Thermodynamic

Maths makes the perfect shower
Mathematical Information
We will need to use Algebra in this problem to solve two
equations such as:
x + y = 5
2x + 3y = 12
A particularly simple way of solving this pair of equations is
1. Use the first equation to find x in terms of y;
2. Substitute this value of x into the second equation;
3. Solve this new equation for y;
4. Substitute this value of y into the first equation to find x.
Series Editor: Patrick Johnson
MATHEMATICS WORKSHEETS FOR SCHOOLS
Volume 1: Number 3
a. Curriculum Links:
i. Solving Systems of Equations
ii. Conservation of Energy
b. Levels:
i. Junior Certificate Mathematics
ii. Junior Certificate Science
ARUP Founded in 1946 with an initial focus on structural engineering. Arup first came to the worlds attention with the structural design of the Sydney Opera
House, followed by its work on the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Arup has since grown into a truly multidisciplinary organisation. Most recently, its work for the 2008
Olympics in Beijing has reaffirmed its reputation for delivering innovative and sustainable designs that reinvent the built environment. Arup brings together broad-
minded individuals from a wide range of disciplines and encourages them to look beyond the constraints of their own specialisms.
1
What is the conservation of energy? Energy cannot be created or destroyed. In the mixing problem there will be a transfer of energy (heat in this example)
from a hot substance to a cold substance.
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NCE-MSTL and Engineers Ireland Mathematics Worksheets for Schools Vol. 1. Number 3.
Series Editor Patrick Johnson; Writing team Tim Brophy, Patrick Johnson and Barry Fitzgerald.
Heating and cooling are two activities that contribute to our
comfort or discomfort. Whether it is trying to stay warm in
winter or cool in summer we never seem to be totally happy
with the ambient temperature. In this challenge sheet we will
look at an example of a mixing problem that will exhibit
conservation of energy
1
and see how Algebra leads to a
solution. While mechanical engineering can require some
complex mathematics, fortunately a large range of problems
can be solved using simple applications of fundamental
mathematics. The example we are going to look at here
involves the mixing of water at two different temperatures,
commonly known as your morning shower. The mechanical
engineers who deal with this type of problem are often called
Building Services Engineers.
Example
2
In the majority of houses, water is delivered to the bathroom sink
and shower from two separate sources. One of these is a boiler
that normally heats water to about 60
o
C and the other is the
cold water which, in Ireland, normally has a temperature of
about 10
o
C. The temperature of 60
o
C is much too hot for
contact with human skin. Cold water must be added to it to
bring the overall temperature down to a more comfortable 40
o
C.
Cold water gains heat from the hot water which results in the
temperature of the cold water increasing and the hot water
decreasing. We will calculate how much cold water is needed to
give a final temperature of 40
o
C. If x litres of hot water is added
to y litres of cold water then the total amount of water is x + y.
In a shower the flow rate is about 0.15 litres per second. This
means that every second 0.15 litres of water is delivered to the
shower so
x + y = 0.15
This gives us one equation which is not sufficient on its own to
help us calculate the amounts of hot and cold water to mix. We
want it so that when we mix x litres of hot water at 60
o
C with y
litres of cold water at 10
o
C we get 0.15 litres of water at 40
o
C. It
is known from experiments that if you mix 1 litre of water at 60
o
C
with 1 litre of water at 10
o
C you will get two litres of water whose
temperature is between 60
o
C and 10
o
C. The temperature of the
hot water will decrease as thermal energy is transferred to the
cold water and as a result the temperature of the cold water will
increase until both litres of water are at the same temperature.
In effect, the heat lost by the hot water will equal the heat gained
by the cold water. The heat gained or lost by the water is
proportional to the temperature change of the water and the
amount (or litres) of water. Since heat is gained or lost by the
same substance i.e. water, and the heat lost by the hot water
equals the heat gained by the cold water for each second, we
can write:
T
h
x = T
c
y
(60 40)x = (40 10)y
or
20x = 30y
where T
h
(= T
h
T
f
= 60 40) is the change in the
temperature of the hot water and T
c
(= T
f
T
c
= 40 10)
is the change in the temperature of the cold water. In these
equations, T
h
is the temperature of the hot water, T
c
is the
temperature of the cold water and T
f
is the final
temperature of the shower.
Step 1: x + y = 0.15
x = 0.15 y
Step 2:
20(0.15 y) = 30y
Step 3:
3 20y = 30y
50y = 3
50y = 3
y =
3
50
= 0.06
Step 4:
x = 0.15 0.06 = 0.09
Therefore 0.09 litres per second of water at 60
o
C and 0.06
litres of water at 10
o
C will give 0.15 litres of water at 40
o
C.
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10
o
C (y) 60
o
C (x)
flow rate 0.15 litres per second
2
This example is a valid engineering application based on a small number of
important scientific principles e.g. conservation of energy. Deeper treatment
of this problem will be carried out in the next activity sheet.
CHALLENGE 2
Cold water, with a temperature of 10C, flows into the shower at a flow rate of 0.08 litres per second. The hot water is still
coming in at a temperature of 60C. The desired temperature of the shower is 40C.
How much hot water must flow in per second and what is the total amount of water arriving each second?
CHALLENGE 3
Now assume that you are having a shower at a comfortable temperature of 40
o
C with the hot (60
o
C) water flowing at 0.09
litres per second and the cold (10
o
C) water flowing at 0.06 litres per second.
Someone else in the house turns on a cold tap and takes out cold water at the rate of 0.04 litres per second from the system.
What temperature do you now feel in the shower?
Challenges
10
o
C (y) 60
o
C (x)
flow rate
0.04 litres per second
flow rate
flow rate
CHALLENGE 1
During the bitterly cold winter of 2010/11 the hot water had cooled to a temperature of 55
o
C before it reached the shower.
The cold water coming into the shower had a temperature of 1
o
C. The flow rate of the shower is still 0.15 litres per second.
Calculate the flow rates of the hot and cold water that will allow you a comfortable shower at 40
o
C?
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10
o
C (y) 60
o
C (x)
flow rate
1
o
C (y) 55
o
C (x)
flow rate
CHALLENGE 1:
This is a simple variation on the example which can be solved
by letting x litres be the amount of hot water arriving per
second and y litres the amount of cold water flowing per
second.
x + y = 0.15
x = 0.15 y
15x = 39y
15(0.15 y) = 39y
2.25 15y = 39y
y = 0.042
x = 0.108
which means that 0.042 litres of cold water and 0.108
litres of hot water arrive in the shower each second.
CHALLENGE 2:
Let x litres be the amount of hot water flowing per second
and y litres the total amount of water entering the shower
every second.
(60 40)x = (40 10) X 0.08
20x = 30(0.08)
20x = 2.4
x = 0.12
y = x + 0.08
y = 0.2
which means that 0.2 litres of water in total are delivered to
the shower each second. Of this 0.12 litres are hot.
CHALLENGE 3:
This is an example of using the equations we have already
derived. Since 0.04 litres of cold water is being removed every
second only 0.02 litres per second reaches the shower. The
flow of water through the shower is now 0.11 litres per
second. Let x be the new temperature of the shower.
Remember that the heat lost by the hot water equals the heat
gained by the cold water and from this we have:
(60 x) X 0.09 = (x 10) X 0.02
60 X 0.09 + 10 X 0.02 = 0.11 X x
5.6 = 0.11x
x =
5.6
0.11
x = 50.9 51C
which is distinctly uncomfortable!
Teacher Page
Comments and Suggestions
Overview: Students will manipulate and solve simultaneous
equations and then relate their answers back to the
contextual problem.
Hints: If you have solved simultaneous equations with your
students by equating coefficients there is no need to change
your methods. Any method can be used.
You can get many more practical problems like these by
considering the calculation of the density of two fluids, specific
heat capacity of a mixture, conservation of energy etc.
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Chaptei-S Aii Banuling 0nits anu Cooling Coils Nonuay, August 1S, 2u12
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-1
Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit o5to_o5ct o5to_o5ct o5to_o5ct o5to_o5ct
Chapter-3 Contents Chapter-3 Contents Chapter-3 Contents Chapter-3 Contents
g.o Air Handling Unit o_tc5to5t ..................................................................................... 2
g._ AHU o Component o5t ................................................................................................ 5
g._.o Nixing Box ............................................................................................................ 5
g._._ Air Filter ................................................................................................................ 5
g._.g Heating Coil .......................................................................................................... 6
g._.g Cooling Coil ........................................................................................................... 7
g._._ Humidifier ............................................................................................................. 7
g._.o Fan (o) Blower ..................................................................................................... 7
g.g. Air Handling Unit Techical Data o5t .............................................................................. 7
g.g Air Handling Unit ac Fire Node ...................................................................................10
g._ Cooling Coil ac Heating Coil o5to_o5ct .....................................................................11
g._.o Direct expansion coil (DX Coil) ...............................................................................13
g._._ Chilled water cooling coil .......................................................................................1+
g._.g Hot water heating coil ...........................................................................................1+
g._.g Steam heating coil ................................................................................................1+
g.o Coil goc5t (Size) .................................................................................................15
g.g AHU Cooling Coil o_oo5oo ....................................................................................17
g.g.o Coil o Row ac Fin o5t ..........................................................................................17
g.o Dry Coil ac Wet Coil ....................................................................................................20
g._ AHU Cooling Coil Specification ......................................................................................21
g.oo Sensible Capacity . Latent Capacity ac Total Capacity ..................................................25
g.oo AHU ac ooooco_ pipe . fitting ac device o5t ..................................................27
g.oo.o (A) Gate valves ..................................................................................................28
g.oo._ (B) Pressure Gauge .............................................................................................28
g.oo.g (C) Temperature Gauge (o ) Thermometer ...........................................................29
g.oo.g (D) Strainer ........................................................................................................29
g.oo._ (E) Balancing valve ............................................................................................29
g.oo.o (F) Chilled Water Control valve o Nodulating valve ..............................................30
g.o_ AHU ac FCU Drain oo o5t .........................................................................................30
g.og vAv AHU ocot o Controller ac Control Logic ...........................................................33
g.og.o Description .........................................................................................................33
g.og._ DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2+8+L) ........................................................3+
g.og.g variable Air volume (vAv) AHU o DDC Layout ac Wiring Diagram .......................35
g.og.g variable Air volume (vAv) AHU o Typical Sensor Termination ................................36
g.og._ AHU Control Logic ...............................................................................................36
g gg g. .. .o o o o Air Air Air Air Handling Unit o_tc5to5t Handling Unit o_tc5to5t Handling Unit o_tc5to5t Handling Unit o_tc5to5t
Air handling units o5to o_oo5o o (structure). oooco_oqg5 (location). otoco_oo
o_tc5tac conditioning characteristics o o o o@ o5ooò ct o_tc5to5to_o5tqco_
o) Horizontal Unit ac vertical Unit.
o) Draw-Through Unit ac Blow-Through Unit.
o) Outdoor Air (or Nakeup Air) AHU ac Nixing AHU ac
o) Constant Air volume (CAv) AHU ac variable-Air-volume (vAv) AHU o_oco_
Horizontal Unit vertical Unit
o oo o) Horizontal ) Horizontal ) Horizontal ) Horizontal ac ac ac ac vertical Unit. vertical Unit. vertical Unit. vertical Unit.
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-S
Blower ac Cooling coil o_ o _oo5_oc (same level)oc ooocO5to c
Horizational Unit _oco_ supply fan. coils ac filters oo o_o_t(same level o c )
ooocO5to c Horizontal unit oooòo_ Horizontal unit o oo oc gq oo
oqg5o5to5too_ ooo5_o__oc O qtootgqo o ooooco_oo_ _o to5too5 Air
Handling Units o5to Horizontal unit _ocooocoo go_
Blower o_ Cooling coil o ooòc o_goo5o_o5c vertical Unit _oco_
oqg5oo ogoo5o_o5c AHU Blower o cooling coil o ooò coc@ocO5to c vertical
Unit _ocooooqco_ Foot print ootoo5o_o5c oqto_tocooocqco_ o oo5
_o__ocOq to oto_o5t_o_o ogq oo oo_ vertical unit o_ oqg5q_tco o5ooo_
o5too55t_oc co c5t Air-Handling Units o5to vertical unit _oc ooocoogo_
o oo o) Draw-Through Unit ) Draw-Through Unit ) Draw-Through Unit ) Draw-Through Unit ooo ooo ooo ooo o o o o Blow-Through Unit. Blow-Through Unit. Blow-Through Unit. Blow-Through Unit.
Draw-Through Unit Draw-Through Unit Draw-Through Unit Draw-Through Unit
Blower o_ ooo Cooling Coil ooo coooo5o_o5c Draw-Through Unit oooò_
supply fan o_ ooo coil section gc_oo oc_otocoooo5o_o5c Draw-Through Unit
o ooò_oct o_t_oco_ Oocoo_oct_oc coil o Fins _o5tocooo_ _oc5
_oo o5to_ (oq_t cooling coil section _ uniform face velocity ggqco_) AHU o
Oo oo(leaving air)o o_t supply duct acoo oo oo ocq_co_ Draw-Through Unit
o5tot ot_o__oo_ oq_t AHU Oo oco5o_ooo_ Cooling Coilo _oo_oto Blower
o oog5o goo5o_o5c Draw-Through Unit _oco_
Draw-Through Unit Blow Through Unit
Blow Through Unit Blow Through Unit Blow Through Unit Blow Through Unit
Blower o_ ooo Cooling Coil oo o_ooo5o_o5c Blow Through Unit
o oo ooo_ oq_t AHU O ooco5o_ooo_ Blower _oo _oto Cooling Coil o o
og5o goo5o_o5c Blow -Through Unit _oco_ oo c supply fan o_ ooo _oO5to_
oct cooling coil (o ) heating coil ac oocc (filter) o o o_ooctoo5o_o5c blow-through
unit o ooò_ blow-through unit o oo5ctoo5ooo5 supply fan (oqo5) o oo5o5o
Oo o5oo5 heat o coils o coooo oo5o_o5c oqt(serving area)octo og5o oo5oo
o oo o) Outdoor Air ) Outdoor Air ) Outdoor Air ) Outdoor Air oooo oooo oooo oooo Nakeup Air AHU Nakeup Air AHU Nakeup Air AHU Nakeup Air AHU oooo oooo oooo oooo Nixing AHU. Nixing AHU. Nixing AHU. Nixing AHU.
o5too55t_oc AHU o5to_ oqto ctoooo Circulate oooogo_ O Unit
o5to AHU o o5ooò o_ ooo5 oo5o _tocoo too o ooo5
oqgctooooo_oo (Fresh Air) o Treat ooo_ AHU o5to Outdoor Air AHU ooo o
Nakeup Air Handling Unit ooo o Pre Cooled AHU oooò _oo_
Outdoor Air o Treat o ooo5o_o5c Outdoor Air AHU o ooò_ oqtocto
oo5q_to5to_ooo5to _oq_o_gq oo O5tgoo5o_o5c Nakeup Air AHU oooò_
AHU octoO_ootgqoooo5 ooo oO_oc_o_oc@ oto5c_o_o ooo5o_o5c Pre
Cooled AHU oooò_
Outdoor Air AHU o qg_ condensation _ocooòogo_ O condensation _ooq5o
o_ogctgqoo Outdoor Air AHU qg o5to _oo o oooo _oooOo Oo_
insulation thickness _oc_o_oooogo_
o oo o) Constant Air volume (CAv) ) Constant Air volume (CAv) ) Constant Air volume (CAv) ) Constant Air volume (CAv) AHU oooo AHU oooo AHU oooo AHU oooo variable-Air-volume (vAv) AHU variable-Air-volume (vAv) AHU variable-Air-volume (vAv) AHU variable-Air-volume (vAv) AHU
AHU ooo_oo q_qt (Air Flow rate) o oo_@ Constant Air volume (CAv) AHU (o)
variable-Air-volume (vAv) AHU o o_to_o5to_ _ooot oo_o5cto o_ ooo_oo q_qt
(Constant Air Flow rate) _oc oo5ctoqoo5AHU o Constant volume Air Handling Unit (CAv) AHU
o ooò_
oqt o cooling load oooo g ooo_ooq_qt (Air Flow rate) o ooo
o_o5cto @ oo5cto_ AHU o variable Air volume Air Handling Unit (vAv AHU) o ooò_
vAv AHU o5too Duct o5toc variable Air volume Box (vAv Box) oooocO5toogo_
variable Air volume o_o5cto oqt _ (Chapter 9) oc ootcogct_oO5to_
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-S
g gg g. .. ._ _ _ _ AHU AHU AHU AHU o oo o Component Component Component Component o5t o5t o5t o5t
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. .o o o o Nixing Box Nixing Box Nixing Box Nixing Box
AHU ocoo mixing box o_ return air ac outside air og5oa5ocgq o o_o_ooO5to_
oqtco _oco_ confort air conditioning oo ooocoo5 AHU oct_ return air ac
outside air og5oa5gqooo_ o oo5 ooo outside air otoo5 AHU o5t ac outside air
O_gq ooooo5 AHU o5to c mixing box oo ooo
mixed air temperature ac humidity ratio
oo_o_t damper position ac oogo
o_to_o5c oct oooo o_ (linear
relationship) ogo`
o5o oc Air Handling Unit ocoto
Technical Data Sheet o ooooo5to
oo5_oO5to_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. ._ __ _ Air Filter Air Filter Air Filter Air Filter
Air Filter o_ AHU oct_ og o_oco`go_ co octoco_oco_ oco5o_ Retrun
Air (o) outdoor Air (o ) mixed air o oqt (Service Area) oo Treat oo@ ooootoc
ooqcoo oqcco5c_o_o ogq o oo_ Application o o o@ oooqcco_ooooo_
o_to _o5to_ oooqcco_o ooo o o o@ Air Filter o_tc5to5tc5 o _o5to_
Ooo` Filter o5t5to to particulate media filters o ooò_ Particulate filter o5to
efficiency o dust-spot efficiency" o ooo minimum efficiency reporting value (NERv)
o oo5_ooogo_ Dust-spot Efficiency o o_o5 ASHRAE Standard 52.1 o ooooO5t
(definedo oO5t) _ot ooOg o_q o_oo ooto ooto_tqccotgo_ooo5_oo_ ASHRAE
Standard 52.1 o ASHRAE Standard 52.2 _oc_oqo__ococO5to_
o) Disposable Filter o) Washable Filter o) Bag Filter
o) Electronic Filter c) HEPA Filter c) Cartridge filter
Ninimum efficiency reporting value (NERv) o_ ASHRAE Standard 52.2o ooooO5t
(definedo oO5t) _ot ooOg 0.3 to 1 microngogoo5o_q o_oo
ootoooto_tqccotgo_o oo5_oo_ relates to how efficiently a filter removes particles of
various sizes, from 0.3 to 1 micron.
Filter o_tc5to5to static pressure
oocto_ (Pressure drop) o_o_to o@
o_o5cto o_ Electronic filter
o_tc5to_ Pressure drop q_tot
_oco_ Electrostatic filter o_tc5to_
o5tot_oco_ (ooto)
Disposable filter o_tc5t ac Washabel
filter o_tc5too_ Air Handling Unit
o5toc o to5to_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. .g gg g Heating Coil Heating Coil Heating Coil Heating Coil
otoctooogqcco5t_ oooco_ AHU o5toc Heating Coil (o ) Heater
o oo_
Heating Coil o Operating cost o_ Electricl Heater Oooo ooo5o_
Heating Coil oc Hot water Heating Coil ac Steam Heating Coil o@ aco_tgo_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. .g gg g Cooling Coil Cooling Coil Cooling Coil Cooling Coil
Cooling Coil oc Chilled Water Cooling Coil ac Direct Expansion (DX) Cooling Coil o @
aco_tgo_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. ._ __ _ Humidifier Humidifier Humidifier Humidifier
Humidifier o_ moisture (ogo_qoooto5t) o air O oO_ootoo5 o go5oco_oco_
Humidifier o c ogo_qoooto5t o ooOo O_o_ water-spray humidifier ac steam
humidifier o @ aco_tgo_ ot@o_o5ooo oo5 qcco5too o5ooocgqo o_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. .o oo o Fan (o Fan (o Fan (o Fan (o) Blower ) Blower ) Blower ) Blower
ooo5to Circulate o ogq o o Fan o Blower o o o_ Blower o_o5ct o Blower
oqt (chapter 6)oc ootco oo o`
g.g. Air Handling Unit Techical Data o5t g.g. Air Handling Unit Techical Data o5t g.g. Air Handling Unit Techical Data o5t g.g. Air Handling Unit Techical Data o5t
Unit Name AHU1-1-7 Unit Name AHU1-1-7 Unit Name AHU1-1-7 Unit Name AHU1-1-7 . . . . Nodel 70x80 Nodel 70x80 Nodel 70x80 Nodel 70x80
AHU1-1 o_ AHU Reference Number _oco_ AHU O oo ooo ooooO5too5 Nodel
o_t c5to5 YDN 70x80 _oco_ YDN o_ _ooo insulation Ogoo5 AHU
o_tc5t_oc_ot 70 x 80 o_ AHU o goc5t_oco_ Nodel o_t c5to_to_to
York AHU o5to co5 oo go_
Unit Configuratioin (Horizational) Unit Configuratioin (Horizational) Unit Configuratioin (Horizational) Unit Configuratioin (Horizational)
AHU o5to c vertical ac Horizontal o configuration aco_tgo_ Cooling Coil o o5o o5O5t
@ Blower o ooòcO5toc vertical configuration AHU ooooo_ Cooling Coil ac Blower
o _ootoo_otoc (_oco_c5)ooocO5toc Horizontal configuration AHU ooooo_
Fan Notor Specification Fan Notor Specification Fan Notor Specification Fan Notor Specification
o5o o` Data o5to5 Fan (Blower) o oo5o5acooo coo5 ooooo5t_oco_
Blower Type f Blade (DDW f BACWARD) Blower Type f Blade (DDW f BACWARD) Blower Type f Blade (DDW f BACWARD) Blower Type f Blade (DDW f BACWARD)
Blower o5to DDW ac SSW _ o_to_o5to_ D o_ Double nlet o o ooò _oco_
oot acooco to ooo5t Blower octo ocog5o o5o_ o_tc5t_oco_ DW o_
Double Width Blower wheel _oco_ SSW o_ Single nlet _oco_ ooo5t Blower octo
ocoo o_too5 ocog5oo5qco_ o_tc5t_oco_ SW o_ Single Width Blower
wheel _oco_ Blower o5t o blade o Forward Curve . Radial ac Backward Curve o @
o5t_oc go_to_o5tO5to_
Wheel Diameter (800 mm)f Frame Wheel Diameter (800 mm)f Frame Wheel Diameter (800 mm)f Frame Wheel Diameter (800 mm)f Frame
Blower o c ooocO5to_ Wheel Diameter o5 ooooo oo5_oc_ot Blower o Frame
o_tc5to5 _oco_
Discharage (Rear) Discharage (Rear) Discharage (Rear) Discharage (Rear)
AHU o5to c ooo Discharge (o_o Oo qco_)o oqco_ oqg5 _ o_tgo_ Rear discharge
ac Top Discharge o_oco_ Rear discharge o_tc5toc Blower o_ ooo AHU o
oq5o oo o o_oOoo_ Top discharge o_tc5to c Blower o_ ooo AHU o
ooòoo o_o Ooo_
Air volume 28,2+9 CFN (CNH +8,000) Air volume 28,2+9 CFN (CNH +8,000) Air volume 28,2+9 CFN (CNH +8,000) Air volume 28,2+9 CFN (CNH +8,000)
AHU Blower o Ooooto_ (o) deliver o oqco_ (o) Peform ooqco_ Air volume o5
28,2+9 CFN (+8,000 CNH) _oco_ volume Flow Rate oo_tooòo_
Total Pressure 2.83 in. Wg (707 Pa) Total Pressure 2.83 in. Wg (707 Pa) Total Pressure 2.83 in. Wg (707 Pa) Total Pressure 2.83 in. Wg (707 Pa)
AHU Blower o deliver ooqco_ (o Peforme ooqco_ ) Total Pressure o5 2.83 inch of
Water Colum (707 Pa) _oco_ O Total Pressure o_ 5totoo5 o5toocto_(Pressure
Losses)o5too _oco_ Total Pressure oc Nixing Box pressure loss . Cooling Coil Pressure
drop . Filter Pressure Drop co_ lossess o5t5totoo_oco_
ESP f TSP (Pa) 1.+0 in. Wg (350 Pa) f 2.+1 in. Wg (603 Pa) ESP f TSP (Pa) 1.+0 in. Wg (350 Pa) f 2.+1 in. Wg (603 Pa) ESP f TSP (Pa) 1.+0 in. Wg (350 Pa) f 2.+1 in. Wg (603 Pa) ESP f TSP (Pa) 1.+0 in. Wg (350 Pa) f 2.+1 in. Wg (603 Pa)
ESP o_ External Static Pressure _oco_ TSP o_ Total Static Pressure _oco_
AHU Blower o deliver ooqco_ (ooo o Peforme o oqco_) External Static Pressure o5
1.+0 inch of Water Colum (350 Pa) _oco_ Total Static Pressure o5 2.+1 inch of Water Colum
(603 Pa) _oco_ ExternalfTotal Static Pressure o_ AHU Blower o Total Pressure o Nixing
Box loss, Cooling Coil Pressure drop, Filter Pressure Drop co_ lossess o5t o a_o_otoqo_
Pressure _oco_ ExternalfTotal Static Pressure o_ Duct friction loss o5t. Supply Air Grill and
Diffuer losses o5tqc Damper Losses o5too _oco_
Altitude f Temperature 0 (0) f 68.9 (20.5) Altitude f Temperature 0 (0) f 68.9 (20.5) Altitude f Temperature 0 (0) f 68.9 (20.5) Altitude f Temperature 0 (0) f 68.9 (20.5)
AHU ooocot_o_o_ oqg5o_ ocoo og_ocaco_o_ (altitude0) _ococ _oco_
oo oo_
Fan RPN 1019 Fan RPN 1019 Fan RPN 1019 Fan RPN 1019
AHU Blower ocgt o o_ooqqt(RPN)o5 ocoqco c ooog ooo_ _oco_
Notor Type f Poles TEFC - P55 f + Notor Type f Poles TEFC - P55 f + Notor Type f Poles TEFC - P55 f + Notor Type f Poles TEFC - P55 f +
oo5o5o_tc5to5 TEFC _oco_ TEFC o o_o5 Totally Enclosed, Fan Cooled
_oco_ oq_too5o5 winding o_ Enclosure o ct g_ot Fan _ocoto5c_o_o oO5to_
P55 o5 motor Enclosure o rating (protection against solid and Liuid ) o ooo_
oo5o5oqto c ootco oo g_qcoò_
Absorbed Fan f Nortor Power kW 13.50 kW f 16.20 kW Absorbed Fan f Nortor Power kW 13.50 kW f 16.20 kW Absorbed Fan f Nortor Power kW 13.50 kW f 16.20 kW Absorbed Fan f Nortor Power kW 13.50 kW f 16.20 kW
Absorbed Power o_ AHU Blowers Shaft o c o ooo5 power _oco_ AHU Blower
o_ Belt Drive _oco_ Belt Drive o5toc Slip _oco_ Belt Drive o5to c Transmission loss
go_ O o_o5c Notor Power o_ Absorbed Power Ooo5to_ AHU o c AHU Blowers
Shaft power 13.50 kW gggqo o Notor Power o_ 16.20 kW _ocgq ooo_
Reommeded Notor 18.50 kW Reommeded Notor 18.50 kW Reommeded Notor 18.50 kW Reommeded Notor 18.50 kW
Recommended motor kW 18.50 o_ oo5o5o size o o oo_ AHU o ooo5
Notor Power o_ 16.20 kW _ocoo5o_t octoo oc 16.20 kW ogo` Oo_o5c 18.50 kW
oo5o5 ooo ocgq Recommend oot_oct_oco_ 18.50 kW oo5o5 ogoc 22.0 kW oo5o5
_oc oooc oo5ctqco_ O o_o5c Recommendation c5oto ot_oct_oco_ ooo5 15kW
o oo5 ot_o_gqoocoo5oo
octoooc ggqcoo5 motor size o5to5 3.0 kW, +.0 kW . 5.5 kW . 7.5 kW . 11.0 kW . 15.0
kW . 18.5 kW . 22.0 kW . 37kW . +5kW o_oco_
Notor Safety Allowance 20 Notor Safety Allowance 20 Notor Safety Allowance 20 Notor Safety Allowance 20
oo5o5 goc5togtoog5oc Safety allowance _o oO5to_
Electrical Supply v-ph-Hz 380-+15 v f 3ph f 50 Hz Electrical Supply v-ph-Hz 380-+15 v f 3ph f 50 Hz Electrical Supply v-ph-Hz 380-+15 v f 3ph f 50 Hz Electrical Supply v-ph-Hz 380-+15 v f 3ph f 50 Hz
O AHU Blower o oo5o5o oo5ctgq o ooo5 Electrical Power Supply o5 goo o go_
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-1u
oct _ocgo_ 50 Hz goo5 3 phase power supply _ocgo_ (cco5oqccoo _oco_)
_oqo5qccacOctqccoo5 60 Hz _oco_
Fan Discharge velocity 13.15 mfs Fan Discharge velocity 13.15 mfs Fan Discharge velocity 13.15 mfs Fan Discharge velocity 13.15 mfs
AHU o out let o O oo 5t o_ Discharge velocity o5 13.15 mfs _oco_ Discharge velocity
o5toqtoc oo_o_
Totoal Fan Efficiency 69.79 Totoal Fan Efficiency 69.79 Totoal Fan Efficiency 69.79 Totoal Fan Efficiency 69.79
Fan (Blower) o Total Fan Efficiency o5 69.79 _oco_ (fan o total efficiency o_ g_
Oooo5o cooo5cto_)
Transmission Specification Transmission Specification Transmission Specification Transmission Specification
PULLEY TYPE f GROOvES SPB f 2
Pulley o_tc5t o5 o_o5ct _ o_o5ct (2 GROOvES) oòo5 SPB
Pulley _oco_ pulley oto_o_oo5 Direct drive
o5to_tgqco_
Fan f Notor Pulley mm 335 mm f 236 mm Fan f Notor Pulley mm 335 mm f 236 mm Fan f Notor Pulley mm 335 mm f 236 mm Fan f Notor Pulley mm 335 mm f 236 mm
Fan (Blower) oooc ooocO5too5 pulley o Diameter o5 335 mm _oc_ot oo5o5oooc
ooocO5too5 pulley o Diameter 236 mm _oco_ O pulley goc5tacog oo5o5o
ooog (RPN)o_ og_o _oco c Fan (Blower) o ooogo5 oo_o _oco_ ( Slip _oco_
ooog (RPN)o O_oooooc)
Belt Length 2000 mm Belt Length 2000 mm Belt Length 2000 mm Belt Length 2000 mm
Fan (Blower) o pulley ac oo5o5o pulley o oo ooO5too5 BELT o g_o5 2000 mm
_oco_ Sound Level Data o5t
OUTLET N-DUCT SOUND PWR dB (A) 95 ARBORNE SOUND POWER dB (A) 7+
OUTLET N-DUCT SOUND PWR dB 125 Hz 95 ARBORNE SOUND POWER dB 125 Hz 85
PER OCTAvE BAND UNT 250 f 500 Hz 97 f 9+ PER OCTAvE BAND UNT 250 f 500 Hz 77 f 69
1k f 2k Hz 91 f 85 1k f 2k Hz 67 f 62
+k f 8k Hz 76 f 68 +k f 8k Hz +5 f 3+
g gg g. .. .g gg g Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit ac ac ac ac Fire Node Fire Node Fire Node Fire Node
oo5o _to NE System o5toc Operation Procedure o5too Normal Node ac
Fire Node o@o_o5t oo ooO5to_ Normal Node o o_o5 oo5o _tocoo_
ooqoocqto5t Otcoct o_oo oqoqoooo_ Fire Node oo_o5
oo5o_tocoo_ otoo5c_octo goq (o) otoo5coggq ag5ogoqo o oo_
oo5o_toco o ctg Fire Alarm Panel ocooo (Sub Fire Alarm Panel _ococ . Nain Fire
Alarm Panel _ococ) activated _ocoò Fire Node oog5o go_o ooooo_
Fire Alarm Panel oco o_ o5o o` o_o5cto5to_o5c activation _ocqc oò_
o) Smoke Detector o ooo Heat Detector oco o o_ activate _ocoò Fire Alarm Panel
activate _oco oo_
o) Sprinkler Flow switch activate _ocoò Fire Alarm Panel activate _oco oo_ Sprinkler ocoo
o_ ooò o5too5o_o5c Water loss _oco5 Sprinkler Flow switch activate _octo_
o) Nanual Call Point o_o5co_t Fire Alarm Panel activate _ocooo_
o) FN200 Discharge _oc_octo_o5co_t Fire Alarm Panel activate _oco oo_
c) Fire Alarm Panel activate _ococoo5 oc_o5too5 o_o5ctocooo_o5co_t_ocqco_
oo5o _toco o_ Normal Node o Fire Node o og5o go5toò ACNv System
o_ o5o o` Procedure o5to o ooo5cgo_
o) Air Handling Unit o5t 5toto Shut Down oogq
o) Underground Car Park fan o5t5to to_ Low Speed o Hi Speed o o_o5ctoo5ctgo_
_ootoctgo5o_ 1,900 s. m Oooo_ basement car park o5toc Smoke purging system
o ooocO5tgqooo_ Smoke purging system o_ oo5o _to Nain Fire Alarm
Panel o Activated _oco_ o` ooo_ooa_qto 6 Air Change per hour o 9 Air Change per
hour o_o5cto gq o oo_
o) Staircase Pressurization Fan o5t5toto_ Pressurization mode _ocoo5ctacgo_ O_oc
o_o5too5 Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Building o5too_t o oq5gq (comply
_ocgq) o ooò_
g gg g. .. ._ Cooling Coil ac _ Cooling Coil ac _ Cooling Coil ac _ Cooling Coil ac Heating Coil Heating Coil Heating Coil Heating Coil o5to_o5ct o5to_o5ct o5to_o5ct o5to_o5ct
Cooling Coil o_ Air Handling Unit o ocooctoco_oc o_ Coil o5t o o
o ooo5co_(Function) o5 Heat Transfer oo_oct_oco_ Coil o5t o Heat Exchanger
o o_tooò_ Air Handling Unit o Cooling Coil o_ q5to_gq oo ooò_ Air Handling
Unit o Cooling Coil q5to_oc oqo_tc55to to q5to_qco_Chilled-water cooling
coils o_ plate-fin-tube heat exchangers o_tc5to5t_oc_oo_ _o tc5t
oo5o_to5to c cooling and dehumidification oogqoo o5toto t_o__oo_
Air Handling Unit oc Cooling Coil ac Heating Coil o @aco_tgo_
Air Handling Unit o coil o_tc5t o5t
Cooling Coil Cooling Coil Cooling Coil Cooling Coil Heating Coil Heating Coil Heating Coil Heating Coil
Chilled Water Cooling Coil Hot water Heating Coil
Direct Expansion Cooling Coil (DX coil) Steam Heating Coil
Chilled Water Cooling Coil o_ oto_ fluid (Chilled Water) ac oo_ fluid (Return
Air) o oct Heat Exchange _oco5coo5cgo ooto_ oq_t oo_ fluid (Return Air) o
o (Heat)o5to_ Coil o ooc oto_ fluid (Chilled Water) oo ctocto 5to_ Heat
o_ Temperature _oco_oqg5o Temperature qoo_oqg5o ctoctoogo_ ooOo
Sensible heat ac latent heat o AHU o cooling coil o ooc oo Oo(remove)o_
Coiling Coil o_ Air Handling Unit oc ogo_oco`go_ (essential) co oct (Part)
_oco_ Heating Coil o_ Air Handling Unit o optional item _oco_ otoctoooo5t
Heating Coil o ot_o__oo_
Heating Coil o co_t Hot water Coil ac Steam Coil o @ aco_tgo_ Hot water Coil
o_ oto_ fluid (Return Air) ac oo_ fluid (Hot Water) o oct Heat Exchange
_oco5c oo5cgo ooto_ oq_t oo_ fluid (Hot Water) o o(Heat)o5to_ Coil o
ooc oto_ fluid (Return Air) o ctocto5to_
Cooling coil o oo5oqo5 ooOo oo5to coooo g5tocgq(remove o ogq)
oco_ ooOo5 oo5to otoqo_ chilled water o ooo refrigerant o coo o5to5c
Cooling coil o oo5cgo ooto_ Cooling Coil oco_t Chilled Water Cooling Coil ac Direct
Expansion Cooling Coil (DX coil) o@aco_tgo_ Chilled water o oto_oc Chilled water
cooling coil o ooò o_ Refrigerant o oto_o_ Cooling coil o DX (Direct expansion)
Cooling coil o ooò_
Chilled water Cooling Coil o5to_ Air ac Chilled water aco_o5t Heat Transfer
_oco5coo5cgo ootoo5 Heat Exchanger oco_t_oco_ DX (Direct expansion) Cooling coil
Cooling Coil o5to_ Air ac Refrigerant aco_o5t Heat Transfer _oco5coo5cgo ootoo5
Heat Exchanger oco_t_oco_ Plante Heat Exchanger, Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger ac Fin
and Tube Heat Exchanger o@oto_tgo_qoo Cooling Coil o5to5 Fin and Tube Heat
Exchanger o_t c5to5t_oc_oo_
cooling medium o_ chilled water o refrigerant _oco_ vapor compression
refrigeration cycle o c refrigerant coil o_ evaporator _oco_ cooling coil o o ooooo
psychrometrics chart ooòc cooling ac dehumidification process octo5tac oo
q5to_ooo5ooò gq o oo_
fin cooooto5t_oc _o_ooO5too5 coils oc o_ oo5 ooo5to_ Cooling Coil o fins
o oo o tubes o5to oO o _oo o5to_ O o fins (o ) tubes o5to oO o _oo o5to_ooo
Bypass Air oooò_ Bypass _oco_ oooo5o Bypass factor (BF) o ooò_ four-row
coil o c ooo_ 3.5 mfs _oo o5toc oco5o_ooo 30 o_ fins o tubes o5to oOo
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-1S
_oo o5to_ 30 bypass _oco_oo_o5o_oo_ Bypass factor (BF) o5 o.g _oco_ eight-
row coil oc ooo_ 1.5 mfs _oo o 5toc _ bypass _oco_
Capillary Tube o5to`goo5o_o5c Oooòo_ Direct Expansion Cooling Coil ocoo
o_oco_o5ct oqco_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. .o o o o Direct expansion coil (DX Coil) Direct expansion coil (DX Coil) Direct expansion coil (DX Coil) Direct expansion coil (DX Coil)
Coil octo oco5o_ Refrigerant o_ g_(liuid)_oco_ Coil o ctoc liuid
Refrigerant o_ ooo oo5tocooo5 oc (vapor) _oco Phase o_o5ctoo 5to_
Refrigerant ooqo_o5cto _octogoo Super heat ooqo oocto5o_ ooq q_tco o5
o_o5cto o_ Oo_o5c Refrigerant o c Latent heat of vaporization _ocooò_ ocooo_
capillary tube oooto5t_oco_ Ooooo_ Diameter _o to_ ooocoo5cto5_oco_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. ._ _ _ _ Chilled water cooling coil Chilled water cooling coil Chilled water cooling coil Chilled water cooling coil
coil octo oto_ chilled water oco5o_ O oq5o ooo oo5to
coo o5Ooo5to_ chiller water ocooo_ qoo_oo_oc_ot Oo ooo_
_ocoo_oco_ Chilled water coil o o o5toqoooo (Pressure Range) o5 og_ o goo
Psig oct_oco_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. .g g g g Hot water heating coil Hot water heating coil Hot water heating coil Hot water heating coil
coil octo o qoo_ hot water oco5o_ O oq5o ooo oo5to cqO o o5
Oo o5to_ hot water ocooo_ qoo_oo_oc_ot Ooooo_ _ocoo_oco_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _. .. .g g g g Steam heating coil Steam heating coil Steam heating coil Steam heating coil
coil octo ooqoq_oco_ Steam oco5o_ O oq5o oto_ooo5to oo5to
coo o5too5o_o5c Steam o c Condesatioin _ocooò5 condensate water _ocoo_o5ctoo5
og _ocOo o5to_ ocoo o_ Steam (vapor form) oo _oco5 Oooo o_
condensate water oo_oco_
o5o oooo ooc Heat Coil ac Cooling Coil o Heat Exchanger Characteristics o5t
o oo5_oO5to_ o5o _5ooooc variable Flow ac Constant Flow o o Heat Exchanger
Characteristics o5t o oo5_oO5to_
Hot media ac Cold media ooo o@ Flow arrangent o ooo Circuit oco_o5too
oo5_oO5to_
heat exchangers o5to_ ot_o_o
(application) o oo @ Counter-flow . cross-
flow ac parallel-flow o @ o_tc5t
o5to_o5to_ Flow oco_o5too5o_o5c
ggqco_ Efficiency o5to_to _o5to_
ggqco_ _ocot ac qoot ooqo_t
oo __ooo
g gg g. .. .o oo o Coil Coil Coil Coil goc5t goc5t goc5t goc5t (Size) (Size) (Size) (Size)
Coil ogoc5to_ Air flow (o) Air volume ac face velocity ooò c oo_ o_ cooling
load ooò c ooo_ cooling load o_ coil oco`go_ row ogoo ac fin oooto5t
coo FP (fin per inch)ooò c oo_o_
Air flow rate o5toc coil o ooa5oc go5(face area)o_to to5o_ O o_o5c
goc5to_o_t o to5o_ Cooling coil g fin oooto5t_o5tooo5to_ooo
velocity o face velocity o ooò_
Cooling coil o5t5to to face velocity o5 2.5 mfs (500 FPN) Oooogoo 2.5 mfs (500FPN)
Oooo5toò water carried over _ocqco_
cooling coil o fin oooto5to_ oq
otoo5o_o5c (oco5o_ooo Dew point
temperature Oo qoo5c otoo5o_o5c)
ooo5to oooo5co5oo5 water vapor
o5to_ condensations ocooò_ O
Condensate water o5to_ face velocity o
oqt5to_o5c cooling coil o o5o g Drain
pan ooò ooo Drain pan oocoo o
oo5ooctoco_O oo condensate ogo5t
Drain pan _oco occc o_octo carried carried carried carried
over over over over" o ooò_
Chaptei-S Aii Banuling 0nits anu Cooling Coils
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org)
Air flow rate (CNH or m
3
fhr)
o go_ Coil o Length ac Coil
suare oo5q Coil aco_tgo_
Oo ooctoto_ oqoo5to_
tube o5tc5ooo_ Oo_o5c
rectangular oo5q coil ocgqoo
Welding o Brazing q_tcoo5o ogqooo_
oto5too5 Length to height ratio
Coil og_o5 g ooo oc
coil o5too_t oo_o ooco` Coil
oco oocto5oqo c ooo
ocooa coo5o_o5coco_
co aco oco_otOoO5toctoc
O5tgo_
Cu|| Face Area
Cu|| Face
Chilled water cooling coil
O5to_ supply air ooo_ coil
Chilled water o_ Oocooooq
otoc_ot ogoc o_qo5to oo Oo_oct
arrangement o ooò_
S Aii Banuling 0nits anu Cooling Coils Nonuay, August 1S, 2u12
fhr) o o_@ face velocity 2.5 mfs acc5to c Coil
o Height o oooo gqooo_ rectangular coil
o_tgo_ qo suare oo5q Coil o_ rectangular
oqoo5to_ Sure oo5q coil _o_oogqoo ooo5
O o_o5c tube o5tc5o Welding o Brazing o ogqooo_
ocgqoo g_oo5 copper tube q_tco o5 o oo_
q_tcoo5oogqooo_
Length to height ratio o5 21 oco_ g_ac_oco_to5 _ o.
ooo oc coil o_oco _ ooOo ooqoocoo ocoqto_
Coil o Height o_ oqocoqtoc Condensate water
velocity o o qtocto_o5c Drain pan octo
coo5o_o5coco_ oqg5oooo_o5c Coil o Height o_ ocoqtoò
oco_otOoO5toctoc oogctaco_ Coil acoo too5ooc Drain pan
Area = F|nned He|ght x F|nned Length
Fe|uc|ty (FPM) =
Cu|| A|r|uw(CFM)
Cu|| Face Area (t
2
)
oco ocoòco_co octo5to o5oooc oo5_o
coil o oo ooo oc@ fin oooto5t _o5to _oo o5to_
o_ Oocooooqocooo coil Oo oc_ot _oocto5t_ot oco5o_ oo
otoc_ot ogoc o_qo5to oo Oo_oct(Dehumidification) _ococo_ cross counterflow
Nonuay, August 1S, 2u12
Page S-16
Coil go5 (m
2
)
rectangular coil ac
oo5q Coil
ooo5 copper
o ogqooo_
o oo_
o. oo_oco_
ocoqto_ Cooling
Condensate water o_
ooo
ocoqtoò coil
Drain pan _ o
oc oo5_o
_oo o5to_
cto5t_ot oco5o_ ooo
counterflow
g gg g. .. .g gg g AHU Cooling Coil o_oo5oo AHU Cooling Coil o_oo5oo AHU Cooling Coil o_oo5oo AHU Cooling Coil o_oo5oo
AHU Cooling Coil o oo c_oO5to_oct Tube ac Fins o5t_oc o_oo5o O5to_
Tube ac Fins oo ooo 5ooto_oo5ctoo5 oo_o_oc_o_o ooogo_ Coil o Tube o
o_otq oo _ (Copper Naterial ) _oc_o_o oO5to_ Fin o o_oqo oo_ (Aluminum Naterial)
_oc_o_oooogo_ o_otq oo_ (Copper Naterial ) o òoo ooooo5 Cu _oco_
o_oqo oo_ (Aluminum Naterial) o òoo ooooo5 Alu _oco_ Chilled Water
Cooling Coil o Header o_ oo _otocoo5cto5_oco_
g gg g. .. .g gg g. .. .o Coil o Row ac Fin o5t o Coil o Row ac Fin o5t o Coil o Row ac Fin o5t o Coil o Row ac Fin o5t
Coil o ootoo o ooò _o_oc_ocgo_ Copper Pipe oqto5to ogooo Rows
o oo ooo_ FP Fins per nch ocooooctgo_ Finoooto5to ogoo
_oco_ Circuit o_tc5to oo5_oO5to_ AHU model ooo5o_t Coil o Rows ac Fins
o5toc Cooling Capacity o5to_ o oo5 Coil o Rows ac Fins o5to c ooo ooo_5t (Air
Resistance) o5too5o_o5c Blower oo5o5 5too5ctgqoo_ ROWS ac FP (Fins per nch)
o oo_oo oo ooo_o o5o oòo5to coo o5qcoò_ Fins o5tac ooooO5too5
Tube Bank ocoo to Coil oooò o_ O Tube Bank o circuit co oooto5tac oO5to_
Fin o_t c5to5t Fin o_t c5to5t Fin o_t c5to5t Fin o_t c5to5t
Hellically wound fin (Embeded Fin) L-footed fin (Wrapped-On Fin) f Fins Per nch f Fins Per nch f Fins Per nch f Fins Per nch
d Diameter of Tube d Diameter of Tube d Diameter of Tube d Diameter of Tube D O.D. of Finned Tube D O.D. of Finned Tube D O.D. of Finned Tube D O.D. of Finned Tube t Fin Thickness t Fin Thickness t Fin Thickness t Fin Thickness
Cooling Coil o pipe header o _o__oct_oc Chilled Water Cooling Coil ac Direct
Expansion Cooling Coil (DX coil) _oco_o5cto_o5tqco_ Chilled Water Cooling Coil o Header
o_ oo _otocoo5cto5_oco_ Direct Expansion Cooling Coil (DX coil) o c Refrigerant
o_ Expension _ocgq oooo5o_o5c tube oootoo`cto5tc5_oc o_oo5oO5to_
O tube oooto5to capillary tube oooò_
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-2u
Handbook of Air conditioning and refrigeration by Shan . Wang
fin width o5toooo. tube ogoo o5toooo_oc_ot (row ogoo o5toooo_oc_ot)
flow passages ooòogo_to5to_ serpentines ogoo o5toooo. water circuits o
total cross-sectional area o5toooo_oc_ot water volume flow rate o_to5to_
go(Face Area) oo_ cooling coil acooc row ogoo o oc FP o5to_
cooling coil o_ o@ Capacity o5to_ go(Face Area) oo_ cooling coil acooc FP
ogooo oc row ogoo o5to_ cooling coil o_ o@ Capacity o5to_
g gg g. .. .o oo o Dry Coil Dry Coil Dry Coil Dry Coil ac ac ac ac Wet Coil Wet Coil Wet Coil Wet Coil
Cooling Coil ocoo_ Sensible cooling process o o5o ooo5coqo c (o )
o ooo5coqo_oò Dry Coil oooò_ oq_t Dehumiditation Process _ocooqo`
condensation o_to_ocooòo O Coil o oo a5_oc (surface) ooqo_ oco5o_ ooo dew
point ooq(temperature) Oo_ocoqo_oò_t_oco_ Oo_ooq(Condition)oc
Condensation o_ocqco` O sensible cooling process o psychrometric chart ooòc
og_oc_oct (horizontal line)_oc oo5_oo_
Cooling coil ocoo oo a5_oc (surface) ooqo_ oco5o_ooo dew point
ooq(temperature) Ooqoo_o`_o5 O coil ooò c condensation _ocoo`q_co_
oqt (Serving Area) o Cooling load q_tco o5 o ooo5o_o5c Chilled Water
q_tco o5 Coil o ct octoco_ part-load operation o part-load condition oo Cooling
Coil o_ Dry Coil _oc perform o ooqo_
Cooling Coil ocoo_ Sensible cooling ac Dehumitification process ooooo5coqo c
(o ) o ooo5coqo_oò Wet Coil oooò_ O Coil o oo a5_ocooqo_ (outer
surface temperature of the coil)o_ ocog5o o5o_ ooo dew point Ooqooqo_ oò_t
_oco_ O o_ooq(Condition)o c ooo_ o_goo5 ogoc o_q oooto5t ooo oo oo
oo5cqccot ogoo5oo5o_o5c Condensation Process _ocoo` o5o_ O o` Cooling Coil
o_ Condensate water o_occco oqoo5o_o5c Wet Coil o oo`_oct_oco_
Oooòo_ Chilled Water cooling coil oco o Temperature Gradient ooo5_oO5to_
Chilled Water Cooling Coil Direct Expansion Cooling Coil (DX coil)
Chilled Water Cooling Coil _ chilled water oc sensible heat gain _ocoo5o_o5c
Oo(leaving temperature)ooqo_ ocoq(entering temperature)Oooo5to_
Direct Expansion Cooling Coil (DX coil) _ Refrigerant o c Latent heat gain _ocooòo5o_o5c
ocacOo ooqo_o5ctoo_ogoo liuid refrigerant _oco vapour refrigerant _oco o5
o_o5cto o5to_
g gg g. .. ._ __ _ AHU Cooling Coil Specification AHU Cooling Coil Specification AHU Cooling Coil Specification AHU Cooling Coil Specification
Cooling coil o_ air distribution system ac chilled water system aco _o5tocgoo5
Euipment oco_ airside load ac chilled water side load aco_o5toc heat transfer
o_ooootoqoctoco_
AHU Cooling Coil o Specification o5t o_o5cto o tocoooc q5too_oc Air Con
cocqo5ocoo5o ogoo_qco` Coil octq5 ooo5o oo (o ) O oooo
(Nanufacturer) ocoo5ooo q5too_qcoo5o_t o t_o_o (User) ocoo5ooo
q5to_gq o oo_
o5oocoo5_oO5to_ Cooling Coil Specification o5 York oOoooo_ AHU
oco to Technical Report o coo5_oO5too5 Cooling Coil octo ooooo5t _oco_
Altitude (ft) Altitude (ft) Altitude (ft) Altitude (ft)
ocooog_oc(Sea Level) o oo (feet)o_o_oco_ oqg5oc oooc ot_o_gq select
o oO5to_ (o ) octo oO5to_o oo5_o_oct_oco_ ooo_o5co oo5 ooo_
_ocoo o@ ooo_to_ (Air Density) o_o5cto oo5o_o5c _oco_
ocooog_oc o o_ocoooo. ooo_ ooo_to_ (Density)q_toooo_oco_ (volume flow
rate oo_o5ctooo5o_o5c ) ooo_ ooo_to_ (Density)q_toooo mass flow q_toooo
_oc_ot AHU o cooling capacity o_to oq_to5to_
ocooog_oc o _ocoo ooo oct Performance o oo5_o5toogoo o5ooo5_oO5to c
ocooog_oc(Sea Level) oo _oco_ o oo o_
Coil Type (BDW) Coil Type (BDW) Coil Type (BDW) Coil Type (BDW)
Coil o_tc5t o oo5_oO5to_ Coil O oooo (Nanufacturer)o5t ocoo5o ac
ocoo5oo Coil o_tc5t ooooooo__ooo
Tube f Fin Naterial (Cuf Al) Tube f Fin Naterial (Cuf Al) Tube f Fin Naterial (Cuf Al) Tube f Fin Naterial (Cuf Al)
Coil o Tube o o_otq oo_ (Copper Naterial ) _oc_o_ooO5to_ Fin o o_oqo oo_
(Aluminum Naterial) _oc_o_ooO5to_ o_otq oo_ (Copper Naterial ) o ò oo ooooo5
Cu _oco_ o_oqo oo_ (Aluminum Naterial) o òoo ooo oo5 Alu _oco_
Tube Height f Fin Length (38f87) Tube Height f Fin Length (38f87) Tube Height f Fin Length (38f87) Tube Height f Fin Length (38f87)
Tube o _oc ac Fin o g_o ooo _oc oo5_oO5t_oct_oco_
Rows f FP f Circuit (6f8fC) Rows f FP f Circuit (6f8fC) Rows f FP f Circuit (6f8fC) Rows f FP f Circuit (6f8fC)
Coil o ootoooooò_o_oc_ocgo_ oo`coo (vertical) Copper Pipe oqto5to
ogooo Rows o oo ooo_ FP Fins per nch ocooooctgo_ Fin
oooto5to ogoo _oco_ Circuit o_tc5to oo5_oO5to_ AHU model
o oo5o_t Coil o Rows ac Fins o5toc Cooling Capacity o5to_ ooo5 Coil o Rows ac
Fins o5toc ooo ooo_5t (Air Resistance) o5too5o_o5c o5toocto_ (pressure drop)
oo5to_ Oo_o5c Blower oo5o5 5t oo5ctgqo o_
Coil Area Coil Area Coil Area Coil Area
ooo5t_oo oqto5tqco_ oqg5o go5ooo5_oO5to_ Coolingf Heating ooootqcoo5
oqg5o go5o_t_oco_ Coil Area o_ AHU model acoco_ AHU model _otoc Coil
Area o_to5to_ Coil Area o cogqtoo ac cogqtoo5 _oco` oo5_oO5to_
Air On DBf WB Air On DBf WB Air On DBf WB Air On DBf WB
Air on oo_o5 Cooling Coil octo oocog5oo ooo ooqooo o_
ocoooooq_oco_ On Coil Temperature" oo_tooò_ On Coil Temperature" o_
Cooling Coil acoo ooo_ ooò5goco_oco_ Air Temperature ust before the coil
o o_to_o5oogo_ Air properties o5t5to to o oo qcgq oo Dry Bulb ac Wet bulb
_ocoòo5_oO5to_ C _ocoo5 F _oco` oo5_oO5to_
Air Off DBf WB Air Off DBf WB Air Off DBf WB Air Off DBf WB
Air Off oo_o5 Cooling Coil o cto Oo_ot_ot_oct ooo ooqoooo_
Oo oooooq_oco_ Off Coil Temperature" o o_tooò_ Off Coil Temperature"
o_ Cooling Coil acoo oo o_ ooò5goco _oco_ Air Temperature immediately after the
coil o o_to_o5oogo_ Air properties o5t5toto o ooqcgq oo Dry Bulb ac Wet
bulb _ocoòo5_oO5to_ C _ocoo5 F _oco` oo5_oO5to_
Face velocity Face velocity Face velocity Face velocity
Cooling Coil oct_ooo5too5 ooo _oqa_qt (Air velocity)_oco_ Fins oooto5t _o5t
_oo o5too5 ooo _oqa_qt (Air velocity)_oco_ OOo oo5oc Cooling Coil o_ Wet Coil
_ocoo5o_o5c ogo_qoooto5to_ Drain Pan (Drain ogooo ) O oooo oo5@
ooo5o_o5c AHU _ootoctocoo t ogo5tac_o_o oqooo_ Oo oo5o_octo Water Water Water Water
carried over" carried over" carried over" carried over" _oco_oooò_ O _oc Fins oooto5t _o5toc ooo_ o c_oqc5
_oo oqto 5too5o_o5c Heat Transfer _ocgqoqoooo5ooo Oo_o5c cooling coil o5
efficient o_ocoo5oo Chilled water o_ oo (Air) Oo o(Heat) o ocoo qc (Pick up
oo oqc) o o_o5oogo_ Face velocity o_ occo qoc _._ oo5 (500 fpm)
Ooooo5g_octo5 Cooling Coil ooo5 _oco_
Heating Coil o face velocity o5 occo qoc g oo5 o g oo5o ct_ocqco_
Air Pressure Drop Air Pressure Drop Air Pressure Drop Air Pressure Drop
ooo_ Cooling Coil o _oooqto5to_o` oo5t(resistance)_ocooò_ Ooo5to_o5c
oooo5t(pressure)o5 oo5to_o Air pressure drop _oco_ooo5_oo_ Capacity
o oo5 AHU aco toc Air pressure dorp o5to_ AHU o oogtooocoo Air pressure drop
o5t_octo_ Blower oo5ctgq o oo_Oooo5to_ cotc(enegy) o tc_oct _oco_ AHU
o ooooto5 ooaco o_aco cto_ q_tco oo5 cotc (Energy) oc_ocoòc
acoo`cto5tc5 _o_qtotoq_oct_ocoo5o_o5c o tg_to_oo5oqo5to_
Sunction Temp for BDX Sunction Temp for BDX Sunction Temp for BDX Sunction Temp for BDX
Refrigerant o otoo5 Direct Expansion o o o5ooo_
Water ON f OFF Temp Water ON f OFF Temp Water ON f OFF Temp Water ON f OFF Temp
Water on oo_o5 Cooling Coil octooocog5oo Chilled Water o ooqoooo_
oq_t Chilled Water supply temperature oo oo_ Water Temperature ust before the coil
o o_to_o5oogo_ C _ocoo5 F _oco` oo5_oO5to_
Water off oo_o5 Cooling Coil Oo_ot_ot_oct Chilled Water o ooqo oo o_ oq_t
Chilled Water return temperature o ooo_ Water Temperature immediately after the coil
o o_to_o5oogo_ C _ocoo5 F _oco` oo5_oO5to_
Water Flow Rate Water Flow Rate Water Flow Rate Water Flow Rate
Cooling Coil specification _ocoo5o_o5c Chilled Water o_ oo a_qt(Flow Rate) _oco_ Coil
oct ogo_o_oooqto5to_oooo_
og o_oo a_qt(Flow Rate) o5toooo Total Cooling Capacity o5toooo_oco_ o oo5 og
o_ooa_qt o5toooo o5toocto_ (Pressure Drop across the Coil) o5to5oooo_oco_
Total Capacity o oo5 AHU acotoc Chilled Water o_ooa_qt (Flow Rate) o5to_ AHU o
oogtooocoo Chilled Water o_ooa_qt (Flow Rate) o5to_ AHU o Cooling Coil o_
Efficient o_ocoo5o_o5c Chilled Water o_ooa_qt o@o5to5to o_oct_oco_ oq_t oq
cotc(Pumping Energy ) ooo_Oo o@ otc_oct_oco_
Water Pressure Drop Water Pressure Drop Water Pressure Drop Water Pressure Drop
Chilled Water Supply Pressure qc Chilled Water Return Pressure oo _o5tq5too _oco_
Chilled Water Supply Pressure o_ Chilled Water Return Pressure Ooo5too go_ O
Pressure _o5tq5too o_o5co5 Chilled Water o_ Coil o cto ctoc_oo oqto5t_oct_oco_
Chilled Water Pressure Drop o5too Chilled Water o_ooa_qt (Flow Rate) _oc_ot Chilled Water
o_ooa_qt (Flow Rate) o5too Chilled Water Pressure Drop o5too _oco_
_oqoqoqoq_oo_ Chilled Water o_oo a_qt (Flow Rate) ac Cooling Capacity ooo5
AHU acotoc Water pressure drop o5to_ AHU o oogtooocoo Water pressure drop
o5t_octo_ oq cotc(Pumping Energy) o ooo_Oo o@ o tc_oct_oco_ AHU
oco toooooto5 ooaco o_acoct_oco_oo acoo5 oq co tc(Pumping Energy) o
o oOo ootcoq_oct_oco_ O o_o5ccotco5t ooo_o_qtotg5og5oo_
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo Sensible Capacity Sensible Capacity Sensible Capacity Sensible Capacity . . . . Latent Capacity Latent Capacity Latent Capacity Latent Capacity ac ac ac ac Total Capacity Total Capacity Total Capacity Total Capacity
Senx|h|e Heat + Latent Heat = Tuta| Heat
P oqc oooq_to5t
S
(Btufhr) 1.1 x CFN x (t
2
-t
1
)
L
(Btufhr) 0.68 x CFN x (W
2
W
1
)
Total
(Btufhr) +.5 x CFN x (h
2
-h
1
)
S oqc oooq_to5t
S
Sensible Capacity (Watt) 1.232 x Lfs x (t
2
-t
1
)
L
Latent Capacity (Watt) 3012 x Lfs x (W
2
W
1
)
T
Total Capacity (Watt) 1.2 x Lfs x (h
2
-h
1
)
CFN o Lfs volume Flow Rate of Air being process.
h
2
-h
1
Enthalpy Change (Btuflb F) (o ) (kfkg )
t
2
-t
1
Temperature Change (C) (o ) (F)
w
2
w
1
Humidity Ration Change (lbwflb d.a) o (kgfkg d.a)
Cooling Coil Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) Formula
SHF =
Senx|h|e Cuu||ng Capac|ty (ur) Senx|h|e Heat Luad
Tuta| Cuu||ng Capac|ty (ur) Tuta| Heat Luad
where SHF room sensible heat factor
Sensible Cooling Capacity (o ) Sensible Heat Load (kW, Btufhr)
Total Cooling Capacity (o) Total Heat Load (kW, Btufhr)
SHF o_ o_o_oò o.o Ooooo5oo SHF 1.0 o_ Sensible Cooling Capacity
ac Total Cooling Capacity o _o_ Latent Cooling Capacity (o ) Latent Heat Load
ogo oo o_ oq_t ooOo cgo_ogoc o_qoooto5too Cooling o o_octogo` O
cooling coil oc ogoc oo Oo_oct(Dehumidification) o_ocooòo
Coil Load Coil Load Coil Load Coil Load
Coil load o o_o5 coil o oo g5tacoo5 Sensible heat ac Latent heat (oo`ct total heat)
oo5_oco_ On coil temperature oo_o5 Cooling coil octo oco`qtooo
ooqoco_ Off coil temperature" o o_o5 cooling coil o Oo o`cooo5toooqoco_
Off coil temperature oooqo_o_@ Air flow rate o_ gocgO oo_oo5Oo
o5toqto_ (o ) q_to qto_o oqoqtaco_ Cooling coil o5 Chilled water (leaving)
temperature o_ 12 C oq ococ off coil temperature o_ 12 C (o) 11.5 C ocoò Air
flow rate o_ ggo_ oo5Ooq_to qto_ 17C (o ) 18 C DB ooò Air flow rate o_
o5toqto_t (Pre cooled coil o ooo o`)
Wet bulb Depression Wet bulb Depression Wet bulb Depression Wet bulb Depression
Wet bulb Depression o o_o5 off coil Air temperature o Dry bulb (DB) ac Wet bulb (WB)
o5tq5toooco_ Off coil air (o ) leaving air o wet bulb depression o5 0.1 o 2 C
octoco_ Wet bulb depression o_ fin spacing ac air velocity ooòc oo_o_ fin
spacing wide ococ (fin ocoacoco ootoqto c) Wet bulb Depression q_to oo_ Over
cooling o oo_oòc Large wet bulb Depression ocooò_ o5o5q Coil o5to wet bulb
Depression o5 0.5C o 1.0C octoco_
Chilled Water velocity Chilled Water velocity Chilled Water velocity Chilled Water velocity
Copper tube octg Chilled water velocity o 0.3 mfs Oo oq_tocg 0.3mfs
Ooq_toò turbulence flow oocacoo5o_o5coco_ Cooling coil o tube o5toctoc
turbulence flow ococto_o5c coil o heat transfer performance o_ oooo5ctoqo5o_
o oo5 1.5mfs Oo ooo5ocg 1.5mfs Oo o5toò tube o5t erosion ocaco_ Water
velocity o5tocto_ tube ogooq_too5o_o5co_tocaco_ Water velocity
o5tocto_o5c Coil o pressure drop o_to5taco_
Fin Spacing Fin Spacing Fin Spacing Fin Spacing
Fin spacing o o_o5 fin oooto5t ocoacoco o5ootoco_ Fin spacing
q_to c ocooo (o ) ocoo5 octoc fin ogoo o5tc5gaco_ 12fpi o o_o5 12
fin per inch oco_ ocoooocto c fin oooto5t o_o go_
Coil o face area (o ) finned area o_ L x H oco_ L o5 coil o Length o tube o Length
oco_ H o5 Coil o Height oco_
Cooling coil o oto5too5 tube goc5to5to5 3f8", 1f2" ac 5f8" ooco_ Fin spacing
8FP, 10FP, 12FP ac 1+FP o o oogo5to_
Face Fe|uc|ty (Fpm) =
A|r F|uwRate (CFM)
Face Area (xquare eet)
Coil o O (Depth of the coil) o_ row ogooooòcoo_o_ row ogoo
o5toooo Coil o O oo5toooo_oco_
Q = Ux A x LMTD
Cooling coil o performance oo5ctocgqoo heat transfer coefficient
o5to5coooctoc. surface go5o o5to5coooctoc. Log mean temperature
difference o5to5c oooctoco_ooaco_
T
A
is the temperature difference between Supply Air and Return Air _oco_
T
B
is the temperature difference between Chilled Water Supply and Return _oco_
Heat transfer oooo5ctoqocgqoo LNTD oo5to5co_ooootocto_ oo5ctotoo5
q_tootoco_U-factor o thermal transmittance o o_tooò_ heat transfer coefficient
o_ coil o overall heat flow rate o oo5oo_
U factor o_ o5o oòo g ooooò coo_o_
Chaptei-S Aii Banuling 0nits anu Cooling Coils
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org)
o) Air side coefficient o_ oco5o_
transfer o ooO5too5 (resistance to heat transfer
o) Water film coefficient o_ chilled water
o) Thermal conductance o_ aluminum film
conductance oco_
Coil ocooc airflow rate o5to5oc
velocity o5to5o c water side heat transfer resistance
Fin geometry oooo5cto5co_oooctoc
oooo5ctoqo5aco_
Coil o face go5o o5to5coooctoc
AHU o5t ac Cooling Coil o5t ooogq
oooco_ (Right Hand RH coil connection)
Hand LH coil connection) _oco_o
O o oo5_ogq oo _o_o_oo_
_5oo(RH) o oooo (LH)
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo AHU AHU AHU AHU ac ac ac ac ooooco_ ooooco_ ooooco_ ooooco_
Chilled water Supply side o cgocoo5
Device o5t
(A) Gate valve (solation valve)
(B) Pressure Gauge
(C) Thermometer
(D) Strainer
S Aii Banuling 0nits anu Cooling Coils Nonuay, August 1S, 2u12
co5o_ air stream ac fin surface aco_o5tocgoo5
(resistance to heat transfer) barrier oco_
chilled water ac copper tube _o5tocgoo5 barrier
aluminum film ac copper tube _o5toc ocooò_
o5to5oc heat transfer resistance q_to 5to_ O ooc
water side heat transfer resistance q_to 5to_
oooo5cto5co_oooctoc overall heat transfer coefficient
o5to5coooctoc heat transfer ooo5cto5co_ooaco_
ooogq (o ) order o5 gq oo Pipe o_ _5ooo
RH coil connection) _oco_ (o ) oooo o oooco_
_oco_o oo5_oootgqooo_
_o_o_oo_ Return Air ooocooòo ooq5o@ connection
_oco_o5ctoo oo go_
ooooco_ ooooco_ ooooco_ ooooco_ pipe pipe pipe pipe . .. . fitting fitting fitting fitting ac ac ac ac device device device device o5t o5t o5t o5t
o cgocoo5 Chilled water Return ooocgocoo5
Device o5t
A) Gate valve (solation valve) (A) Gate valve (solation valve)
(B) Pressure Gauge
(C) Thermometer
(E) Balancing valve
(F) Notorize valve (or)
Chilled water Control valve
Nonuay, August 1S, 2u12
Page S-27
aco_o5tocgoo5 heat
barrier oco_
ocooò_
Oooc ogo
o5cto5co_ooaco_
_5ooo
oooco_ (Left
connection o_
ooocgocoo5
A) Gate valve (solation valve)
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo. .. .o oo o (A) Gate valves (A) Gate valves (A) Gate valves (A) Gate valves
Gate valve o AHU o Chilled Water Supply ac Return ooo ctoc oo gqacocgq (solation
o ogq) oo oo ocgqooo_ o_o5too5 Device o5t _o_ogq _ococgq ac
_oqo_oooco_ o` ogo5tOo ooo5coogqoo Device o5to _ocooot
ooocgqooo_ oq_t Chilled Water Supply ooo ct oc AHU o qt c occ _octoo
go_ fitting o5 Gate valve _oc_ot Chilled Water Return ooo ct oc AHUo ootot _oo go_
fitting o5 Gate valve _oco_ oq_t Gate valve acoo_ AHU o Supply oo ac Return oo
o _ocoootoco_g_ooo5 Device o5t_oco_ (o_to_too5 Gate valve o5to_o5cto
Gate valve oqtootco oo5_oO5to_)
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo. .. ._ __ _ (B) Pressure Gauge (B) Pressure Gauge (B) Pressure Gauge (B) Pressure Gauge
Pressure Gauge o Chilled Water Supply ooo ct ac Chilled Water Return oo oct
(acooco t) o c ooocO5tgo_ g_go ooo5 AHU o Cooling Coil octo c Chiller
water ctocoq_octg.ogo oqcgq oo_oco_
Pressure Gauage o5t o5ooo5o5t
Chilled Water o_ooa_qto ccootgqo_t_oco_
Chilled Water Flow rate o_ Chilled Water Supply Pressure ac Chilled Water Return Pressure
o o _o5tq5too oo5ac oo go o_too_ Pressure _o5tq5tooo5toooo Chilled Water
o_ooa_qt o5toooo_oco_
AHU o specification o coo5_oO5too5 Differential Pressure across the coil o oqo tac
Pressure Gauge acoogoo5 oqo too acto__oct_oc Actual chilled water flow rate o_
design Oo o5to_ o ooo q_to_o o gqco_ Supply pressure gauge o oooggo_
oqo to ot_o_@ pump o pressure 5too5ct. ooo5cto o_t oqoqtqco_
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo. .. .g gg g (C) Temperature Gauge ( (C) Temperature Gauge ( (C) Temperature Gauge ( (C) Temperature Gauge (o o o o ) Thermometer ) Thermometer ) Thermometer ) Thermometer
Temperature Gauge (o ) Thermometer o Chilled Water Supply oo oct ac Chilled Water
Return oo oct (acooco t)o c ooocO5tgo_ ooocg_octo g_go ooo5 Chilled
Water Supply Temperature ac Chilled Water Return Temperature oo oo ogq_oco_
Cooling Coil o performance o ccootgqacTrouble shooting _o_oogqoo oooc
O5t_oct_oco_
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo. .. .g gg g (D) Strainer (D) Strainer (D) Strainer (D) Strainer
Strain o5to AHU o chilled water supply side oc oooco_ AHU octo
ocog5o o5oo5 chilled water acooò5oo5 oo tcoo5t. ooo5to oqccgq (filter
o ogq) oo. cooling coil o oo octoo O oooo ct_octo o5o ogqoo oto_oct
oco_ oo5tqc o_oo5to Strainer octo cooooqo5c oct_o_o oO5to_O o_o5c
Strainer octgo5o _o_o@ ooq oqgcto oootgqooo_
Strainer Balancing valve
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo. .. ._ __ _ (E) Balancing valve (E) Balancing valve (E) Balancing valve (E) Balancing valve
Balancing valve o o oo_ (Design Flow Rate ooocgq) chilled water flow rate gggq oo
oto_oct oco_
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-Su
pump ac qto_ AHU o5to_ pressure loss q_too5o_o5c flow rate o5to5t goo go_
pump ac qtoo5 AHU o5toc o oo_ Oooo_ chilled water flow rate o ggoc pump
ac ootoo5 AHU o5toc o ooo5 flow rate gacoo ooo5oo
Two way valve Three way valve chilled cater control valve and Actuator
g gg g. .. .oo oo oo oo. .. .o oo o (F) Chilled Water Control valve (F) Chilled Water Control valve (F) Chilled Water Control valve (F) Chilled Water Control valve o o o o Nodulating valve Nodulating valve Nodulating valve Nodulating valve
AHU oc o ooo5 Chilled water flow oo5 o_ AHU o cooling load o oo_@
oo5cto oqo_ Cooling load ac ocoo 5o_ Chilled water flow ggq oo Nodulating
valve ac Actuator o oo5cgoooto_
g gg g. .. .o_ o_ o_ o_ AHU AHU AHU AHU ac ac ac ac FCU Drain FCU Drain FCU Drain FCU Drain ooo5t ooo5t ooo5t ooo5t
AHU o5t5to toc Condensate water o5to oo Oogqoo Drain Pan ac Drain pipe
ooocO5tgqo oo_ Drain Pan o_ AHU O oooo_ co go ooocootooo_
Drain pipe o o5oooco_ oqg5 (Site Oo c) _o_ooooocgo_ air handling unit o cto
Drain pipe oc trap ooocO5tgqooo_ Drain ooo copper oo oooo pvc
ooo5t_oc_o_oo_oo_ Tee oint acoac _o_oqcooaco_ removable plug
ooòcgo_ removable plug o_ oqgctogt_o_oogq oooo_o5to ccootgq
ooo _oco_ trap o5to ocoo5oo5 _ocggo5c_o_ooO5tgo_
O_o_oooco__oco_ fan outlet pressure oqtotooòcoo_o_
ooc_oO5to_oct_o_oooco_
H = 2 x Fan Out|et Prexxure |n mmu water(mmWg)
Trap for Draw-Through Unit
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-S1
X = Negat|ue Prexxure Fan Stat|c Prexxure + 15mm
Y = V(X) + 25mmur 75mmM|n|mum
AHUfFCU AHUfFCU AHUfFCU AHUfFCU goc5t goc5t goc5t goc5t (Capacity in (Capacity in (Capacity in (Capacity in kW) kW) kW) kW) Drain Drain Drain Drain oogoc5t oogoc5t oogoc5t oogoc5t (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
7 kW O 19 mm (gfg ooooo)
7.1 kW o 35 kW O 25mm ( o ooooo )
35.1 kW o 106 kW O 32 mm ( o oooooo)
106.1 kW o 176 kW O +0 mm ( o -gfg oo ooo)
176.1 kW o 616 kW O 50 mm ( _ ooooo)
616.1 kW o 1050 kW O 75 mm ( g ooooo)
Building Automation System _ _ocoo googo_ AHU graphic o qoq5_ocoo5_oO5to_
AHU oco to Direct Digital Controller (DDC) ac Control logic o o ocgqooo5
oo5_oO5t_oct_oco_ ootcoo Building Automation System c5oocoo g_o`
Legend Legend Legend Legend
ST OnfOff status
TA trip alarm
AfN AutofNanual mode
SD Smoke detector
DPS Differential pressure switch
WLD Water leakage Detector
T Temperature
SP Static pressure
RH Relative Humidity
WFR water flow rate
WH kilo-watt hour
SfS StartfStop control
vSD variable speed drive
N motorised actuator
OfC OpenfClose control
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-SS
g gg g. .. .og og og og vAv AHU vAv AHU vAv AHU vAv AHU ocot ocot ocot ocot o oo o Controller Controller Controller Controller ac ac ac ac Control Logic Control Logic Control Logic Control Logic
vAv AHU oco t o Controller ac Control Logic o_o5cto oo5_oO5to_
g gg g. .. .og og og og. .. .o oo o Description Description Description Description
o variable Air volume (vAv) AHU control application o5too Direct Digital Controller (DDC)
model UAH2+8+L o ot_o_o_
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) Direct Digital Controller (DDC) Direct Digital Controller (DDC) Direct Digital Controller (DDC) o oo o nputs nputs nputs nputs o5t o5t o5t o5t
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH2+8+2L aco@ot_o_acoo5 nputs o5t o5 ---
1) Digital nputs (Dry contacts) 1) Digital nputs (Dry contacts) 1) Digital nputs (Dry contacts) 1) Digital nputs (Dry contacts)
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH2+8+2L ac Digital nputs o_ o oooo (connecto o)
qco_ Digital nputs o_tc5to5to5
Selector mode status
OnfOff status
Trip status
Smoke detector status (maximum + nos.)
General dry contacts (maximum 8 nos.)
2) Analog nputs (0-5 vdcf+-20mAf NTC 10 temperature) 2) Analog nputs (0-5 vdcf+-20mAf NTC 10 temperature) 2) Analog nputs (0-5 vdcf+-20mAf NTC 10 temperature) 2) Analog nputs (0-5 vdcf+-20mAf NTC 10 temperature)
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH2+8+2L ac Analog nputs o_ o oooo (connecto o)
qco_ Analog nputs o_tc5to5to5
Temperature sensors (maximum + nos.)
Static Pressure
Chilled water flow rate
CO2
Universal inputs (maximum 5 nos.)
Analog nput monitoring oo abnormal sensor reading o5to oqo5tgq First order Low
Pass Filter method o ot_o_O5to_
Fnew = Fu|d + C (F|n - Fu|d )
Where, vnew New reading to be updated in DDC
vold Old reading updated in DDC
vin Sensor reading,
C constant (0.0~ 1.0)
3) Pulse nput 3) Pulse nput 3) Pulse nput 3) Pulse nput
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH2+8+2L ac pulse nputs o o oooo (connecto o) qco_
qoot pulse width 50ms _oco_ Accumulated counter o_ oqo t (value) 0 o
1,999,999,999 O display ooqco_
Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs o5t o5t o5t o5t
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH2+8+2L o_ Digital Outputs (2+ vac Triac) Analog
Outputs (0-10 vdc or +- 20mA) o5to O oootqco_ command ootqco_
+) Digital Output +) Digital Output +) Digital Output +) Digital Output
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH2+8+2L o_ Digital output channel _o
Oo ootqco_channel ocooctco Digital Output control oo (o ) Digital Output control oo
_oc configure o oqco_
AHU ocoo too5ctgqfgogq
AHU StartfStop (ndividual schedule or manual control)
Fan 1 oo5ctgqfgogq
Fan 1 StartfStop (ndividual schedule manual control) (used as By pass damper control )
Fan 2 oo5ctgqfgogq
Fan 2 StartfStop (ndividual schedule manual control)
Return air damper ocgqfoo gq
Return air damper OpenfClose control (interlock with AHU operation)
Exhaust air damper ocgqfoo gq
Exhaust air damper OpenfClose control (interlock with AHU operation)
5) Analog Output 5) Analog Output 5) Analog Output 5) Analog Output
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH2+8+2L o_ Analog output channel _o Oo ootqco_
AHU variable Speed drive control ac
AHU Chilled water valve control o_oco_
g gg g. .. .og og og og. .. ._ __ _ DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2+8+L) DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2+8+L) DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2+8+L) DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2+8+L)
Terminal Blocks go o`go_ TB1 o TB6 ac TB8 terminals o_oco_
Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal
Block No Block No Block No Block No
Label Description Remark Label Description Remark Label Description Remark Label Description Remark
TB0
+2+v 2+ vAC nput (L)
CON 2+ vAC nput (N)
TB1
AO1 Analog Output 1
CON Com terminal for AO1 AO2
AO2 Analog Output 2
TB2
U1 U+ Universal nputs 1-+
CON 2 CON Terminals for U 1-+ Each com shared by 2 U
TB3
U5 U8 Universal nputs 5-8
CON 2 CON Terminals for U 5-8 Each com shared by 2 U
TB+
TB5
TB6
oo5ctOo_q(www.acmv.org) Page S-SS
TB7
U21 U2+ Universal nputs 21-2+
CON 2 CON Terminals for U 21-2+ Each com shared by 2 U
TB8
P3 Pulse nput
Only P3 is used. CON Com terminal for P3 P+
P+ Pulse nput
TB9 TO1-TO8 Digital Output 1 - 8
Only TO1,3,5,6 are used.
TO3 not used for Tower 1
TB10
N+ Network wire from previous DDC
N- Network wire from previous DDC
N+ Network wire to next DDC
N- Network wire to next DDC
g gg g. .. .og og og og. .. .g gg g variable Air volume (vAv) AHU variable Air volume (vAv) AHU variable Air volume (vAv) AHU variable Air volume (vAv) AHU o oo o DDC Layout DDC Layout DDC Layout DDC Layout ac ac ac ac Wiring Diagram Wiring Diagram Wiring Diagram Wiring Diagram
g gg g. .. .og og og og. .. .g gg g variable Air volume (vAv) AHU variable Air volume (vAv) AHU variable Air volume (vAv) AHU variable Air volume (vAv) AHU o oo o Typical Sensor Termination Typical Sensor Termination Typical Sensor Termination Typical Sensor Termination
g gg g. .. .og og og og. .. ._ __ _ AHU Control Logic AHU Control Logic AHU Control Logic AHU Control Logic
AHU o c operating mode _ o_tgo_ (o) Purge mode . (_) Alarm mode . (g) Normal operation
mode . (g) Nanual control Node ac (_) Bypass damper control o _oco_
( (( (o oo o) Purge mode ) Purge mode ) Purge mode ) Purge mode
Purge mode o_ qqo oc5oc5 AHU ooo5ctoc oc_otoqtoctgoqo_
oooo oooo5cto5to oqtocto coO ooc_ot oooqo5t_oqO_oot_oct_oco_ flushing
mode oo_tooò_
Network o Purge o ogq command ootoc (oooo) Network o Purge mode o enable
o ooc controller o_ Purge mode o ooo flushing mode o coco_
Controller o o5oo` outputs o5to O oooto5 (command ooto5) controlled device o5to
coco ooco_
OnfOff type Exhaust air damper o oco_ (set to open)
OnfOff type Return air damper o oo o_ (set to close)
AHU supply air fan ooo5ct (Runs) o_ fan speed o_ Purge mode o set point
oct_oco_
Nodulating type Chilled water valve o ooo_ (set to 0)
( (( (_ __ _) Alarm mode ) Alarm mode ) Alarm mode ) Alarm mode
oo@ smoke detector activate _oco c alarm mode coco_ ototo5t AHU
octo og5ogo5oo5o_o5c O ototo5t oqto5to cto oo aocgq AHUo gooqocgo_
Blower o vSD speed o 0 (set to 0) _ococo_
Return air damper o oo o_ (set to close)
oo@ AHU is in trip alarm _ococ chilled water valve o ooooO5to_ alarm vale
ocooo _ococo_
oo@ AHU gooqo c chilled water valve o _o_oo O5to_ (fully close) Return air
damper ooco_ (open) Exhaust air damper ooo o_ (close)
( (( (g gg g) Normal operation mode ) Normal operation mode ) Normal operation mode ) Normal operation mode
AHU oo5ct_oct.go_oct (StartfStop) o o ooocoo5ctqco_ (manually) o ooo
O_ootO5to_ schedule o5toctooo5ctqco_
AHU o DDC o oo5ct_oct.go_oct _o_oogqo o Node selection switch ooo o selector switch
o on O5tgo_ o ooo Auto mode oo_o5ctO5tootgo_ oo@ Node selection switch
o ooo selector switch o_ local mode o og5ooqoc DDC o oo5ct_oct.go_oct
_o_ooqcooo_ooo oo
( (( (g gg g) Nanual control Node ) Nanual control Node ) Nanual control Node ) Nanual control Node
AHU oo5ctoqc_
OnfOff type Exhaust air damper o oo o_ (set to close)
OnfOff type Return air damper o oco_ (set to open)
AHU supply air fan ooo5ctgq fan speed o_ static pressure setpoint octgggqo o
PD algorithm oOo ooto_ contol output oct vSD o oo5ctgq _oco_
Nodulating type Chilled water valve o cooling set point octgggqoo PD algorithm
oO oooto_ contol output oct modulating actuator ooo5ctgq _oco_
AHU goO5to c
OnfOff type Exhaust air damper o oo o_ (set to close)
OnfOff type Return air damper o oco_ (set to open)
vSD output o 0 _ocO5to_ (set to 0 )
valve output o 0 _ocO5to_ (set to 0 )
( (( (_ __ _) Bypass damper control ) Bypass damper control ) Bypass damper control ) Bypass damper control
Bypass damper control o_ AHU operation ac interlock oo oO5to`
oo _oct . oc_oct (openfclose)o manually o ooo schedule control _oc_o_ooqco_
Chilled water valve control Chilled water valve control Chilled water valve control Chilled water valve control
PD control algorithm _oc modulating type chilled water valve o control o oo_
actuator o5 0~10 vdc o_tc5t_oco_
Temperature setpoint oo Default PD parameter o5t
Default setpoint o5 12C _oco_
Supply air temperature o_ control PD loop oo reference input _oco_
Proportional band o Default value o5 5.0 C _oco_
Dead band o Default value o5 0.+0 C _oco_
ntegral o Default value o5 120 sec _oc_ot Derivative constant Default value o5 0 sec _oco_
(oq_t P control o5_oco_ )
Supply Fan variable Speed Drive control Supply Fan variable Speed Drive control Supply Fan variable Speed Drive control Supply Fan variable Speed Drive control
PD control algorithm _oc Fan variable speed Drive o control o oo_ Output Signal o5 0~10
vdc o_tc5t_oco_ Static Pressure setpoint oo Default PD parameter o5t
Default setpoint o5 100 pa _oco_
Ninimum Supply air static pressure o_ control PD loop oo reference input _oco_
Sensor range o5 0~1250 pa _oco_
Proportional band o Default value o5 100 pa _oco_
Dead band o Default value o5 10 pa _oco_
ntegral o Default value o5 60 second _oc_ot Derivative constant Default value o5 0 sec
_oco_ (oq_t P control o5_oco_ )
-End-
Refrigeration
Importance of refrigeration
Energy cost of refrigeration
Environmental impact
Alternative technologies
History of Refrigeration
In prehistoric times game was stored in a cave or packed
in snow to preserve the game for times when food was
not available. Later, ice was harvested in the winter to be
used in the summer. Ice is still used for cooling and
storing food. The intermediate stage in the history of
cooling foods was to add chemicals like sodium nitrate or
potassium nitrate to water causing the temperature to fall.
Cooling wine via this method was recorded in 1550, as
were the words "to refrigerate." The evolution to
mechanical refrigeration, a compressor with refrigerant,
was a long, slow process and was introduced in the last
quarter of the 19th century.
Source : U.S. Department of Agriculture
Importance of Refrigeration
Refrigeration slows bacterial growth. Bacteria exist
everywhere in nature. They are in the soil, air, water, and
the foods we eat. When they have nutrients (food),
moisture, and favorable temperatures, they grow rapidly,
increasing in numbers to the point where some types of
bacteria can cause illness. Bacteria grow most rapidly in
the range of temperatures between 40 and 140 F, the
"Danger Zone," some doubling in number in as little as 20
minutes. A refrigerator set at 40 F or below will protect
most foods.
Cyclic Refrigeration
This consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is
removed from a low-temperature space or source and
rejected to a high-temperature sink with the help of
external work, and its inverse, the thermodynamic power
cycle. In the power cycle, heat is supplied from a high-
temperature source to the engine, part of the heat being
used to produce work and the rest being rejected to a
low-temperature sink. This satisfies the second law of
thermodynamics.
Engines
Historically, people were interested in understanding the
efficiency with which heat is converted into work. This was
a very important question at the dawn of the industrial
revolution since it was easy to conceive of an engine
powered by steam, but it turned out to be quite difficult to
build one that was efficient enough to get anything done!
In an engine, there is a cycle in which fuel is burned to heat
gas inside the piston. The expansion of the piston leads to
cooling and work. Compression readies the piston for the
next cycle. A state function should have zero net change
for the cycle. It is only the state that matters to such a
function, not the path required to get there. Heat is a path
function. As we all know in an internal combustion engine
(or a steam engine), there is a net release of heat.
Therefore, we all understand that q 0 for the cycle.
A cyclic heat engine
I
II
III
IV
1
2
3
4
The work is
w = w
I
+ w
II
+ w
III
+ w
IV
q = q
I
+ q
III
= - w
I
- w
III
For the adiabatic steps
q
II
= q
IV
= 0
For the isothermal steps
U = 0
Phase Transition Path Condition
I.
12
Isothermal w = -q
II.
23
Adiabatic
U = w
III.
34
Isothermal w = -q
IV.
41
Adiabatic
U = w
Work and Heat for the Cycle
Neither the work nor the heat is a state function. Neither one
is zero for the cycle as should be the case for a state function.
The work is:
w = w
I
+ w
II
+ w
III
+ w
IV
=-nRT
hot
ln(V
2
/V
1
)C
v
(T
cold
T
hot
)nRT
cold
ln(V
4
/V
3
)C
v
(T
hot
T
cold
)
w = -nRT
hot
ln(V
2
/V
1
) nRT
cold
ln(V
4
/V
3
) [since w
II
= - w
IV
]
w = -nRT
hot
ln(V
2
/V
1
) nRT
cold
ln(V
1
/V
2
) [since V
4
/V
3
= V
1
/V
2
]
w = -nRT
hot
ln(V
2
/V
1
) + nRT
cold
ln(V
2
/V
1
) [property of logarithms]
The heat is:
q = q
I
+ q
III
[since w
II
= w
IV
= 0]
= - w
I
- w
III
[since dU = 0 for isothermal steps]
q = nRT
hot
ln(V
2
/V
1
) + nRT
cold
ln(V
4
/V
3
)
q = nRT
hot
ln(V
2
/V
1
) + nRT
cold
ln(V
1
/V
2
) [since V
4
/V
3
= V
1
/V
2
]
q = nRT
hot
ln(V
2
/V
1
) - nRT
cold
ln(V
2
/V
1
) [property of logarithms]
Definition of entropy
The heat is not a state function. The sum q
I
+ q
III
is not zero.
From this point on we will make the following definitions:
q
I
= q
hot
q
III
= q
cold
However, the heat divided by temperature is a state function.
This reasoning leads to the idea of a state function called the
entropy. We can write:
q = q
hot
+ q
cold
= nRT
hot
ln
V
2
V
1
nRT
cold
ln
V
2
V
1

0
q
rev
T
=
q
hot
T
hot
+
q
cold
T
cold
= nRln
V
2
V
1
nRln
V
2
V
1
= 0
S =
q
rev
T
Thermodynamics of an Engine
The cycle just described could be the cycle for a piston
in a steam engine or in an internal combustion engine.
The hot gas that expands following combustion of a small
quantity of fossil fuel drives the cycle. If you think about
the fact that the piston is connected to the crankshaft you
will realize that the external pressure on the piston is
changing as a function of time and is helping to realize
an expansion that as close to an ideal reversible expansion
as the designers can get. If we ignore friction and assume
that the expansion is perfectly reversible we can apply the
above reasoning to your car. The formalism above for the
entropy can be used to tell us the thermodynamic efficiency
of the engine.
Thermodynamic Efficiency
We define the efficiency as the work extracted divided by
the total heat input.
The efficiency defined here is the ideal best case. It assumes
a reversible process with no losses due to friction. The
temperature T
hot
is the temperature of the expansion in the
engine. The temperature T
cold
is the temperature of the
exhaust. T
cold
cannot be less than the temperature of the
surroundings.
efficiency =
work done
heat used
=
|w
total
|
q
hot
=
|nR(T
cold
T
hot
)ln (V
2
/ V
1
)|
nRT
hot
ln (V
2
/ V
1
)
=
T
hot
T
cold
T
hot
Coefficient of Performance
The coefficient of performance, or COP (sometimes CP),
of a heat pump is the ratio of the output heat to the supplied
work or
where q is the useful heat supplied by the condenser and w
is the work consumed by the compressor. (Note: COP has
no units, therefore heat and work must be expressed in the
same units.)
According to the first law of thermodynamics, in a reversible
system we can show that q
hot
= q
cold
+ w and w = q
hot
q
cold
,
where q
hot
is the heat taken in by the cold heat reservoir
and q
cold
is the heat given off by the hot heat reservoir.
COP =
q
hot
|w
total
|
Coefficient of Performance
Therefore, by substituting for w,
Therefore,
temperature T
hot
is the temperature of the expansion in the
engine. The temperature T
cold
is the temperature of the
exhaust. T
cold
cannot be less than the temperature of the
surroundings. For refrigeration, the COP is:
COP
heating
=
q
hot
q
hot
q
cold
COP
heating
=
T
hot
T
hot
T
cold
COP
cooting
=
q
cold
q
hot
q
cold
=
T
cold
T
hot
T
cold
The refrigeration cycle uses a fluid, called a refrigerant, to
move heat from one place to another. The key to
understanding how it works is recognizing that at the same
pressure, the refrigerant boils at a much lower temperature
than water. For example, the refrigerant commonly used in
home refrigerators boils between 40 and 50F as compared to
water's boiling point of 212F. Let's look at the process to see
how boiling and condensing a refrigerant can move heat. The
process is the same whether it is operating a refrigerator, an
air conditioner or a heat pump. This example illustrates a
closed-loop system.
We'll begin with the cool, liquid refrigerant entering the indoor
coil, operating as the evaporator during cooling. As its name
implies, refrigerant in the evaporator "evaporates." Upon
entering the evaporator, the liquid refrigerant's temperature is
between 40 and 50F and without changing its temperature, it
absorbs heat as it changes state from a liquid to a vapor. The
heat comes from the warm, moist room air blown across the
evaporator coil. As it passes over the cool coil, it gives up some
of its heat and moisture may condense from it. The cooler,
drier room air is re-circulated by a blower into the space to be
cooled.
The vapor refrigerant now moves into the compressor, which is
basically a pump that raises the pressure so it will move
through the system. Once it passes through the compressor,
the refrigerant is said to be on the "high" side of the system.
Like anything that is put under pressure, the increased
pressure from the compressor causes the temperature of the
refrigerant to rise. As it leaves the compressor, the refrigerant
is a hot vapor, roughly 120 to 140F.
It now flows into the refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger,
operating as the condenser during cooling. Again, as the name
suggests, the refrigerant condenses here. As it condenses, it
gives up heat to the loop, which is circulated by a pump.
The loop water is able to pick up heat from the coils because it
is still cooler than the 120 degree coils.
As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is cooler, but still
under pressure provided by the compressor. It then reaches
the expansion valve. The expansion valve allows the high
pressure refrigerant to "flash" through becoming a lower
pressure, cooled liquid. When pressure is reduced, as with
spraying an aerosol can or a fire extinguisher, it cools. The
cycle is complete as the cool, liquid refrigerant re-enters the
evaporator to pick up room heat. In winter, the reversing valve
switches the indoor coil to operate as the condenser and the
heat exchanger as the evaporator.
In summary, the indoor coil and refrigerant-to-water heat
exchanger is where the refrigerant changes phase, absorbing
or releasing heat through boiling and condensing. The
compressor and expansion valve facilitate the pressure
changes, increased by the compressor and reduced by the
expansion valve.
Vapor-compression cycle
A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle:
1) condensing coil
2) expansion valve
3) evaporator coil
4) compressor.
A refrigeration cycle describes
the changes that take place in
the refrigerant as it alternately
absorbs and rejects heat
as it circulates through a
refrigerator. Heat naturally
flows from hot to cold. Work
is applied to cool a space by
pumping heat from a lower temperature heat source into
a higher temperature heat sink. Insulation is used to reduce
reduce the work and energy required to achieve and
maintain a lower temperature in the cooled space.
The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described
mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine.
The most common types of refrigeration systems use the
reverse-Rankine vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of
applications.
Cyclic refrigeration can be classified as:
1. Vapor cycle, and
2. Gas cycle
Vapor cycle refrigeration can further be classified as:
1. Vapor compression refrigeration
2. Gas absorption refrigeration
The vapor-compression cycle is used in most household
refrigerators as well as in many large commercial and industrial
refrigeration systems. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant
such as Freon enters the compressor as a vapor.
From point 1 to point 2, the vapor is compressed at constant
entropy and exits the compressor superheated. From point 2
to point 3 and on to point 4, the superheated vapor travels
through the condenser which first cools and removes the
superheat and then condenses the vapor into a liquid.
Condensation removes additional heat at constant pressure and
temperature. Between points 4 and 5, the liquid refrigerant
goes through the expansion valve (also called a throttle valve)
where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash
evaporation and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half
of the liquid.
The step from 5 to 1 is the expansion (and cooling step).
During this step all of the remaining liquid is converted to
vapor while extracting heat from the surroundings. This
usually takes place in a heat exchanger coil so that the air
passing through coil is cooled.
The working fluid
The ideal refrigerant has good thermodynamic properties, is
noncorrosive, and safe. The desired thermodynamic
properties are a boiling point somewhat below the target
temperature, a high heat of vaporization, a moderate density
in liquid form, and a relatively high density in gaseous form.
Since boiling point and gas density are affected by pressure,
refrigerants may be made more suitable for a particular
application by choice of operating pressure.
American engineer Thomas Midgley developed chlorofluoro-
carbons (CFC) in 1928 as a replacement for ammonia (NH
3
),
chloromethane (CH
3
Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), which are
toxic but were in common use at the time as refrigerants.
The Invention of CFCs
CFCs have a low boiling point and be non-toxic and are
generally non-reactive. In a demonstration for the American
Chemical Society, Midgley demonstrated all these properties
by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a
candle. Midgley specifically developed CCl
2
F
2
(CFC-12). One
of the attractive features is that there exists a whole family
of the compounds, each having a unique boiling point which
can suit different applications. such as propellants in aerosol
cans, cleaning solvents for circuit boards, and blowing agents
for making expanded plastics (such as the expanded
polystyrene used in packaging materials and disposable
coffee cups).
Chlorofluorocarbons
Principal uses of CFCs are for coolants in refrigeration systems
and air conditioners, as solvents to clean electronic
components, as blowing agents in the production of plastic
foams, and as propellants in air conditioners. These uses are
reviewed in the chapter "Controlled Substances" of The
Montreal Protocol 1991 Assessment (United Nations
Environment Programme 1991). Of the 682 million kilograms
of chlorofluorocarbons consumed globally during 1991, the
DuPont Corporation estimates the use for various applications
as follows: 32 percent for refrigerants, 28 percent for blowing
agents, 20 percent for cleaning agents, and 18 percent for
propellants. The chlorine-containing products are CFC-11,
CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115, and the
hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22.
Chlorofluorocarbons and the
Ozone Layer
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), along with other chlorine-
and bromine-containing compounds, have been implicated
in the accelerated depletion of ozone in the Earth's
stratosphere. CFCs were developed in the early 1930s and
are used in a variety of industrial, commercial, and
household applications. These substances are non-toxic,
non-flammable, and non-reactive with other chemical
compounds. These desirable safety characteristics, along
with their stable thermodynamic properties, make them
ideal for many applications--as coolants for commercial
and home refrigeration units, aerosol propellants,
electronic cleaning solvents, and blowing agents.
Montreal Protocol
http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/011-494/011-494.html
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are compounds containing
chlorine, fluorine and carbon only, that is they contain no
hydrogen. They were formerly used widely in industry, for
example as refrigerants, propellants, and cleaning solvents.
Their use has been prohibited by the Montreal Protocol,
because of effects on the ozone layer. They are also a
powerful greenhouse gas, in terms of carbon dioxide
equivalence because of their persistence in the upper
atmosphere.
Alternatives to CFCs
Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants
began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to
stratospheric ozone were published in the journal Nature in
1974 by Molina and Rowland (who shared the 1995 Nobel
Prize for Chemistry for their work). Adding hydrogen and thus
creating hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), chemists made the
compounds less stable in the lower atmosphere, enabling
them to break down before reaching the ozone layer. Later
alternatives dispense with the chlorine, creating
hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) with even shorter lifetimes in the
lower atmosphere. The effect of HFCs is about 10% of the
effect of CFCs on the upper atmosphere.
Alternatives to CFCs
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contain no chlorine. They are
composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. They
have an even lower global warming potential than HCFCs, and
no known effects at all on the ozone layer. Only compounds
containing chlorine and bromine are thought to harm the
ozone layer. Fluorine itself is not ozone-toxic. However, HFCs
and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) do have activity in the entirely
different realm of greenhouse gases, which do not destroy
ozone, but do cause global warming. For this reason HFCs and
PFCs are targets of the Kyoto Protocol.
Polymer haloalkanes
Chlorinated or fluorinated alkenes are used to create resistant
polymers. Important examples include polychloroethene
(polyvinyl chloride, PVC), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE,
Teflon)
The Ozone Layer
Importance of the ozone layer
Location in the atmosphere
The problem of ozone depletion
Solutions
Importance of the Ozone Layer
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which
contains a few parts per million of ozone (O
3
). This layer
absorbs 97-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet
light, which is potentially damaging to life on Earth.
Over 90% of ozone in earth's atmosphere is present here.
It is mainly located in the lower portion of the strato-
sphere from approximately 15 km to 35 km above Earth's
surface, though the thickness varies seasonally and
geographically. The ozone layer was discovered in 1913
by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson.
Its properties were explored in detail by the British
meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple
spectrophotometer that could be used to measure
stratospheric ozone from the ground.
Ozone in the Atmosphere
The origin of ozone
The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone
layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney
Chapman in 1930. Ozone in the earth's stratosphere is
created by UV light striking O
2
, and splitting it into individual
oxygen atoms (atomic oxygen); the atomic oxygen then
combines with unbroken O
2
to create ozone, O
3
. The ozone
molecule is also unstable (although, in the stratosphere,
long-lived) and when ultraviolet light hits ozone it splits into
a molecule of O
2
and an atom of atomic oxygen, a continuing
process called the ozone-oxygen cycle.
Ozone Depletion
Not until 1973 was chlorine found to be a catalytic agent in
ozone destruction. Although catalytic destruction of ozone
was known to be potentially damaging to the ozone layer,
only in 1984 was there conclusive evidence of stratospheric
ozone loss. Announcement of polar ozone depletion over
Antarctica in March 1985 prompted scientific initiatives to
discover the ozone depletion mechanism, along with calls to
freeze or diminish production of chlorinated fluorocarbons. A
complex scenario of atmospheric dynamics, solar radiation,
and chemical reactions was found to explain the anomalously
low levels of ozone during the polar springtime. Recent
expeditions to the Arctic regions show that similar processes
can occur in the northern hemisphere, but to a somewhat
lesser degree due to warmer temperatures and erratic
dynamic patterns.
Alternative Technology
Importance of the ozone layer
Location in the atmosphere
The problem of ozone depletion
Solutions
Vapor-absorption cycle
In the early years of the twentieth century, the vapor
absorption cycle using water-ammonia systems was popular
and widely used but, after the development of the vapor
compression cycle, it lost much of its importance because of
its low coefficient of performance (about one fifth of that of
the vapor compression cycle). Nowadays, the vapor
absorption cycle is used only where waste heat is available
or where heat is derived from solar collectors. The
absorption cycle is similar to the compression cycle, except
for the method of raising the pressure of the refrigerant
vapor.
Vapor-absorption cycle
In the absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an
absorber which dissolves the refrigerant in a suitable liquid, a
liquid pump which raises the pressure and a generator
which, on heat addition, drives off the refrigerant vapor from
the high-pressure liquid. Some work is required by the liquid
pump but, for a given quantity of refrigerant, it is much
smaller than needed by the compressor in the vapor
compression cycle. In an absorption refrigerator, a suitable
combination of refrigerant and absorbent is used. The most
common combinations are ammonia (refrigerant) and water
(absorbent), and water (refrigerant) and lithium bromide
(absorbent).
Heating and pressurization
During this period, the adsorber receives heat while being
closed. The adsorbent temperature increases, which induces
a pressure increase, from the evaporation pressure up to the
condensation pressure. This period is equivalent to the
"compression" in compression cycles.
Heating and desorption
During this period, the adsorber continues receiving heat
while being connected to the condenser, which now
superimposes its pressure. The adsorbent temperature
continues increasing, which induces desorption of vapour.
This desorbed vapour is liquified
in the condenser. The condensation
heat is released to the second heat
sink at intermediate temperature.
This period is equivalent to the
"condensation" in compression cycles
Cooling and depressurization
During this period, the adsorber releases heat while being
closed. The adsorbent temperature decreases, which
induces the pressure decrease from the condensation
pressure down to the evaporation pressure.
This period is equivalent to the
"expansion" in compression cycles.
Cooling and absorption
During this period, the adsorber continues releasing heat
while being connected to the evaporator, which now
superimposes its pressure. The
adsorbent temperature continues
decreasing, which induces
adsorption of vapour. This
adsorbed vapour is vaporised in
the evaporator. The evaporation
heat is supplied by the heat source
at low temperature. This period
is equivalent to the "evaporation"
in compression cycles.
Solar refrigeration: Summary
The cycle is intermittent because cold production is
not continuous: cold production proceeds only during part of
the cycle. When there are two adsorbers in the unit, they
can be operated out of phase and the cold production is
quasi-continuous. When all the energy required for heating
the adsorber(s) is supplied by the heat source, the cycle is
termed single effect cycle. Typically, for domestic
refrigeration conditions, the coefficient of performance (COP)
of single effect adsorption cycles lies around 0.3-0.4.
In double effect cycles or in cycles with heat regeneration,
some heat is internally recovered between the adsorbers,
which enhances the cycle performance.
Examples of Solar Refrigerators
Silica Gel + Water Activated Carbon + Methanol

13

Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Vol.11 No.4 (December 2010) 13-21
ISSN: 12010-4884

THE USE of DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY in ABSORPTION
REFREGERATION EMPLOYING NH
3
H
2
O SYSTEM
Prof. Dr. Adel A. Al-Hemiri

and Ahmed Deaa Nasiaf
Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq

______________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This work was conducted to study the coefficient of performance for solar
absorption refrigeration by using direct solar energy using aqueous ammonia 0.45 mass
fraction (ammonia water).The experiments were carried out in solar absorption system
.The system consisted of solar collector generator (0.25 m 0.25 m 0.04m) and
condenser cooled by a water bath followed by liquid receiver and evaporator. The results
showed that the maximum generator temperature was (92 - 97) during June 2009, and
the minimum evaporator temperature was (5C - 10C) for aqua ammonia system.. It was,
also, found that the coefficient of performance, cooling ratio and amount of cooling
obtainable increased with increasing maximum generator temperature and pressure. While
the minimum evaporator temperature and concentration decreased with increasing
maximum generator temperature and pressure. The coefficient of performance was
(0.1096 - 0.2396).
Keyword: Solar Energy, Absorption Refrigeration

INTRODUCTION
In the developing countries there
is a growing interest in refrigeration for
food preservation. Especially in rural
areas, simple solar refrigerators
working independently, i.e. not being
provided with electrical energy, would

be very valuable. Mechanical
refrigerators powered by solar cells are
available, but are too expensive [1].
In Iraq the climate features high
temperature in summer season and high
solar radiation. The director beam solar
Iraqi Journal of Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering

University of Baghdad
College of Engineering

THE USE of DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY in ABSORPTION REFREGERATION EMPLOYING NH
3
H
2
O
SYSTEM

14
IJCPE Vol.11 No.4 (September 2010)
radiation in north of Iraq is (5 6
kw.hr/m
2
) and in the middle and south is
(6 6.5 kw.hr/m
2
) and (6.5 7 kw.hr/m
2
)
respectively [1].These two conditions
helping to use solar energy for:
Solar heating
Solar refrigeration and air
conditioning
Solar desalination
Solar food drying
Solar photovoltaic
Solar furnaces
A solar refrigeration system
consists of two components, a solar
power units and a refrigeration unit. The
solar power unit is based on either of
two basic concepts, i.e. flat plate
collectors or focusing collectors [2].
Flat plate collectors are flat
blackened surfaces to absorb direct and
diffuse solar radiation. Transparent
cover and back insulation may be
provided to reduce or control heat loss
from the plate. On the plate, absorbed
solar energy is converted to a desired
form of energy, usually heat, and means
are provided to remove that energy,
usually as heated water or air. Flat plate
collectors are generally suitable for
operation in a fixed orientation.
The refrigeration unit can be
either a continuous or an intermittent
absorption system. The intermittent
absorption refrigeration is preferred .The
intermittent refrigeration cycle has two
major operations, regeneration and
refrigeration .Regeneration is the process
of heating the refrigerant and absorbent
fluid to drive off the refrigeration vapour
and condense the vapour in a separate
container.Refrigeration takes place when
the liquid refrigerant vaporizes;
producing a cooling effect around the
evaporator .The refrigerant is reabsorbed
by the absorbent [2].
The first absorption refrigeration
system was developed by Ferdinand
Carre in 1860 [3]. This was the first heat
operated absorption system and consists
of an evaporator, condenser, generator,
pump, and absorber. This unit was
designed to operate with ammonia as the
refrigerant and water as the absorbent.
In the University of Wisconsin,
Williams [4] built a small food cooler
in 1957 intended for use in
underdeveloped rural areas. Ammonia-
water and R-21-glycol ether were used
as working solutions. This study showed
that refrigeration can be achieved by the
use of intermittent absorption
refrigeration cycles. Although
performance is limited by the
characteristics of the intermittent cycle,
the simplicity of the system accounts for
the low temperature obtained in the
evaporator. Finally, the study showed
that ammonia-water has a superior
performance over R-21-glycol ether in
an intermittent refrigeration system .
Chinnappa (1962) built a simple
intermittent refrigerator operated with a
flat-plate collector. An ammonia-water
solution was used as the working fluid.
While it has been generally expected that
the flat-plate collector would be more
suitable for the lower temperature of
generation required in air conditioning,
tests in the investigation by Chtnnappa
(1962) indicated that it is possible to use
a flat-plate collector incorporated with
the generator to produce refrigeration at
a temperature as low as -12C. It is
noted that ice can be produced in this
refrigerator at one kg a day per 0.7 m
2
of
solar collecting surface. Results in this
Prof. Dr. Adel A. Al-Hemiri and Ahmed Deaa Nasiaf

15
investigation were not spectacular, but
they showed that a simple intermittent
refrigerator using a low temperature heat
collecting device such as the flat-plate
collector can achieve cooling [5].
The first major project on an all
solar absorption refrigeration system was
undertaken by Trombe and Foex
(1964)[6]. Ammonia-water solution is
allowed to flow from a cold reservoir
through a pipe placed at the focal line of
a cylinder-parabolic reflector. Heated
ammonia-water vaporized in the boiler is
subsequently condensed in a cooling
coil. The evaporator is a coil
surrounding the container used as an ice
box. The cylindro-parabolic reflector
measured 1.5 m'. In the prototype trials,
the daily production of ice was about 6
to 4 kilograms of ice per square meter of
collecting area for four-hour heating.
The design by Trombe and Foex is very
promising and should be studied further
although modifications may be
necessary on the solar collector, boiler,
and condenser.

Farber (1970)[7] has built the
most successful solar refrigeration
system to date. It was a compact solar
ice maker using a flat-plate collector as
the energy source. It was reported that an
average of about 42,200 kJ of solar
energy was collected by the collector per
day and ice produced was about 18.1
kilograms. This gave an overall
coefficient of performance of about 0.1
and 12.5 kilograms of ice per m
2
of
collector surface per day.

Swartman and Swaminathan
(1971) [8] built a simple, intermittent
refrigeration system incorporating the
generator-absorber with a 1.4 m
2
flat-
plate collector. Ammonia water
solutions of concentration varying from
58 to 70 percent were tested. Tests were
relatively successful; evaporator
temperatures were as low as -12C, but
due to poor absorption, the evaporation
rate of ammonia in the evaporator was
low.
Staicovici [9] made an intermittent
single-stage H
2
O-NH
3
solar absorption
system of 46 MJ/cycle (1986). Solar
collectors heat the generator. Installation
details and experimental results were
presented. The system coefficient of
performance (COP)
system
varied between
0.152 and 0.09 in the period of May
September. Solar radiation availability
and the theoretical (COP), also
applicable to the Trombe-Foex system,
were assessed. Reference was made to
evacuated solar collectors with selective
surfaces. Actual (COP)
system
values of
0.250.30 can be achieved at generation
and condensation temperatures of 80C
and 24.3C respectively.
In 1993 Sierra, Best and Holland
[10] made a laboratory mordent of
absorption refrigeration. Using
ammonia - water solution at 52 %
concentration by weight and the total
weigh is 38 kg. this system was
operated intermittently using this heat
source .A heat source at temperature no
higher than 80 C was used to simulate
the heat input to an absorption
refrigeration from solar pond .In this
system the temperatures of generator
was as high as 73 C and evaporator
temperatures as low as -2 C . Tap water
was used to remove the heat generated
from the condensation of the ammonia
vapor and the absorption of the
refrigerant in the water. The temperature
of the tap water was near the ambient
laboratory temperature of 28 C. The
COP for this unit working under such
condition was in the range 0.24 to 0.28 .

3
H
2
O
SYSTEM

16
In 2000 Hammad and Habali
[11] made a steel sheet cabinet of 0.6 m
x 0.3 m face area and 0.5 m depth. The
cabinet was intended to store vaccine in
the remote desert area, away from the
electrical national grid. A solar energy
powered absorption refrigeration cycle
using Aqua Ammonia solution was
designed to keep this cabinet in the
range of required temperatures. The
ambient temperatures reached about 45
C in August. A computer simulation
procedure was developed to study the
performance and characteristics of the
cooling cycle. The simulation included
MATLAB computer programs for
calculation the absorption cycle. In this
system using a cylindrical solar
concentrator extended the daily
operating time to about 7 h and
increased the output temperature up to
200 C and the range of the COP was
between 0.5 to 0.65 .While the
temperature which gives optimum
condition (of COP =0.65 )was 120 C.
For this study a solar absorption
refrigeration unit was constructed. The

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the equipment used
working fluids employed was aqueous
ammonia (25wt% NH
3
H
2
O) .The
system was operated during the months
of June and July (2009) for a period of 8
hours per day (8 am to 4 pm).

17
Assessment of the system is by
determining the following relevant
parameters:
Cooling obtainable
Cooling ratio
Solar coefficient of performance
(C.O.P).
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Apparatus
The systems consist of generator. It was
fabricated from 2 mm thick stainless
plate (316) painted black to improve on
its solar radiation absorbing
capabilities. The section is rectangular
and the dimensions are (25 cm x 25cm x
5 cm) and at 20 inclined angle. The
volume is 2.5 liters. Steel was used
because other nonferrous material like
copper and brass are attacked by
ammonia. All side of the generator were
insulated except the solar side. The
second part of the system is the
condenser which consists of a small coil
(1cm diameter and 20 cm length 0.2 cm
thickness) was immersed in cold water
bath after that the receiver follows the
condenser .The benefit of receiver is to
collect liquid condensate outside of the
condenser. And the evaporator is
stainless steel pipe 1cm diameter and 10
cm length 0.2 cm thickness (Fig 1).

Experimental procedure
During the regeneration, valve A is open
and valve B is closed(Fig. 1), and the
strong solution in the generator being
heated by the flat-plate collector
producing vapor at a high pressure, the
weak solution returns from the top to the
bottom of collector. The vapor in the top
header collector is mainly ammonia
because water has a much lower
volatility than ammonia. The ammonia
vapor passes into the condenser which is
immersed in a cold water bath to keep it
cool, the pressure is uniform throughout
the system. When heating stops at 14:30
PM (maximum generators temperature
and pressure) valve A is closed and the
vapor pressure in the generator drops.
The concentration in the generator is
now less than it was before regeneration,
after that valve B was opened. The
condenser now functions as the
evaporator. Ammonia vaporizes due to
the pressure difference between the
generator and evaporator. The
vaporization of ammonia absorbs heat
from the surroundings of the evaporator,
thus producing the refrigeration effect.
Ammonia vapor from the evaporator
passes through the pipe and taken to the
bottom of the collector so that the
incoming vapor bubbles through the
solution thus facilitating absorption in it.
Refrigeration continues until all the
liquid ammonia in the evaporator has
vaporized. A full cycle of operation has
now been completed. The temperature
and pressure of the evaporator and
absorber were recorded every 5 minutes
.
While the ambient, solution and
generator temperature and the generator
pressure were recorded at 30 minutes
intervals.
Results of experiments are given in
table (1) in the appendix.

DISCUSSIONS

Variation of Temperatures and
Pressure with Time in Regeneration
Cycle

3
H
2
O
SYSTEM

18
Fig. 2 shows the variation of
generator (T
g
), solution (T
so
), ambient
(T
am
) temperature with time (t). The
average mean generator temperature
(T
gavr
) was between (61.5 to 66.7
C).The maximum generator
temperature (T
gmax)
for five runs was
between (92 to 97 C) this maximum
temperature recorded at 02:30 PM
because the sun at this time is vertically
to collector . In the same figure the
pressure variation with time it also
shown .Initial pressure was for five runs
(average) 2.4 bar and reached to
maximum pressure(Pg) at 02:30 PM
.The maximum pressures was about 12.9
bar for generation cycle, as a result of
heating the generator and closing the
exiting valve of the generator. And
return to initial value after complete
absorption cycle.

Fig.2 Variation of generator, ambient
and solution temperature and
generator pressure with time (NH
3
-
H
2
O)
Variation of Temperatures and
Pressure with Time in
Refrigeration Cycle
Fig.3 shows the variation
between evaporator (T
e
), absorber (T
ab
)
temperature and evaporator (P
e
),
absorber (P
ab
) pressure with refrigeration
time. In this figures the evaporator
temperature was about (30 to 35 C) and
pressure (10.4 to 10.7 bar). At this stage
the temperature of surrounding more
than evaporator temperature causing
transfer of heat from surrounding to
evaporator. The minimum evaporator
temperature was (5 to 10 C) for five
runs. At these temperatures liquid
ammonia was evaporated and evaporator
pressure dropping to initial pressure (2.4
to 2.7 bar). Liquid ammonia was
evaporated at ( 5 to 10 C) and enter to
absorber .The condition was (25 C)
and (1.7 bar) the vapor of ammonia
absorbed in absorber the temperature of
absorber increases to (32 to 34 C)
because the absorption is exothermic.
The pressure in absorber at the end of
refrigeration cycle equal to evaporator
pressure.

Fig.3 Variation of temperature and
pressure in the evaporator and
absorber with time (NH
3
-H
2
O)

19

Fig.4 Effect of maximum generator
temperature on C.O.P (NH
3
-H
2
O)

Effect of Maximum Temperature on
C.O.P
Figs.4 and 5 shows the effect of
maximum temperature and pressure on
C.O.P For five runs it was found the
C.O.P increases with maximum
generation temperature and pressure
.This is because the quantity of NH
3

evaporated increases with increasing
maximum generation temperature.

pressure on C.O.P (NH
3
-H
2
O)

Effect of maximum generator
temperature and pressure on
evaporator temperature
Fig. 6 shows the Effect of maximum
generator temperature and pressure on
evaporator temperature. The minimum
evaporator temperature (Temin)
decreases with increasing maximum
generator temperature and pressure.

temperature on evaporator temperature
(NH
3
-H
2
O)
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions could be
drawn from the present research during
the months of June and July (2009),
1. The maximum generator temperature
was found to be 97 C.
2. The range of C.O.P for the aqueous
ammonia system was (0.1096 -
0.2396).
3. The range of minimum evaporator
temperature was (5C - 10C).

4. Cooling ratio and cooling obtainable
increases with increasing maximum
generator temperature and pressure.
5. The Final concentration decreases
with increasing maximum generator
temperature and pressure.

3
H
2
O
SYSTEM

20
NOMENCLATURE
C.O.P Coefficient of performance
P
ab
Absorber pressure
P
e
Evaporator pressure
P
g
Generator pressure
t Time
T
ab
Absorber temperature
T
am
Ambient temperature
Te Evaporator temperature
T
emin
Minimum evaporator temperature
T
g
generator temperature
T
gavr
Average generator temperature
T
gmax
Maximum generator temperature
T
gmean
Mean generator temperature
T
so
Solution temperature

REFERENCES
[1]Abdul Hai, S and Abdul Jabbar,
K(1984)"Iraqs National Paper,Solar in
Iraq",Symposium using solar energy in
Heating and cooling, Organization of
Arab Petroleum Exporting and Solar
Energy Research Center in the Scientific
Research Council,Baghdad.
[2]Sorensen B (2004) Renewable
Energy " ,third edition by Elsevier
Science.
[3]Enibe S. O. (1997) Solar
Refrigeration for Rural Applications",
Elsevier Science, Renewable Energy,
Vol. 12, No. 2, pages 157-167s.
[4]Williams, D. A., Chung, R., Lof, G.
O. G., Fester, D. A., and Duffle, J. A.
(1957), "Intermittent Absorption
Cooling Systems with Solar
Regeneration", Paper No. 57-A-60,
A.S.M.E.
[5]Chinnappa, J. C. V., (1962), "
Performance of an Intermittent
Refrigerator Operated by a Flat-Plate
Collector Solar Energy Vol. 6, pages
143-150.
[6]Trombe, F., and Foex, M., (1964),"
Economic Balance Sheet of Ice

Manufacture with an Absorption
Machine Utilizing the Sun as the Heat
Source " New Courses of Energy, Vol.
4, U.N. Publication Sales No. 63.1.38,
pages 56-59.
[7]Farber, E. A., (1970)," Design and
Performance of a Compact Solar
Refrigeration System "Paper No. 6/58,
1970, International Solar Energy Society
Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
[8]Swartman, R. K., and Swaminathan,
C., (1971)," Solar Powered Refrigerator,
Mechanical Engineering" June 1971,
Vol. 6, page. 22-24.
[9]Staicovici M. D.,(1986)" An
Autonomous Solar Ammonia-Water
Refrigeration System", Solar Energy,
Volume 36, Issue 2, 1986, Pages 115-
124.
[10]Kouremenos D. A, Antonopoulos
K. A and Rogdakis. E. (1990),"
Performance OF A Solar Driven
Compound (NH3/H20- 20/LiBr)
Sorption Refrigeration System In
[11] Athens",Solar & Wind Technology
Vol. 7, No. 6, pages 685-597.

21
[12]Hammad M, Habali S. (2000),"
Design and Performance Study of a
Solar Energy Powered Vaccine
Cabinet",Bywww.elsevier.com/locate/ap
thermeng,Applied Thermal Engineering
20 Pages 1785-1798.
[13]Nasiaf, A.D., (2010) "The Use of
Direct Solar Energy in Absorption
Refrigeration", MSc Thesis, Chem. Eng.
Dept., Baghdad University.
APPENDIX
Table 1 Summary of Experimental Results for Aqueous Ammonia System[13].
Date June 2009
Day 3 9 11 14 22
Regeneration Units
Initial mass of solution gm 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Initial mass concentration _ 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
Initial solution temp C 35 34 35 34 33
Max solution temp C 90 96 93 94 91
Max generator Pressure bar 12.5 12.9 12.7 12.8 12.6
Incident solar radiation KJ 532 532 532 532 532
Heat to collector plate KJ 148.4 241.58 194.75 222.71 176.62
Mean generator temp C 62.5 65.5 63 64 62
Condenser temp C 30 30 30 30 30
Final concentration _ 0.42 0.38 0.41 0.39 0.4

Refrigeration
NH
3
evaporated gm 51.7 113 88.3 98.3 67.8
Min evaporator temp C 10 5 8 6 8
Cooling obtainable KJ 58.32 127.47 94.95 111.35 77.59
Cooling ratio _ 0.3929 0.5275 0.4875 0.4999 0.4393
Solar C.O.P _ 0.1096 0.2396 0.1784 0.2093 0.1458

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