FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING KKKA 6424 Ir. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat

TASK (4)
PREPARED BY:

1-HAIDER FARHAN 2-MUSTAFA TALIB 3-SAHAR ABD ALI

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P65405 P60915 P65295

1- Introduction of Smart Surveillance System

Intelligent visual surveillance systems deal with the real-time monitoring of persistent and transient objects within a specific environment. The primary aims of these systems are to provide an automatic interpretation of scenes and to understand and predict the actions and interactions of the observed objects based on the information acquired by sensors. Smart Cameras are becoming more popular in Intelligent Surveillance Systems area. Smart cameras are cameras that can perform tasks far beyond simply taking photos and recording videos. Thanks to the purposely built-in intelligent image processing and pattern recognition algorithms, smart cameras can detect motion, measure objects, read vehicle number plates, and even recognize human behaviours.

The important differences between a smart camera and normal cameras, such as consumer digital cameras and camcorders, lie in two aspects. The first is in camera system architecture. A smart camera usually has a special image processing unit containing one or more high performance microprocessors to run intelligent ASIP algorithms, in which the primary objective is not to improve images quality but to extract information and knowledge from images. The image processing hardware in normal cameras is usually simpler and less powerful with the main aim being to achieve good visual image quality. The other main difference is in the primary camera output. A smart camera outputs either the features extracted from the captured images or a high-level description of the scene, which is fed into an automated control system, while for normal cameras the primary output is the processed version of the captured images for human consumption. For this reason, normal video cameras have large output bandwidth requirements (in direct proportion to the resolution of the image sensor used), while smart camera can have very low data bandwidth requirements at the output (it can be just one bit in the simplest case, with 1 meaning there is motion and 0 meaning there is no motion, for example). These differences are illustrated in figure 1.

Figure 1: Differences between a normal camera (a) and a smart camera (b).

2- Background
Closed circuit traffic monitoring was the prime means for collecting and studying road traffic data through the mid to late 1990s, according to the official government website for the city of Murfreesboro, US. CCTV software included the connection of miles of optical cable and CCTV cameras. The data captured by the cameras was then transmitted back to a central server. Software and hardware tests included filming road traffic over set periods of time to assess traffic volume and vehicle speeds. While CCTV units are still used today, efficiency testing is often conducted to assess if cameras can obtain sewer drainage breakdowns and identifying broken intersection lights and signs. The CCTV System enable the Central Control operator to monitor the traffic flow along the expressway. This will help the operator to get an overview of the situation. If there is an emergency or any major congestion, the relevant authority can be immediately alerted.

Fig. 2: Smart Camera Locations

3- Evaluating Existing Smart Camera System

CAMERA AGD Systems Traffic Information and Measurement Equipment DESCRIPTION AGD offers a comprehensive range of detection products covering a wide range of applications in traffic and pedestrian control. The product range is targeted at reducing the costs of providing efficient inputs to traffic control and management systems. The latest advances in radar technology offer real time information on vehicle count and speed, occupancy and queues. BENEFIT New technology APPLICATION Vehicle detector

Field proven accuracy Junction control and reability Traffic data Cost-effective solution control

Flexible design meets a Traveler variety of detection and information surveillance system application Journey time Superior to other (travel time) detection system Remote video surveillance AGD also manufacture the system most extensive range of nearside signals for Puffin, Toucan and Pegasus crossing strategies. A dedicated product selector is available on our website. Please use the link below to

access this. Traficon Traficon detectors provide standard traffic data (volume, speed, ...) which can be used for statistical purposes. Automatically generated alarms warn the operators as soon as an incident takes place and a maximum of information is given:

traffic data acquisition automatic incident detection intersection vehicle presence detection ramp metering travel time calculation dynamic speed indication queue monitoring congestion monitoring tunnel control access tail

Automatic incident detection traffic Fast detection of stopped vehicles or wrong-way drivers speeds up intervention and thus saves combination of data lives. and images facilitates verification of alarms. Flow monitoring Congestion within and Cost effectiveness through the large metropolitan areas continues Technical efficiency to increase and limit and reliability mobility. Accurately monitoring the average flow speed helps to distinguish different levels of service (e.g. fluid, dense, congested, queue). Other applications are queue monitoring during road-works and calculating travel time based on flow information from the VIP detectors.

type severity location relevant data

ventilation control rerouting VMS-control dynamic queue indication during road works dynamic opening closing lane or

4- Samples of smart camera systems available:

Tattile offers a wide range of open products for the implementation of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Speed and red-light enforcement, automatic number-plate reading, free-flow tolling, access control, traffic analysis and surveillance and data communication tasks con be easily accomplished with our highly-integrated products.
Here below an overview of our main products and solutions:

1-ANPR Solutions
All-in-one Automatic number plate reader These models are all-in-one ANPR-systems combining in a small package several hardware components: camera, infrared lights and analyzer with built-in OCR (optical character recognition) software to perform automatic-plate reading.

A-VEGA ACCESS

Features All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader 30 frames per second capture rate 60 km/h Maximum vehicle speed Range up to 8 m Embedded analyzer Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser Typical applications : Automaited Parking Access control&security

Technical characteristics Capture rate (frames 30 per second) Maximum vehicle speed Color context camera Embedded analyzer Number-plate reader camera Color context camera IR illumination Optics Digital inputs Digital outputs Ethernet Serial ports Range / Widht Operating temperature 60 km/h + CCD sensor 1280x960 @ 30 fps 3 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm C-mount lenses 1 input optoisolated 2 relay outputs 10/100 Mbps RS485 Range: up to 8m Width: up to 3.5m -40 C to +55 C

Storage temperature -20 C to +65 C Overall dimensions IP degree of protection Power consumption 123 x 109 x 400 mm IP66 24 VDC +/- 10%, 7 W

B- VEGA III

Features

All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader 30 frames per second capture rate 150 km/h Maximum vehicle speed Range up to 25 m Embedded analyzer Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser

Typical applications : Road traffic monitoring Automated Parking Access control & security

Technical characteristics
Capture rate per second) (frames 30

Maximum vehicle speed 150 km/h Color context camera Embedded analyzer Number-plate camera +

reader CCD sensor 1280x960 @ 30 fps 6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm C-mount lenses 1 input optoisolated 2 relay outputs 10/100 Mbps RS485 Range: up to Width: up to 3.5m -40 C to +55 C -20 C to +65 C 144 x 135 x 470 mm IP66 24 VDC +/- 10%, 7 W 25m

Color context camera IR illumination Optics Digital inputs Digital outputs Ethernet Serial ports Range / Width Operating temperature Storage temperature Overall dimensions IP degree of protection Power consumption

C-VEGA HD

Features

All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader 75 frames per second capture rate 250 km/h Maximum vehicle speed Range from 12 to 25m Embedded analyzer Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser

Typical applications : free-flow tolling Road traffic monitoring

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Technical characteristics
Capture rate (frames per 75 second) Maximum vehicle speed Color context camera Embedded analyzer Number-plate camera 250 km/h + sensor

reader CMOS 2560x2048 @ 75 fps -

Color context camera IR illumination Optics Digital inputs Digital outputs Ethernet Serial ports Range / Widht Operating temperature Storage temperature Overall dimensions IP degree of protection Power consumption

6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm C-mount lenses 1 input optoisolated 1 relay 1 strobe output 10/100 Mbps RS485 Range: up to Width: up to 7.5m -40 C to +55 C -20 C to +65 C 144 x 135 x 470 mm IP66 25m output

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D-VEGA 2HD

Features

All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader Integrated color context camera 75 frames per second capture rate 250 km/h Maximum vehicle speed Range from 12 to 25m Embedded analyzer Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser

Typical applications : free-flow tolling Road traffic monitoring

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Technical characteristics
Capture second) rate (frames per 75 250 km/h + + CMOS sensor 2560x2048 @ 75 fps CMOS 2560x2048 sensor

Maximum vehicle speed Color context camera Embedded analyzer Number-plate reader camera Color context camera IR illumination Optics Digital inputs Digital outputs Ethernet Serial ports Range / Widht Operating temperature Storage temperature Overall dimensions IP degree of protection Power consumption

6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm C-mount lenses 1 input optoisolated 1 relay 1 strobe output 10/100 Mbps RS485 Range: up to Width: up to 7.5m -40 C to +55 C -20 C to +65 C 144 x 135 x 470 mm IP66 24 VDC +/- 10%, 18 W 25m output

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2-RIGEL

Features

Traffic Jam detection Stopped Vehicle Detection (AID) Wrong Way Vehicle detection Smoke & Fire detection Vehicles Counting & Classification Average Speed Evaluation Statistic Reports Obscuring Detection MPEG4 Multicast video steaming High Resolution JPEG Event/Alarm torage Connectivity: GigaEthernet, Fiber Optics, Power Line, Wireless and Networks
Typical applications : Embedded all-in-one traffic monitoring systems with on-board analysis

Cellular

3-Red Light Enforcement

RED LIGHT 2L

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Typical applications :ANPR Light enforcement by image analysis

FEATURES
Traffic light either by image analysis or wired traffic light signals All in One: monochrome and colour sensor, OCR on Board, IR illuminator Web server configuration and setup Real time processing: up to 75 fps Ethernet, digital I/O Waterproof IP66 housing with included bracket GPS integrated External illumination for context images Two versions: single and double lanes

Technical features
Camera Grabbing Connection Dimensions Weight Models VEGA 2HD Optional Flash/LED request) external illuminator (on F01447 2560 x sensors up to 75 fps Ethernet, I / O digitale, porta seriale RS485 144x135x470 mm 5 kg 2048 CMOS

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4-Gatso Meter Speed Cameras

Gatso speed cameras use radar technology and as they can be used as fixed speed cameras, fixed upon tripods, used inside moving police vehicles and in-car mobile police units, they are extremely convenient for local authorities and police forces across the UK. Because of this, they account for 90% of our fixed speed cameras. Costing approximately 20,000 per camera - or 40,000 in rural locations due to the need for a 240v power supply, the fixed Gatso cameras can take up to 400 pictures before the film runs out, and are rear-facing. They are designed this way so that when the camera flashes at a speeding motorist, it doesn't blind them and cause an accident. However this means that you often don't see a Gatso camera until the very last minute- which makes sure that the camera pays for itself relatively quickly. Often you'll find two Gatso's pointing in opposite directions, to catch motorists traveling either way. Annoyingly, they are clever little machines which can distinguish between different sizes of vehicles and can also enforce separate speeding limits - e.g. on roads where cars and vans are allowed to drive at 60mph, but HGVs are restricted to 40mph, it will be able to tell which is which, and enforce the limits accordingly.

5-Truvelo Speed Cameras

Truvelo system is steadily becoming more common and some parts of the UK now predominantly use this type of camera. Three white lines are painted just ahead of the Truvelo camera and there are strips in the road that register the speed of the passing vehicle and trigger the camera. By using an infra-red flash, the Truvelo camera avoids the flash that the rear Gatso cameras produce when a photograph is taken. This means that the driver doesn't see a flash but the camera can take a photograph of the driver, as well as the front of the vehicle.

6-SPECS Cameras
SPECS work in conjunction with the Automatic Number Plate Reading (ANPR) technology. These are the cameras that you often see fixed to gantries towering over motorways or larger roads. You might also see them on central reservations or on the roadside. They are fitted with infra red illuminators and are only ever seen in groups of 2 or more. The groups of cameras are fixed at separate locations and work together to establish the average speed a vehicle is traveling at - by working out how long it took it to travel between each camera position. When a car goes past the first and last cameras (and any in between), the number plate details are recorded digitally. Using ANPR technology the video images of the number plates are married up and the computer is able to work out 16

which vehicles are speeding, and which are not. The SPECS cameras are gaining in popularity, because they allow local authorities to impose controlled speed networks over various lengths of road using technology that is already available. They are currently situated at various locations across the UK.

Gatso speed cameras - sited at the road side, Gatso speed cameras use radar technology to measure speed, a photo of the back of the vehicle is taken.

Truvelo speed cameras - sited at the road side, forward facing Truvelo speed cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a speed limit is exceeded.

SPECS speed cameras - sited on overhead gantries, SPECS speed cameras measures your average speed between two points.

Peek speed cameras - sited at the road side, Peek speed cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a speed limit is exceeded.

7- AXIS M3011 Fixed Dome Network Camera

FEATURES

* Intelligent capabilities such as enhanced video motion detection and detection of camer 17

a tampering attempts like blocking or spray-painting. * Power over Ethernet (IEEE 802.3af), eliminating the need for power cables and reducing installation costs . * Advanc ed security and network management features such as HTTPS encryption with preserved performance, IPv6 and Quality of Service. * Open A
8- SMART CAMERA: It uses radar and laser-based technology, and has a flash that

cannot be seen by the human eye. It uses radar and laser-based technology, and has a flash that cannot be seen by the human eye. It is being tested at Ngauranga Gorge with a view to extending the technology to other high-risk speeding sites. Police insist the switch to digital is not a revenue-gathering exercise, but rather a move to a more efficient and costeffective system.

KEVIN STENT TYPICAL APPLICATION:

This camera has been upgraded to a digital version that can spot speeding cars across all seven lanes, uphill and downhill, and can tell whether one car among several others is speeding.
9- Speed cameras are a smart deterrent, a smart deterrent that will reduce speeding,

improve enforcement and, most importantly, save lives. Red light cameras have clearly done their job and anti-speeding cameras would clearly be effective. In most parts of New York City, the speed limit is 30 miles-per-hour. 18

Red-light cameras monitor traffic at the corner of Second Ave. and E. 42nd St. in Manhattan. A growing number of city lawmakers supports using traffic cameras to penalize drivers who speed.

TYPICAL APPLICDATIONS: Cameras have allowed the city to dip into the pockets of drivers who run red lights and now there is growing political momentum to use them to punish speeders

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5- Other Type of Commercial Smart Camera available In Markets

Neuro Check

3 models, 640x480 --> 1280x1024, B/W & Color, actually a fairly small sized, 1Kg, 266MHz Pentium II PC running Windows and visual development, priced 6.0009.000EUR, site in Eng, Ita, Ger.

Fibervision

Based on Vision Components' advanced smart cameras, applications can be configured with user friendly software on PC or within the smart camera.

Basler Video Technologies

CMOS, 640x480, 60-180fps, B/W or Color, with hidden LINUX PC (151x55x60mm, 600g), open-source development tools.

Vision Systems Two models (648x480 &1280x1024), CMOS, embedded PC104.

Robot - LINDBLAD & PIANA SRL

4 models, B/W & color, 50fps, embedded PC, traffic control and plate license recognition (site in Italian)

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Sony

400MHz embedded PC (Geode), Win XP or Linux, 1280x1024 @ 15fps, 640x480 @ 60fps, approx 3800USD

6- Proposed the Surveillance Camera System and How It Works

Based on the evaluating the benefit and the function, we are proposed AGD Systems Traffic Information and Measurement Equipment The advantages of AGD Systems as non-intrusive detection technology are well known. AGD has invested in developing this economic approach for ITS-based solutions. The real-time information available from the radar includes:

Speed Direction Occupancy Flow Queues Headway

This information can be routed through the network to the UTMC control centre. Detection information from the network is now presented compliant with the UTMC standards. Deployment of these detection systems is enhanced by a choice of interface media, making wireless solutions a cost-effective choice. The AGD Janus family offers a host of connectivity and data storage options in a single compact housing. Link a Janus outstation to a roadside detector to add considerable functionality to your ITS-based system and benefit more from the existing infrastructure

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AGD offers a comprehensive range of detection products covering a wide range of applications in traffic and pedestrian control. The product range is targeted at reducing the costs of providing efficient inputs to traffic control and management systems. The latest advances in radar technology offer real time information on vehicle count and speed, occupancy and queues. AGD also manufacture the most extensive range of nearside signals for Puffin, Toucan and Pegasus crossing strategies. A dedicated product selector is available on our website. Please use the link below to access this.

6.1 PEDESTRIAN DETECTION The AGD range of pedestrian detection products features CW Doppler radars for the detection of moving pedestrians and cyclists on crossings. AGD utilize Enhanced Digital Vision technology for the detection of moving or stationary pedestrians and cyclists while waiting to cross is also available. These are used in conjunction with the extensive range of AGD nearside signals for Puffin and Toucan crossing strategies, which can be seen on the product selector on our website

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6.2 DIGITAL VISION PEDESTRIAN DETECTORS The AGD640 is the latest digital vision detector for detecting waiting pedestrians or cyclists waiting to cross a carriageway. The dual optical system of this detector is designed to view a detection zone adjacent to the pole to which it is mounted. The AGD640 uses both ambient light and its own infra-red illumination system to perform a twenty-four hour detection function in conditions ranging from bright sunlight to urban night-time. In enhanced mode the zone size is 3m x 2m with a high level of shadow rejection. Pedestrians that are waiting to cross in the designated zone will generate a detect state. The integrated vision sensors and processing utilise the AGD Livewire based platform to adapt the detectors performance for a given installation. AGD Livewire provides the facility to adjust the zone size, presence and hold time. The AGD640 is supplied fully bluetooth and serial cable livewire enabled offering the added benefits of detector parameter adjustment and maintenance from the safety of ground level.

6.3 VEHICLE DETECTION AGDs ranges of vehicle detection products feature CW Doppler radars, advanced digital radars and digital vision technology for the detection of moving and stationary vehicles. These are offered with rugged housings, making them suitable for roadside environments and for fixing to existing street furniture. The vehicle detection products featured on the AGD website can be used stand-alone or as part of a detection system. They provide relay outputs to local controllers or other key traffic data via RS422 interfaces. Enhanced features provide cost-effective and reliable detection information for intelligent traffic management. 6.4 RADAR DETECTION AND MONITORING OF VEHICLES FOR TRAFFIC APPLICATIONS AGD offers a series of CW doppler radar detectors designed for the detection and monitoring of vehicles at signalled junctions, pedestrian crossing installations and other applications, where the detection of moving vehicles is required in a long zone extending from the detector. Ease of installation, deployment with existing street furniture, and the advantages of non-intrusive detection make these detectors a cost-effective solution in urban environments. 24

7- Applications of Smart CCTV System

7.1 Traffic Counting

The vehicle counting procedure by time-spatial image includes image preprocessing, detection, image morphological operation, vehicle detection and counting, error correction etc.

Flow Chart Vehicle Counting Method

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7.2 Determination of Vehicle Speed

Following is a brief description of the three main types of speed detection device that can be located and identified by using speed camera detection devices in the UK - laser detection radar detection and GPS (which stands for Global Positioning Satellite). Speed camera detection devices can use one or any combination of these technologies.
Dopplar Radar

The Dopplar radar directs a radio signal at a piece of road. The frequency changes that occur when a vehicle drives along the stretch of road will indicate its presence, and how fast the said vehicle is moving.
Laser

Laser Detectors use laser pulses to measure where a vehicle is and from the measurements taken can also work out the speed at which the vehicle is travelling. Systems using GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System) GPS is a system that uses 24 satellites orbiting the earth which continuously transmit precise microwave signals. A GPS Receiver uses signals from the satellites to calculate its location. So how do the Detection Devices work against this technology? In the case of laser and radar technology, there are two major ways in which they allow a speeding motorist to remain undetected, and therefore escape prosecution:
Jamming Signals

There are devices on the market known as jammers, which scramble the signals sent to the speed cameras so that the camera cannot process or read the information.
Passive Detectors:

These simply warn the motorist when they are in the vicinity of a speed camera or detection device and alert the driver to their presence. GPS systems rely on an up to date database of all camera positions and will warn the driver when a camera or detection device is nearby. This is also available on many Satellite Navigation systems via a subscription service which is updated regularly with new camera positions.

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7.3 Classification of Vehicles

Video-based Vehicle Detection and Classification (VVDC) system is applied for collecting vehicle count and classification data. The VVDC system has six modules: live video capture, user input, background extraction, vehicle detection, shadow removal, and length-based classification. the flow chart of the VVDC system. The VVDC system can take digitized video images or live video signal as input.

Flow chart of the VVDC System

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The main user interface of the VVDC system 7.4 Incident Detection Wide area video detection for direct automatic incident detection is based on real time analysis of the images of cameras that cover the whole road that has to be monitored. This analysis will detect all abnormalities of the traffic such as Stopped vehicles, inverse direction drivers, slow vehicles, fallen objects, traffic jams For example, Idris Incident Detection system from US

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The Idris Incident Detection System (IDS) consists of a group of outstations spread along the roadway, each responsible for monitoring a loop site, i.e. inductive loops arranged as one loop pair per lane at that point. Various algorithms are used to characterise the traffic and detect anomalies, which trigger alarm messages to a Higher Level System (HLS). The IDS provides four broad categories of information:

Alarms, which notify the occurrence of exceptional events on the highway Traffic information, sent at regular (configurable) intervals Vehicle data, which consist of records generated each time a vehicle passes over a loop site Status, which provides information regarding the roadside equipment, either on events or when requested by the HLS

7.5 Detection of Speed Three main types of speed detection device can be located and identified by using speed camera detection devices in the UK. Dopplar Radar The Dopplar radar directs a radio signal at a piece of road. The frequency changes that occur when a vehicle drives along the stretch of road will indicate its presence, and how fast the vehicle is moving.

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Laser Laser Detectors use laser pulses to measure where a vehicle is and from the measurements taken can also work out the speed at which the vehicle is travelling.

GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System) The GPS is a system that uses 24 satellites orbiting the earth which continuously transmit precise microwave signals. A GPS Receiver uses signals from the satellites to calculate its location.

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8- Architecture of the Smart Camera

For traffic surveillance the entire smart camera is packed into a single cabinet which is typically mounted in tunnels and aside highways. The electrical power is either supplied by a power socket or by solar panels. Thus, our smart camera is exposed to harsh environmental inuences such as rapid changes in temperature and humidity as well as wind and rain. It must be implemented as an embedded system with tight operating constraints such as size, power consumption and temperature range. The smart camera is divided into three major parts: (i) the video sensor, (ii) the processing unit, and (iii) the communication unit.

Figure 1: System architecture of the smart camera. 8.1 Video Sensor

The video sensor represents the rst stage in the smart cameras overall data ow. The sensor captures incoming light and transforms it into electrical signals that can be transferred to the processing unit. A CMOS sensor best fullls the requirements for a video sensor. These sensors feature a high dynamics due to their logarithmic characteristics and provide on-chip ADCs and ampliers.
8.2 Processing Unit

The second stage in the overall data ow is the processing unit. Due to the high performance on-board image and video processing the requirements on the computing performance are very high. A rough estimation results in 10 GIPS computing performance. These performance requirements together with the various constraints of the embedded system solution are fullled with digital signal processors (DSP).
8.3 Communication Unit

The nal stage of the overall data ow in our smart camera represents the communication unit. The processing unit transfers the data to the processing unit via a generic interface. This interface eases the implementation of the different network connections such as Ethernet, wireless LAN and GSM/GPRS. 31

9-

The

Single

Stopped

Vehicle

(SSV)

algorithm:

The core of the IDS is the Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV) algorithm. Its primary objective is to detect stopped vehicles in high-speed, free-flowing traffic - a situation in which accidents tend to be most serious. When the first outstation detects a vehicle, it sends a message containing relevant vehicle data to the next downstream outstation. This next outstation will expect the vehicle to arrive within a certain time window. If it does, the outstation will inform the following one and so on. If it does not, it is likely that the vehicle has stopped between the two outstations and an alarm is raised. This is a simplification of the actual processing, which needs to keep a virtual map of all vehicles transiting each outstation pair. The IDS is able to detect and track vehicles straddling lanes and changing lanes between outstations.
9.1 Alarms

Alarms are associated with the carriageway, the outstation and the lane number and, where applicable, provide the data for the relevant vehicle.
9.2 Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV)

This alarm is raised when a vehicle which was detected by an upstream outstation fails to be detected by the current one. The implication is that the vehicle has stopped somewhere between the two sites, either on the running lanes or the shoulder.
9.3 Extra Vehicle

This alarm is raised when an unrecognised vehicle is detected at a site, i.e. the vehicle was not detected by the previous outstation. This would normally be a previously stopped vehicle rejoining the traffic.
9.4 Slow Vehicle

This alarm indicates a vehicle was detected at a speed significantly below the current average speed of other vehicles on the highway. This is in itself a dangerous condition and may frequently indicate the vehicle is about to stop.
9.5 Reverse Vehicle

Any vehicle moving in the wrong direction on a highway is a hazard and an alarm is generated immediately.
9.6 Slow Traffic

This indicates the average speed of the vehicles has fallen below a pre-defined threshold at the site. The cause will usually be congestion. This will also happen upstream from an incident, in which case it will probably be followed shortly by a Queued Traffic alarm.
9.7 Queued Traffic

A Queued Traffic alarm is raised to indicate traffic on that lane is showing shock-wave or start/stop behaviour. This is usually due either to excessive congestion or a downstream incident.

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9.8 Status

Status messages are used to inform a HLS of equipment status and SSV algorithm status, such as: Operating; Off by command; Degraded; Failed.
10-Traffic information:

Traffic information messages provide data collected over configurable time periods:

Traffic flow in vehicles per hour (on this lane) over the last time period. Average vehicle speed over the last time period. Presence of vehicles on the shoulder or in an ERA. Currently active alarms. This includes the number of active SSVs for that lane, Slow Traffic and Queued Traffic indications. Traffic count, in vehicles, over the last time period. For added flexibility, two data collection intervals are defined - one for the traffic count information and one for the flow, speed and alarm status information

11-Vehicle records:

Every time a vehicle crosses a loop site, a record is generated including such information as:

Carriageway, lane and direction Vehicle length and speed Date and time of the occurrence and site occupancy time

Other data may easily be obtained from this information, such as the headway between consecutive vehicles.

12-Traffic information message processing:

This provides a real-time picture of the highway conditions such as average speed and vehicle count. This can be used to warn of congestion, and support decisions, for example, to open a shoulder to traffic.

13-Vehicle processing:
Although the vehicle records are strictly a by-product of the incident detection processing, they provide significant opportunities in longer-term traffic management. These include:

Reconstitution of the highway scenario immediately prior to an accident, for legal support (Idris is accurate enough for speed enforcement) Monitoring of traffic volumes and speeds at any level of detail (seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, etc.) for future highway expansion planning. 33

Monitoring of traffic patterns (lane changes, speed variations) to support traffic management strategies both for day-to-day congestion management and scheduling of maintenance procedures. Analysis of motorists' behaviour in diverse situations (free flow, moderate congestion, congestion and as a shock-wave of an incident propagates back along the highway). Vehicle records can be used real-time, when maximum information is needed at the Control Centre, or, once stored in a database, can be analysed at leisure by even the most time-consuming algorithms.

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14-Conclusions
Traffic detection using video image processing (VIP) has several distinct advantages over the inductive loop-based technology. Inductive loops are only capable of gathering traffic flow data at a certain point. Video image technology can provide a wide range of standard traffic data information about traffic flow at one point, but it has also the capability to monitor larger areas. Some of the newer detection technologies also monitor a larger area, but video has actually the largest control area. Another unique feature of video detection is the capability of sending over real time images to a control room and thus providing extra information to the control centre. Smart Surveillance Cameras have attracted significant interest from many parties because its offer distinct advantages over normal CCTV cameras. There are many different kinds of smart cameras available on the market today but of course not every party/administrator likes to have such a system or can't afford it. They have to find the best solution to their problem based on cost effective, desirable functionality, technical capabilities, maintenance requirements and future proofing. Starting by choosing a good camera system is probably the most the hardest and important part. Quality is fitness for use. Different detection technologies show different characteristics and prove to be successful in different application areas. Video detection technology has proven to be very reliable for traffic data collection and for automatic incident detection. Various data and reports support that using video signals for detecting traffic data and incidents is a reliable and cost effective solution. Traffic managers nowadays want proof of the quality of the traffic data, delivered by various detection systems. This will influence their final decision on what system to use for their specific application. By providing a comprehensive set of highly accurate data, in a flexible manner, the Idris Incident Detection System enables safe and efficient administration of highway sections where traffic levels are reaching capacity. The following areas are addressed:

Rapid response to events on the highway Day-to-day traffic administration Support for legal issues (reconstitution) if accidents occur Long term congestion and capacity expansion planning Deep off-line analysis of traffic behaviour

Idris uses only inductive loops below the road surface to achieve this, improving reliability and reducing whole-life cost.

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