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A NEW M E T H O D FOR D E T E R M I N I N G THE S E N S I T I V I T Y V, V. E r e m e n k o a n d L. V.

D o l g i n a

TO D R Y I N G OF C L A Y

Translated from Steklo i Keramika, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 26-29, Iuly, 1961

In practice factory laboratories generally use a determination for the drying sensitivity of clay based on the A. F. Chizhskii formula [1] K d ~ .Wi -- Wc
9/ c '

where Wi is the initial water content corresponding to the normal forming consistency of the clay body and Wc is the critical water content at which shrinkage ceases. However, forming specimens with a water content corresponding to the normal forming consistency does not allow us to evaluate how the drying sensitivity alters with changes in initial moisture content.

Batch composition,wt. %

Max-molecular water capacity Wm, %


16.4 16.5 16.2 15.4 15.6 15.1 14.9 13.6 13.1

Normal form- Atterberg ing water plasticity content Wf, % Index


27.9

Omsk argillaceous clay . . . . . Omsk argillaceous clay 95% + 5% TETs ash. Omsk argillaceous clay 90% + 10% dehydrated arg-ciay. Kleshchikhinsk arg-clay Kleshchikhinsk arg-clay 97% + 1%0 sawdust + 2%coal ... Kleshchikhinsk arg-clay 94%+ 2% coal + 4 % g r o g . Kleshchikhinsk arg-ciay 90% + 10% dehydrated arg-ciay. Doroginsk arg-clay The same 90% + 10%dehydrated..

19 18
17

28.0
27.5 26.2 26.5 25.7 25.3 23.1 22.3

16

14

Meanwhile, it is well known that in pug mills the goods are usually formed at a moisture content of 3-4%less than the moisture content determined with a model and corresponding to the normal forming consistency. The results of V. S. Fadeeva and P. P. Rosta [2] showed the usefulness of further reducing the initial moisture content to the value corresponding to the maximum molecular moisture capacity. Att this suggests the need for developing a method for determining the drying sensitivity of bodies with a consideration of their initial moisture content. In the East Siberian branch of the Architecture and Building Academy, USSR, a study was made of the relationship between the drying properties and the forming water content of clays. The study made use of argillaceous clays from Kleshikhinsk (Novosibirsk), from a mine of the Omsk Brick Works No. I and a heavy dust-like loam from the Evsinsko-Doroginsk area (Novosibirsk). The prepared body was placed in a level layer in a metal mold and a plunger was used to make the specimens on a hydraulic press. The pressure was selected so as to obtain a well-formed specimen without excessive forming pressures. The plunger was lowered at the rate of about 1 ram/minute. All trials used one and the same weight of body (calculated on dry weight) for making tries of approximately the same thickness.

349

P
15

I .6!//V/-~7-

I' 'i
f6 fO 20

ZZ

Z~

26

W%

i I\ "N 7 . . . . . ~- ~ \

t -~

Fig. 4. 1) Omsk clay without additions; 2) clay + 10% dehydrated; 3) clay + 5%TETs ash; 4) clay + S % coal + 5 % grog. Kd

15

17

19

Zt

23

Z5

hl %

Fig. 1. 1) Omsk argillaceous clay; 2) Doroginsk; 3) Kleshchikhinsk~


0,8
I o 15

-%
17 N fl

F
-

23

"-

IV"%

X"
19

Fig. 5. 1) Doroginsk clay without additions; 2) clay + 10% dehydrated clay


F
t
a,.lO ~
23 Z5 ~/%

2 ~5

iI

I I

Zl

Fig. 2. Relationship between shrinkage and forming water content for Kleshchikhinsk arg-clay. 1)Clay without additions; 2) clay + 2%coal + 4% grog; 3) clay + 10%dehydrated; 4) clay + 2% coal + 1% sawdust.
Kd

.6

# 15 "

17

19

Z!

23

25 k/f.%

Fig. 6. Key same as for Fig. 2. a/CO ~


O,g

a,Z

5 /f
._.

,~L_i_s
~J~l,, r

9
15" r ZO fZ Z#

1
Z6 kVfT,

17

19

Z!

Z3

Z5 l,r

Fig. 3. Key same as for Fig. 2.

Fig. 7. Key same as for Fig. 4.

350

The relationship between pressure and forming moisture content is shown in Fig. 1. The water content was altered from maximum molecular moisture capacity Wm to the appropriate normal forming consistency Wf. To remove inaccuracy connected with the determination ot Wf by model, this value was calculated from the formula

uTf ~- 1.7~m,
which was experimentally evolved Shumskii (thesis, Ufa, 1958). by V. S. Fadeeva and A. M. Rempel' [3] and confirmed by data of I. N.

In addition to the effect of initial moisture content on the sensitivity to drying of the clay, we also studied the effect of adding different fillers to the body.

.103

t I
/" /
/ .
,f~ /
r

//

The compositions of the batches studied and their moisture contents are given in Table 3. Beside the values of K d, on the basis of the relationship between shrinkage and moisture content, we also calculated the coefficient of linear shrinkage according to A. V. Lykov [4]. As might be expected, there is a. significant reduction in shrinkage depending on the lowering of water content (Fig. 2). Apparently, for goods formed from bodies with a reduced moisture content, the determination of dimensions for forming organs should be done bearing in mind the shrinkage with a workable, forming water content. The coefficients of drying sensitivity of Kieshchikhinsk (Fig. 3) and O m s k (Fig. 4) argillaceous clays are reduced with a reduction in water content (forming) W f , and for Doroginsk argillaceous loam (Fig. 5) there is seen an increase of K d with a reduction in water content. Approximately the same type of change is observed for the coefficient of linear shrinkage c~ (Fig. 6-8).

/
19

15

"~/

fl

23

Wf %

Fig. 8. Key same as for Fig. 5. TABLE 2 Batch composition Kieshchildainsk arg-clay 92 % + 8 % dehydrated clay . . . . . Kieshchikhinsk arg-clay 94% + 2% coal + 4%grog . . . . . Kieshchfldainsk arg-clay 97% + 1% sawdust + 2% Los %

drying
21.0 10.4

total 38.1 24.1

Attention is drawn to the dissimilarity in the changes of K d and c~ with the addition of fillers. Thus, for KleshI.I 12.2 chikhinsk clay, the addition of dehydrated raw material increases K d but lowers c~, the addition of coal and grog at a moisture content of 20-23% greatly reduces K d but increases c~ (see Fig. 3 and 6). To prove the correctness of the obtained results, the bodies were studied in production conditions on Wail Materials Combine No. 7 (Novosibirsk). Drying was done in tunnel driers for g4.5 hours (Table 2). As Table 2 shows, the results of the factory trials correspond to the given drying properties obtained by the proposed method. For the Kleshchikhinsk clay the best results, both laboratory and factory, were obtained for a batch containing coal and sawdust. The work allows us to conclude that nonplastics should be used only if they reduce K d of the body both with a water content correspond'rag to the normal forming consistency and with a water content for forming on a pug mill (20-22~ Our experiments confirm the data of A. F. Chizhskii which state that Kd appears to be a more reliable characteristic for evaluating the drying properties of clays than the coefficient of linear shrinkage c~. Thus, the proposed method makes it possible not only to compare the drying properties of various clays but also to select correctly the fillers and to determine the optimum quantities of such addtions.

351

LITERATURE 1. 2. 3.

CITED

Steklo i Keramika No. 4, 1954, p. 11. Steklo, i Keramika No. 7, 1957; No. 8, 1959. V . S . Fadeeva and A. M. Rempel', Determining the forming water content from the magnitude of the maximum molecular water capacity, BTI, MPSM, 1956.

AN E F F E C T I V E

METHOD

OF G R I N D I N G

HIGH-ALUMINA and Ya.

CERAMICS M. K a n t o r

Academician

AN U k r S S R P. P. B u d n i k o v ,

Yra,Mated from Steklo i Keramika, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 29-32, July, 1961

This article presents results of an investigation to discover effective methods of accurate machining of highalumina ceramics which is necessary because the anisotropy of the shrinkage of ceramics does not enable them to be formed into strictly controlled dimensions. The production of accurately dimensioned articles from hard materials (lvlohs Scale: more than 9, Khrnshchev hardness more than 1000 k g / m m 2 ) is connected with the need to grind them in the fired state, preferably with diamond grinding instruments. In view of the high cost of the diamond instrument, of great importance is an effective method of reducing the labor content of the grinding process. We studied a method involving double firing and grinding the articles, the essence of which is as follows: the ceramics are fired to incomplete vitrification at which they undergo substantial volume changes (more than 50 % of the total shrinkage) and then lightly subjected to grinding with ordinary abrasive wheels made from green silicon carbide; after grinding the appropriate part of the article, it should be fired to complete vitrification and slightly ground with the diamond instrument to the desired size. The study was made on two high-frequency ceramics: mullite-corundum ceramic MK and corundum ceramic K. Ceramic MK has a high mullite content which constitutes the basic crystalline phase of the material. The firing temperature is 1820", bulk density 8.2 g / c m a, static bending strength 2800-2400 k g / c m z, and hardness on Moils Scale equals 9.
78-

13

- ~6i
e~

woo
tao 2100 1500
t~ O

s44

]
looo 71oo Izoo I3oo 14oo 1500 1600 I'700

Ceramic K consists mainly of a -corundum. The fixing temperature is 1540 ~ bulk density 3.85 g / c m 2, static bending strength aaoo-a600 k g / c m l, Mobs hardness greater than 9. k was necessary to clarify such relationships, in the vitrification intervals of MK and K, between shrinkage and the properties determining grindability, which would ensure the effective use of the double-f/ring method. Specimens (rectangular plates 100 x 40 X 16 m m and rods, diameter = 10 mm, length = 65 mm) were prepared by hot casting under pressure, and fired at different temperatures. With this, for each material in all cases a constant r~te of temperature increase and cooling was observed.

I = g2i

(0 r~
9.~

900 800 s~o

Firing temp., deg Fig. 1.

Tests were made on water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, hardness (rectangular specimens) and static bending strength (rods). Experiments showed that the grindability of high-alumina ceramic materials is best characterized by the hardness measured on the Rockwell apparatus (HRc) and on the sand-blasting equipment [1].

352

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