Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 19

CFBC Technology:Environment friendly, More efficient, Suitable for wide spectrum of fuels & Cost effective K. G.

Bhuskute Nitin M Ambhaikar Reliance Power Ltd. Reliance Power Ltd. Presented at: 2nd FICCI-TERI Global Conference "GREEN 2002: AGENDA FOR INDUSTRY", New Delhi, India. February 78, 2002 CFBC Technology : Environment friendly, More efficient, Suitable for wide spectrum of fuels & Cost effective K. G. Bhuskute Nitin M. Ambhaikar Coal plays a major role in the Indian economy. It accounts for 36% of annual energy produced. Though it is cheap & plentiful, the environmental and health impact of coal use is becoming more and more severe due to its deteriorating quality. The economy is expected to grow at a rapid pace and it is quite likely that India may also have to use inferior quality fuels which may be available at lower cost for economic generation of power. In light of such a scenario there is an increasing need to find ways of limiting pollution of air through the use of cleaner technologies and more efficient processes. Among the new clean coal technologies, "Circulating Fluidising Bed" is one of the most promising ones. The use of this technology has been proven by the success of the number of large CFB units operating worldwide over last one decade. Superior technical and excellent environmental performance without using complicated flue gas treatment facilities and possibility of use of inferior quality fuels is the driving force for its rapid development. CFBC boilers are simple to operate & maintain as they are sufficiently close to conventional boilers. This paper describes CFBC technology development, process description, technical and environmental performance, Indian & global experience and cost economics of adopting the technology. A. Introduction: Indias installed power generation capacity till 2000 is approximately 97,837 MW. This comprises of coal based thermal power station capacity of 70186 MW, hydel power station capacity of 23816 MW, Nuclear power station of 2680 MW and captive power plant capacity based on solid, liquid and gaseous fuels is approx. 15% of the total installed capacity. From the above figures it would appear that coal plays a dominant role in Indias power industry as well as on Indian economy. As it accounts for more than 36% of annual energy used. Indias coal & lignite production in the year 2000 is approximately 322 MMT and approx. 67% of coal is used in power plants. On the basis of these figures and assuming 0.45% sulphur content

in Indian coal, quantity of sulfur-di-oxide and NOx emitted in atmosphere is substantial. Ambient air quality standards in India as well as World Bank & WHO Standards on emission/ ambient air quality have been briefly reproduced in TABLE 1 & 2. From the tables, it would appear that National ambient air quality standards set in India are comparable with that of WHO/ World Bank standards. For meeting the present standards and possibility of enforcement of more stringent norms in future, it would be necessary to explore & adopt new efficient technologies which could strike balance between cost and clean environment TABLE 1 Stack Emission Standards

Indian emission standards Parameters Particulate matter Sulphur dioxide Capacity 200/210 MW and above 200 MW and less than 500 MW 500 MW and above Oxides of nitrogen Standards 150 mg/Nm3

World Bank guidelines Standards (mg/m3) 50, if it is not achievable, 99.9% removal efficiency for all the plants. 2000, Max. level 0.2 TPD per MW upto 500 MW plus; 0.1 TPD per MW for each additional MW over 500 MW But nor more than 500 TPD for any plant 750mg/m3 (365PPM) (coal)

220 m stack height

275 m stack height *

* No specific guideline for coal fired boilers

TABLE 2 Ambient Emission Standards

Pollutant

National ambient air Quality Standards for India Industrial Residential Sensitive area rural & area other areas

Maximum permissible limits of pollutants in air set by WHO

Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Total SPM



a

120 120 500

80 80 200

30 30 100

100 150 a 150 150 230 a

guideline values for combined exposure to sulphur dioxide & SPM. Above figures are concentration in ambient air (m g/m 3) and time weighted average of 24 hours.

One such technology which has been acclaimed worldover and has gained considerable importance over last few decades is CFBC technology. This technology is an environmental friendly, more efficient and can be used over wide range of fuels including very inferior quality fuels contributing to create wealth from waste. A. CFBC Technology Development Development of CFB combustors began in about 1955 in Germany while designing of roasters for sulfide ores. In 1965, it was used for calcining aluminum hydroxide. Subsequently in 1982 CFBC based cogeneration unit was started in Luenen, West Germany. The boiler had a thermal capacity of 84 MW. In 1979, the CFB technology was used in board mill with woodwaste as fuel, in Finland for production of 45000 lb/hr of steam. Application of CFB technology in United States occurred at Texas in 1981 for generation of 50,000 lb/hr of steam. The application of reheat CFBC unit occurred in 1985 at Duisberg, West Germany, where the capacity of unit was 96 MW with coal as fuel. The first large application of CFBC in the United States occurred at the Scott Paper Company in Pennsylvania with a generation capacity of 650,000 lb/hr of steam at 1,450 psig and 950 oF temperature with anthracite culm as main fuel.

The application of CFBC to the electric utility industry in the United States occurred at Colorado thermal power plant where capacity of Boiler was 925,000 lb/hr. Subsequently many major units have been commissioned and are in operation over last decade as detailed below:

2 x 150 MW CFBC based units were placed into operation for Texas-New Mexico Power company, USA with lignite as fuel in 1990.

2 x 100 MW cogeneration units were commissioned in 1992 in USA at NISCO designed for firing 100% petroleum coke. 2 x 250 MW lignite based CFBC boilers were commissioned in France in 1995. 2 x 250 MW CFBC based units with lignite as fuels were successfully commissioned in 1999 in Turkey. The largest 2 x 300 MW CFBC boilers are under commissioning at JEA, USA

Apart from above, more than 150 units of 50 MW and above capacity are in operation quite successfully over a period of time. Many large units in the range of 500/600 MW capacity and also supercritical units based on CFBC technology are on the drawing board/ design stage. The above information would indicate that this technology is quite mature, proven and has successfully put in very large number of operating hours. Technical & Environmental performance of these units has been excellent and in few cases has even exceeded the design values. Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers: Technolo0gy Overview General Fluidized bed boilers were developed to create combustion systems to minimize NOx production, remove SOx, and burn a wide range of fuels.

A large mass of solid particles, once heated, help in maintaining combustion temperature and stabilize combustion over wide ranges of heating values of fuels thus allowing a range of poor quality and waste fuels, as well as usual fuels, to be combusted. In a fluidizing bed, gas is passed upward through a bed of solid particles. At low flow, solid particles remain in contact with one another and the bed solid particles are stagnant. As the gas flow increases, a point is reached at which the forces are sufficient to separate the solid particles and the bed acts much like a fluid or is said to be fluidized. Large portions of the fuel and limestone are suspended in the gas stream and the gas-solid phase extends throughout the furnace. Even though the velocity in the combustor is sufficient to entrain most of the particles, the dynamics of solids in the combustor is such that suspended particles tend to form clusters. The size of these clusters increases to sizes for which velocity of the gas is below entrainment velocity causing the material to fall down the furnace. On their way down, these clusters collide with rising material, break up, and the smaller particles travel up again. This action promotes mixing and gas to solid contact in the bed. Some of the material in the bed is too large to be entrained until it is reduced in size by combustion and by attrition. Fresh feed make-up maintains the bed condition as desired. In a typical combustor, bed velocity is maintained at approx. 20 ft/sec. At this velocity, erosion rates are low and heat transfer rates are reasonable. For this velocity, size of a particle entrained is 1/8" to 3/8", depending on the fuel. In general, fuels with low combustibility and high ash tend to require finer crushing than fuels that are more easily burned and lower in ash content. Low volatile matter fuels would require finer sizes and high recycle rates, in the range of 10:1 to 100:1. The size of the particles is critical, if the feed is too fine, excessive material will remain in the gas leaving the cyclones resulting in an insufficient material in circulation. A combustor bed temperature between 8500C and 9000Cis usually selected in CFBC. Combustion stability is provided by the high thermal inertia of the large mass of fuel and inert material in the bed. Acceptable burnout of fuel results from the long residence time of fuel in the bed and by recycle of material captured in the mechanical collectors above the bed. A wide range of fuels may be fired in fluidized bed boilers because the design is for combustion temperatures that are lower than the ash softening temperatures of most of the fuels. The use of a scrubber may not be required for SOx control. The potential for high temperature corrosion due to high vanadium content in the fuel and low temperature corrosion due to high sulfur in the fuel is also accomplished by the control achieved by bed absorption. In the combustor limestone continuously reacts and, therefore, it is necessary to continuously feed limestone with the fuel. The sulfation reaction requires that there is always an excess amount of limestone present. The amount of excess limestone that is required is dependent on a number of factors such as the amount of sulfur in the fuel, the temperature of the bed, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the limestone. Sulfur capture rate even upto 98% may be achieved by mixing higher percentage of limestone. To place the sulfur dioxide emissions standards in perspective, the uncontrolled SOx emission from the combustion of a coal with 0.5% - 0.6% (weight%) sulfur with a heating value of 38004300 kcal/kg under normal combustion conditions is about 1300-2000 mg/m3. In number of

countries with 3% (wt) sulfur in the coal, greater than 90% sulfur removal would be required for environmental compliance. Sulfur dioxide emissions can be reasonably predicted given the sulfur content in the fuel, however NOx emissions are not so easy to predict, because the amount of NOx produced in a combustor depends not only on the type of fuel being burned but also on the process conditions observed in a particular combustion device. Uncontrolled NOx emissions from coal combustion in CFBC ranges from 200-400 mg/m3. Whereas in conventional PC combustors it could be even upto 2200 mg/m3. In power plants particulate emissions arise mostly from combustion of solid fuels e.g. Fly ash and bottom ash. Current technology options provide effective means of controlling emissions of particulate from combustion sources.

Boiler System Description The major components of the CFB boiler system are the furnace, cyclone separator, the nonmechanical loop seal/seal pot and the convection superheater surface. In the furnace the bed material, with the fuel, is fluidized with primary air which turbulently transports the solids up the full height of the furnace. Combustion of the fuel takes place as it rises and heat is transferred to the membrane water-wall tubing that form the walls of the furnace. The hot combustion gases with the entrained solids exit at the top of the furnace into the cyclone separator. The cyclone separates the solids from the combustion gases and returns the solids, including any unburned solid fuel, through the non-mechanical loop seal or seal pot to the furnace where they mix with incoming fresh fuel. The long solids residence time due to recirculation of the solids ensure high combustion efficiencies for a wide range of fuels.

FIGURE - 2

The lower section of the furnace includes a water cooled air distribution grid and windbox as well as a bottom ash removal system. Primary air is supplied through the water cooled windbox to the fluidizing grid and provides the initial fluidization air flow. The secondary air provides a staged combustion effect to ensure high combustion efficiencies and to minimize NOx production. Flue gas and some fine size particulate matter leave the cyclone separator and pass through the convection section which contains superheat, reheat, economizer banks, air preheater, etc. The flue gas then enters a particle collector where particulate matter is removed for compliance with environmental regulations. Clean flue gas is discharged to the stack via induced draft fan. Fuel Flexibility The technology can be used over a very wide range of fuels such as coal, anthracite culm, lignite, coal washery rejects, petroleum coke, biomass fuel, high ash coal, and other opportunity fuels etc. individually or in combination. CFBC boilers are in operation with ash content as high as 70% and also fuel like petroleum coke with low volatile matter and relatively high sulfur content. Calorific value of fuel used in CFBC could typically range even from 1000 kcal/kg to 8000 kcal/kg. TABLE - 3 Texas New Mexico Power Comparative fuel, emissions and performance results

Fuel Moisture Ash Volatile Fixed Carbon Sulfur HHV; btu/lb

100% Lignite 33.14 % 14.54 % 27.83 % 24.49 % 1.10 % 6637

100% Petcoke 7.34 % 2.69 % 12.47 % 77.50 % 4.51 % 13741

Emissions S Retention* SO2 lb/mmbtu (permit) (actual) 82.6 % 0.58 0.58 249 ppm NO2 lb/mmbtu (permit) (actual) 0.60 0.19 112 ppm Opacity (permit) (actual) *at 0.58 lb/mmbtu Performance Net Heat Rate btu/kWh Aux. Power Technical Performance CFBC boiler can exhibit high efficiency of approx. 90% as compared to say 88% efficiency in conventional boiler. These can burn with high efficiency and high availability an unusually wide range of fuels including low-grade fuels even fuels that cannot be used at all in conventional PC boilers. CFBC boilers are simple to operate and maintain as these are close to the traditional coal fired boilers. CFBC boilers offer better dynamic response as compared to conventional boiler. Also start up time is comparatively quicker. TABLE - 4 10,608 10.16 % 9,773 9.71 % 10 % 3% 91.7 % 0.58 0.58 248 ppm 0.60 <0.01 < 3 ppm 10 % 8%

Start up Comparison : PC Vs CFB

Type of Start up Cold

CFB1 6 7 hrs

PC2 9 10 hrs 5 6 hrs

Warm 3 hrs (PC after 8 hrs, CFB after 48 hrs) Hot 2 hrs (PC after 2 hrs, CFB after 12 hrs) Note : 1) Limited by Bed temperature control. 2) Limited by spray quantity & metal temperature. 3) FEGT is higher in PC units at all loads. TABLE - 5 Typical CFB Boiler response rate on low volatile content fuels

5 6 hrs

Load % MCR 30 50 50 100 *with supplementary fuel firing.

Range

Response Rate % MCR/ Min 12 2 4*

CFB technology is reliable enough and matured to the point that operating plants have demonstrated availabilities comparable to, or exceeding, the most modern conventional PC boilers. The high availability of CFBCs is also widely recognised within the financial community for non-recourse financing. TABLE - 6

CFBC Plant Experience a. Range of fuel composition

Sulfur - 0.5 8.0% Ash - 0.5 70% Volatiles - 5.6 40% Vanadium - 0 3000 PPM b. Range of Performance

SO2 Ca/S NOx Combustion efficiency

0.13 1.5 lb / MMBTU 2.7 1.5 0.043 0.21 lb/MMBTU 95 99%

Environmental Performance In conventional PC technology it would be difficult to control SOx and NOx emissions in the combustion process, in case of CFBC technology due to lower combustion temperatures NOx production is reduced substantially and production of SOx can be controlled by controlling addition of limestone. SOx, NOx and particulate emissions are three major environmental hazards from combustion of fuels and are elaborated in Table 7. TABLE - 7 Emissions Comparison : PC Vs CFB

CFB Emission Unit Typ. High S Fuel SO2 mg/MJ 50 PC*

PC AES Deepwater**

600 - 200 700 300 275 -500

NOx

mg/MJ 32

*Typical W/O scrubber **with Downstream scrubber Emission of sulfur oxides:

One of the key features of fluidised bed combustion is in situ removal/ retention of sulfur dioxide released during the combustion process by particles of sorbent material i.e. limestone or dolomite. Ash in fuel also acts as a sorbent material. At operating conditions, the calcium in limestone is converted into calcium oxide and then reacts with the sulfur dioxide generated by the combustion process as indicated below :Lime stone : CaCO3 = CaO + CO2

2CaO + 2 SO2 + O2 = 2CaSO4 Dolomite : CaCO3.MgCO3 = CaO.MgO + 2CO2 2CaO.MgO+ 2SO2 + O2 = 2CaSO4.MgSO4 Sulfur absorption with limestone depends on various reaction parameters such as calcination temperature, sulphation temperature, SO2 gas phase concentration, sorbent properties like grain size and porosity, reactivity, etc. The reaction takes place around 8500C. Reaction rate increases with decreasing particle size, increasing SO2 gas phase concentration and increasing sulfation temperature (6500C 9000C). The combined effect of particle size and pore size may be concluded that pores with a radius larger than 0.3 m m contribute towards higher reactivity of limestone with SOx. The capture of SO2 is a function of Ca/S molar ratio, residence time of the gas in the bed (which is function of bed height and fluidizing velocity) and temperature of bed. The importance of Ca/S molar ratio and gas residence time in illustrated in figure No 3 & 4

Higher rate of sorbent utilisation is extremely important in CFBC as it reduces quantity of sorbent required to achieve a given reduction in SOx emission. This not only saves on sorbent costs but also reduces the solids handling equipment and amount of solid wastes for disposal. Detailed studies on sorbent size have been conducted and seen that decreasing sorbent massmean particle size results in increase in sulfur retention. Proper size distribution of sorbent is to be maintained depending upon the properties of sorbent i.e. agglomeration porosity etc. to get the maximum reactivity and thus achieving maximum utlilisation. Sorbent composition is also important from reactivity and cost effectiveness, It has been observed that dolomites are more reactive than limestone. Conclusively, fuels with even 4% to 6% of sulphur, insitu desulphurization, as high as 98% could be achieved resulting into corresponding SO2 emission of around 80 to 100 PPM.

Emissions of NOx: Combustion of fossil fuel generates oxides of nitrogen. The most important forms of air pollutants are NO, NO2, collectively known as NOx and nitrous oxide (N2O). The NOx emission could cause acid rain and ground level ozone formation, N2O emissions contribute for global warming and depletion of protective ozone layer in the upper strata of earth atmosphere. There are two sources of Nitrogen oxides formed during combustion of fossil fuels: either molecular nitrogen in the combustion air or the nitrogen bound in various forms in the fuel. Three mechanisms for the formation of nitrogen oxides have been identified : Thermal NOx, the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen atoms generated in the Combustor. Prompt NOx, the reaction of molecular nitrogen with hydrocarbon radicals producing NO precursors at rates of formation greater than predicted by the thermal mechanism; and Fuel NOx, the oxidation of nitrogen contained in the fuel. Because of complex interactions between the fuel devolatalisation & combustion reactions and fluid dynamics in combustion systems, it is not possible to predict which of these mechanisms predominate in a particular combustor system. The relative importance of these mechanisms depends on amount of nitrogen & its chemical form in the fuel operating conditions of the particular combustor i.e. temperature of the combustion process and the time reactants spend either in an oxidizing or reducing environment mixing & turbulence experienced by the reactants during initial stages of combustion. In PC fired boiler, Thermal NOx is significant due to higher temperatures of approx. 13750C. In CFBC combustion of fuel occurs at considerably lower temperature (around 8500C 9000C), resulting into insignificant production of thermal NOx. In CFBC bilers it is found that NOx production is entirely due to the nitrogen compounds contained in the fuel and thermal & prompt NOx are negligible. Increase in excess air for combustion increases NOx emissions. It is also observed that NOx emissions increased with the free lime content of fluidised bed combustors. So when more SO2 capture was targeted NOx has gone up due to excess CaO. Fluidised Bed combustion technology has demonstrated the capability of producing very low emissions of nitrogen oxides, considerably much lower than conventional combustion technologies and low enough to meet current standards in most countries. In some countries, to meet very stringent emission norms additional measures may be necessary to reduce NOx to acceptable norms. Particulate Emissions:

In power plants the third main source of pollutants is a particulate matter. Flue gas requires cleaning before it goes to stack and is normally accomplished by a bag house or Electrostatic precipitator. Due to higher combustion efficiency of CFBC and higher quantity of bed ash, dust loading of flue gas reduces to some extent. Other Emissions: With higher combustion efficiency, emission level of CO from CFBC is generally lower than that from a comparable conventional boiler. Extensive studies have demonstrated that mercury and vanadium can also be entrapped by the sorbent in CFBC boilers With the higher combustion efficiency of CFBC boiler, CO2 emission is also reduced as compared to conventional PC boiler plants. Most of the developed nations have pledged to reduce CO2 emissions aggressively. Indian Experience of CFBC Technology: 2 x 145 TPH of CFBC based cogeneration plant was set up by INDAL at Hirakud in 1992. The experience gained in this plant has set the direction for improved design of CFBC for Indian coal. Indian coal exhibits erosive properties of ash and CFBC boilers need to be designed for such fuels. Other CFBC units have also been set up and being successfully operated by Tata chemicals, Indian Rayon, Birla Copper, Kanoria Chemicals, etc. with fuels such as coal and/or lignite. First major 250 MW (2 x 125 MW) CFBC based power plant has been set up by GIPCL near Surat, Gujarat with lignite as a main fuel in 1999. Technical & environmental performance of this plant is reportedly quite satisfactory. Similar lignite based CFBC Power Plant of 2 x 125 MW capacity is under construction at Akrimota, Gujarat. First 100% Petcoke based 25 MW CFBC boiler was commissioned in 1999 at Rain Calcining , Vizag, Andhra Pradesh. India's largest 2 x 250 MW CFBC based power plant with 100% Petroleum coke is under development stage at Reliance, Jamnagar. World Wide Experience of CFBC Technology: Provence 250 MW CFBC Boiler, France One of the largest, 250 MW CFBC units in the world is in operation at Provence Power Station in Southern France. The boiler is high pressure, reheat type and has been designed for firing local high sulfur sub-bituminous coal with the possibility of co-firing high viscosity residual oil upto 50%- 50% energy ratio. The first synchronising of the unit occurred at the end of the October 1995 and is in operation after reliability test run in April 1996. Texas New Mexico Power Company 2 x 165 MW CFBC Boilers, USA

The first 165 MW CFBC based unit was successfully commissioned in 1990. The plant was awarded power plant of the year award in 1991 stimulating use of CFBC technology in large generating facilities. Second unit was also commissioned in 1991. Performance of both the units has reportedly been excellent with availability of over 90%. The plant was designed for maximum fuel flexibility with guaranteed full load operation on either Texas lignite, western coal or natural gas. The plant has fired the following fuels: lignite (0 100%), natural gas, petroleum coke (0 100%) and other waste fuels. While firing all fuels, the plant could attain full load and meet all permitted environmental emissions without any boiler modifications or compromises in boiler efficiency. 3) 2 x 125 MW Petcoke based CFBC Power Plant at NISCO, USA. This project is a demonstration of the capability of CFBC, technology that could use 100% petroleum coke. The performance of the boiler has met and even exceeded expectations. The power plant was a model for scale up to higher size i.e. 250-300 MW. The Technical and Environmental performance parameters for all the above plants are as given in TABLE 8. TABLE - 8 Technical & Environmental performance parameters

Operating Parameters

Unit

Provence 250 Texas New Mexico MW CFBC, Power Company, 2x France 165 MW CFBC Boilers, USA bar, 700, 163, 565 500, 129, 540

NISCO, 2x 125 MW Petcoke based Power Plant, USA 375, 102, 540

Superheated Steam Gross Power

TPH, oC MW

250

165

100 + Steam 90.3

Cogen

Boiler Efficiency Limestone consumption Fuel/ Typical Characteristics

90.5 (LHV)

83.3 (HHV) Lignite

TPH

16

Coal Moisture Ash Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Volatile HHV Environmental Performance %(wt) %(wt) %(wt) %(wt) %(wt) %(wt) Kcal/kg 11 - 14 28 - 32 40 0.97 3.68 3700

Lignite 33.14 14.54 24.49 (Fixed C) 1.1 27.83 3689

Petcoke 10.6 0.27 79.74 1.61 4.47 7475

mg/Nm3 SOx lb/MMBTU mg/Nm3 NOx lb/MMBTU Emissions 6% O2 Cost Economics: TABLE - 9 Boiler Cost Comparison Type PC CFB CFB with CFB with High 250 0.6 (0.19) lb/MMBTU 0.6 (0.15) lb/MMBTU @ Permissible (Actual) Permissible (Actual) 400 0.58 lb/MMBTU (0.58) 90% (91% or 0.50 lb/MMBTU) S Capture

Fuel

Coal

Coal

lignite

S, low volatile fuel 115

Cost Index

100

107

110

Having discussed superior technical & environmental performance of this technology, obvious question that would arise would be about cost of adopting the technology. As could be observed the technology is developing at a very rapid rate due to its performance and number of manufacturers are aggressively entering into this field and competition is on the rise. This would result into narrowing of gap between prices for conventional boilers without FGD and CFBC boilers. It is expected that in the very near future both prices would tend to equalise. On the basis of data available it could be said that presently cost of a typical CFBC boiler would be approximately 5% to 15% higher than cost of conventional boiler without FGD TABLE - 10 Cost Comparison of technologies for similar environmental performance

Technology Cost Index

PC + FGD 140 160

CFBC 115

In fact if CFBC boiler cost is compared with cost of PC + FGD combination for similar environmental performance, option to install CFBC boiler works out to be substantially economical. O & M cost for CFBC boiler is also much less than O & M cost of PC + FGD combination. Conclusion: CFBC boiler represents simple, mature, proven & reliable technology and offers: Excellent environmental performance i.e. considerably lower NOx production & insitu capture of sulfur which could meet stringent environment regulations without complex flue gas treatment facilities. Unusually high fuel flexibility, practically it can burn any fuel quite efficiently & reliably. Superior technical performance i.e. high efficiency, better dynamic response, higher availability and lower O & M cost compared to PC + FGD combination for similar environmental performance.

Ideal balance between cost and clean environment. List of Tables and Figures

Sr. No.

Table No.

Figure Description of Table / Figure

TABLE - 1 TABLE - 2

Indian Emission Standards & World Bank guidelines National ambient air quality standards for India and maximum permissible limits of pollutants in air set by WHO Comparative fuel, emissions and performance results for Texas New Mexico Power with respect to fuel flexibility of CFB boiler Technical performance Start up comparison PC Vs CFB Technical performance Typical CFB boiler response rate on low volatile content fuels CFBC Plant experience Range of fuel composition & range of performance Environmental Performance Emissions comparison PC Vs CFB Technical & Environmental performance parameters for Provence 250 MW CFBC boiler, France, Texas New Mexico Power Co. 2 x 165 MW CFBC boilers, USA and 2 x 125 MW Petcoke based Power plant at NISCO, USA Boiler Cost comparison Cost comparison of technologies environmental performance Fluidising principle for similar

TABLE - 3

TABLE - 4 TABLE - 5

TABLE - 6

TABLE - 7

TABLE - 8

TABLE - 9 TABLE - 10

FIGURE - 1

FIGURE - 2 FIGURE - 3

Typical cross section of Fluidised bed boiler Variation of SO2 retention and Ca/S Molar ratio with respect to residence time Variation of SO2 retention and Ca/S Molar ratio with respect to Bed temperatures

FIGURE - 4

References: TERI Energy Data Directory & Yearbook 2000/2001. M. Alvarez Cuenca & E. J. Anthony, "Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion" R. W. Voyles & Don Zierold, "Petroleum Coke firing in a Circulating fluidised bed boiler", 12th International Conference on Fluidised bed combustion, San Diego, CA USA, May 9 13, 1993. Keven Riley & Mike Tanca, "Large CFB power plant design and operating experience Texas New Mexico Power", 13th International ASME Fluid bed Conference, Orlando, Florida, May 1995 P. Lucat, J-X Morin, E. Guilleux, "Development of very large CFB boilers for power stations", CFB-4 (4th International conference on CFBs) Somerset, Penn., USA, August 1-5, 1993 Kenneth E. Habiger, Fluidised bed combustion

Вам также может понравиться