adding the volume of all of the disks together, we have 718970mm3 as the volume of the entire solid of revolution. The best way to decrease the percent error is by adding more disks. We can find the definite integral of the volume by inputting the quartic equation into the formula of the disk method.
195

[(-5.617E-7)x4 + (2.267E-4)x3 + (-.031)x2 +(1.221)x + (70.482)]2 dx

By inputting the entire definite integral into the finite integral function, the calculator displays 680831.572mm3 as the total volume of the solid of revolution. This is quite different from the geometric estimation of 718970mm3. There is 5.3% percent error in the geometric method. The geometric method was probably off since it contained only 20 disks and the error continued to grow because of squaring the height and multiplying by 10mm. The integration was most successful since the regression was close to the actual curve (R2=.990). To check whether this information is correct, one can fill this object with water and extract the water into a beaker. The beaker will be able to show the volume.