LTE/SAE Technology Overview & Challenges

Zach Lovell Agilent Technologies

Agenda

LTE Market Overview

LTE & EPC Technology Overview

LTE & EPC Challenges

Short Intro to Agilent in LTE

Not just slides! LTE UE from MWC Feb 2009

Wireless evolution: Five competing 3.9G systems

2G
IS-95A CDMA GSM IS-136 TDMA PDC

802.11a 802.11b

Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates

IS-95B IS-95B 2.5G cdma CDMA

HSCSD

GPRS

iMode

802.11g 802.11h 802.11n

3G

IS-95C CDMA2000

E-GPRS EDGE

W-CDMA FDD

W-CDMA TDD

TD-SCDMA LCR-TDD

3.5G

1xEV-DO Release 0

1xEV-DO Release A

1xEV-DO Release B

HSDPA FDD & TDD

HSUPA FDD & TDD

802.16d Fixed WiMAX TM

3.9G

UMB cf 802.20

LTE E-UTRA

EDGE Evolution

HSPA+

802.16e Mobile WiMAXTM

WiBRO

New OFDM Systems!

New OFDM System!

LTE Market Development Timelines

LTE Activity UE Device Availability
LTE wont work without devices

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Prototypes

Trial Handsets

Commercial Handsets

Will LTE work & deliver the expected performance

Proof of Concept

RF/eNB Focused

Are the standards interpreted in the same way by all

IOT

Multi-Vendor eUTRAN/EPC

Vendor Selection & Testing in near commercial conditions

Trials & FOAs

Whole end to end network incl. IMS

First to market but limited number of deployment sites

Early Adopter Deployments

Data only

Full Commercial Deployments

Building into full coverage network coverage

Data

Voice

LTE Adoption is Gaining Momentum

14 LTE networks in service by end 2010 31 LTE networks in service by end 2012

Agenda

LTE Market Overview

LTE & EPC Technology Overview

LTE & EPC Challenges

Short Intro to Agilent in LTE

Network Overview - 3GPP R8 LTE/SAE

Uu eNB
X2 S1-MME S1-U
S-GW

S7 S11
MME

PCRF

S5

SGi

S10
PDN-GW MME

IMS & other Operator IP Services

Evolved UTRAN

S1-MME eNB

S6a

Evolved Packet Core

HSS

MRF

CSCF

AS

LTE/SAE Overview Introduced in 3GPP Release 8

Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in the Downlink Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the Uplink The LTE radio migration may occur via software upgrades (e.g. soft radios)

The LTE protocol & network architecture is characterized by three requirements:

Support for the PS domain only. There will be no circuit switched (CS) domain nodes. Traditional Voice services are delivered using VoIP served by the IMS Tight delay targets for small roundtrip delays 5 ms for bandwidths of 5 MHz and greater ; 10 ms for the bandwidths below 5 MHz Reduced cost of the system Achieved with all IP infrastructure and flattened network architecture

LTE challenges carriers to review deployment & operational procedures

LTE Fundamentals - Physical Layer

CDMA/W-CDMA
All transmissions at full system bandwidth Symbol period is short inverse of system BW Users separated by orthogonal spreading codes Equalization and multipath resistance is difficult above 5 MHz Needs significant computing power to support MIMO Spreading protects from narrowband distortion and interference

OFDM / OFDMA

Transmission variable up to system bandwidth Symbol period is long - defined by subcarrier spacing and independent of system bandwidth Users separated by FDMA & TDMA on the subcarriers Equalization is easy due to signal on freq domain, and free of multipath up to the CP length Ideal for MIMO Vulnerable to narrowband distortion and interference OFDMAs dynamic allocation enables better use of the channel for multiple low-rate users and for the avoidance of narrowband fading & interference.

OFDMA

LTE Fundamentals Air Interface UL SC-FDMA

V
CP

V
CP

fc

OFDMA Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for one OFDMA symbol period

15 kHz

Frequency

fc

60 kHz

Frequency

SC-FDMA Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for 1/N SC-FDMA symbol periods

SC-FDMA combines single carrier methods with the frequency allocation flexibility & long symbol time of OFDMA While OFDMA transmits 1 symbol per subcarrier in parallel, SC-FDMA transmits symbols in series at N times the rate and occupies the same bandwidth Supports larger bandwidths than OFDMA without the high Gaussian PAR Resistant to multi-path due to the constant nature of each subcarrier

The LTE Air Interface - LTE MIMO

MIMO creates multiple parallel channels between transmitter and receiver. MIMO is using time and space to transmit data (space time coding). MIMO is a family of techniques: Use multiple channels to send the same information stream to achieve diversity (transmit diversity) Improve coverage Use multiple channels to send multiple information streams (spatial multiplexing) Increase throughput

Evolved 3GPP Network Architecture

GSM/GPRS/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)
MS GSM EDGE Evolved EDGE

GSM-A
CS

Serving Network CS Core (Voice) VLR

MSC MGW

Core & Services Network

Um
BTS

Abis
PCU

BSC

GPRS-Gb
PS

SMS SGW

HLR

Base Station Subsystem

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

UE

Iu-CS
CS PS Core (Data)

SS7/SIGTRAN

Uu
NodeB WCDMA HSPA/HSPA+

Iub

RNC

Iur
RNC

Iu-PS
PS
SGSN

Gn
GGSN

Radio Network Subsystem

Internet Operators IP Services (E.g. IMS, PSS)

S12
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Uu
Evolved Node B eNB

S3

S4

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

SAE-GW

S1-U
X2

Gx S11 S5
P-GW

RX
PCRF

SGi S6a

UE eNB

S1-C
MME

HSS

CSCF

MRF / MGW

S10

Network Overview - LTE Functional Nodes

Scheduling
Dynamic resource allocation to UEs Transmission of Pages & broadcast information

Network Access Security (PDCP)

IP header compression Ciphering of user data stream

Radio Resource Management

Bearer & Admission control RF Measurement Reporting

EPC Network Selection

MME Selection at UE attachment User Plane routing to SAE-GW

eNB
eNodeB

Combines the functionality of the UMTS NodeB & RNC

Network Overview EPC Functional Nodes

Mobility
MME Selection for Intra-LTE handovers SGSN Selection for 3GPP I-RAT Handover

UE Tracking and Reach-ability

Tracking Area List Management (idle or active)

EPC Access
Attachment & Service Request Security & Authentication

Bearer management
Dedicated bearer establishment PDN GW & SAEGW selection

MME
Mobility Management Entity

Equivalent to the SGSN for the Control Plane

Network Overview EPC Functional Nodes

Local Mobility Anchor for Inter eNB handover I-RAT Mobility Anchor Function
3GPP 2G/3G Handover Optimized Handover Procedures (e.g. in LTE-CDMA)

Packet routing & forwarding between EPC & eUTRAN

Lawful Interception

S-GW
SAE Gateway

Equivalent to the SGSN for the User Plane

Network Overview EPC Functional Nodes

Charging support Policy enforcement (QoS) Lawful Interception

UE IP address allocation

P-GW
PDN Gateway

Mobility Anchor between 3GPP & non-3GPP access systems

Equivalent to the GGSN

Network Overview Control Plane Protocols

UU S1-C S6a

** Both IPv4 & IPv6 supported Network Access Security NAS Ciphering

Network Access Security

PDCP Ciphering

Network Domain Security

IPsec Encryption

Network Overview User Plane Protocols

UU S1-U S5/8 SGi /Gm Cx

* SCTP Recommended Transport in TS 29.229 ** Both IPv4 & IPv6 supported Application Domain Security IPSec AKA Network Access Security

PDCP Ciphering

Network Domain Security

IPsec Encryption

EPC Fundamentals QoS Model

Todays 3G Services use best effort QoS Class for all PS services
An LTE user can have up to 24 bearers, each with its own QoS Class In the EPC, the QoS parameters are a function of guaranteed & non-guaranteed bit rates defined by 9 QCI labels.
QoS Class Identifier L2 Packet Delay Budget L2 Packet Loss Rate Example Services

QCI=1 (GBR) QCI=2 (GBR) QCI=3 (GBR) QCI=4 (GBR) QCI=5 (non-GBR) QCI=6 (non-GBR) QCI=7 (non-GBR) QCI=8 (non-GBR) QCI=9 (non-GBR)

100 ms 150 ms 50 ms 300 ms 100 ms 300 ms 100 ms 300 ms 300 ms

10-2 10-3 10-3 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-3 10-6 10-6

Conversational Voice Conversational Video (Live Streaming) Real Time Gaming Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, etc.)

EPC Fundamentals QoS Model

Application / Service Layer
UL Service Data Flows

Page 20

DL Service Data Flows

Non GBR Service Dropping Non Real-Time

Radio Bearer S1 Bearer S5 Bearer

UL-TFT

RB-ID

RB-ID

S1-TEID

S1-TEID

S5/S8-TEID

S5/S8-TEI

DL-TFT

UE

eNB

SGW

PDN -GW

TFT = Traffic Flow Template

GBR Service Blocking Real Time

10

eNB Scheduler and QoS An LSTI Illustration

2x2 MIMO HARQ; Round Robin Best effort user: fixed SNR (23 dB aprox), UDP transfer GBR user: GBR = 10 Mbps, variable SNR, HD video streaming

With decreasing SNR, GBR user maintains desired rate by taking resources from best effort user, until SNR too low to support GBR.
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Agenda

LTE Market Overview

LTE & EPC Technology Overview

LTE & EPC Challenges

Short Intro to Agilent in LTE

11

Challenges Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Who will have What coverage Where?
64 QAM 16 QAM QPSK UE4

eNB UE5 UE1 UE2

UE3

Downlink peak data rates (64QAM) Antenna config SISO 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO Peak data rate Mbps 100 172.8 326.4 Uplink peak data rates (Single antenna) Modulation QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM Peak data rate Mbps 50 57.6 86.4

64 QAM requires 10dB Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I) How do you achieve that much isolation without adding more sites?

Challenges Collapsed Architecture

eNB Inter Cell RRM RB Control Connection Mobility Control Radio Admission Control eNB Measurement Configuration & Provisioning Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC SAE Bearer Control PDCP RLC MAC PHY Serving Gateway PDN Gateway UE IP Address allocation Packet Filtering MME NAS Security Idle State Mobility Handling

How do you do RF Performance Engineering & Optimization, when all these functions are closed within the eNB?

What is the Cost?

S1

Mobility Anchoring

E-UTRAN

Evolved Packet Core

Internet

12

Challenges Monitoring Points & Data Sources

Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

S1-U S1-C

S-GW

Internet S5
P-GW (PCEF)

PDN RX

Uu
UE

Evolved Node B

S11

Gx SGi S6a

PCRF

X2
eNB MME

HSS CSCF MRF

UE Device E.g. Drive Test Data Sources

Passive Air Interface Probe

Network Element Internal Debug eNB, MME etc.

Network Element Internal Monitor CPRI/OBSAI

Interface Monitoring Sx, X2, S5/S8

Different Data Sources yield different information and different levels of cost effectiveness.

Challenges How will Voice be Delivered??

Two Leading Proposals for CS Services Delivery over EPS Access in R8
CS Fallback Voice over LTE Generic Access (VoLGA)

CS Fallback
Currently selected by 3GPP as a Part of Release 8 Connected to E-UTRAN uses GERAN or UTRAN to Establish CS & SMS Services Co-Exist with IMS-based Services in Same Operators Network CS Service over IMS takes precedence over CS Fallback

VoLGA Voice over LTE via Generic Access

Connected and Uses EPS to Establish One or More CS Services, via Legacy CN Infrastructure Does Not Require E-UTRAN Coverage Overlap with GERAN or UTRAN Coverage Co-Exist with IMS-based Services and CS Fallback in Same Operators Network Simultaneous Use of VoLGA & IMS Services Possible, while Not So with CS Fallback

Conclusions of Feasibility Studies

Overlapping Coverage between LTE/EPS and Legacy CS Systems: CS Fallback Approach Preferred but significant issues exist Non-Overlapping Coverage between LTE/EPS and Legacy CS Systems: VoLGA Approach Preferred

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Challenges CS Fallback Architecture

Iu-ps UTRAN SGSN

Gs Gb Uu GERAN S3 Um Iu-cs A MSC Server

SGs LTE-Uu UE E-UTRAN S1-MME MME

Part of Release 8 TS 23.272

Forces user off LTE to make a call MSC server & SGSN upgrades New SGs interface

Challenges CS Fallback E-UTRAN Page, No PS HO

UE/MS eNodeB BSS/RNS 1a. CS Paging MME MSC S-GW SGSN 1a. CS Paging 1c. CS Paging Reject 1b. Extended Service Request

Extra delay before starting the call setup procedure

1d. S1-AP message with CS Fallback indicator 2. Optional Measurement Report 3a. NACC, 3b. Signalling connection release 4. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Request

5. S1 UE Context Release 6. Location Area Update or Combined RA/LA Update 7a. Suspend (see TS 23.060) 7b. Suspend Request / Response 8. Update bearer(s) 9. Paging Response 9a. Signalling Connection Release 9a. Connection Reject
If the MSC is changed

9b. Location Area Update or Combined RA/LA Update

10. CS Call Establishment procedure

Potential impact on call setup times (1.5 sec) User may not be able to maintain LTE data session while in call

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Challenges VoLGA 3GPP Reference Architecture

BTS/ BSC
A

MSC/ VLR

HSS

Iu

UE

NodeB /RNC MME

S1-MME

Iu/A

Z2 SGi

eNodeB
Z1

S1-UP

S-GW/ PDN-GW

IWF (VANC)

Rx

PCRF

Gx

Z1: Reference Point between UE and IWF (VANC) Similar to GAN Up Interface between MS and GANC Z2: Reference Point between MME and IWF (VANC) Similar to Sv interface for Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) per TS 23.216

The PS challenge still exists between the UE & the IWF

Challenges - KPIs are more than just technical data

Business Objectives There are other considerations
Handset profiles Usage Patterns What about Real World Conditions Expected Cell Interference How will CS services be delivered? Cell Geometry Application mix

Best High Speed Data for selected users Best Coverage

Best Mixed Voice & Data for everybody

Determines Network Optimization Target, Priorities and KPI Definitions

15

Monitoring and KPIs 3GPP Definitions

3GPP defines 5 basic KPI types

Accessibility: Can a connection to the network be obtained
Provides no QoS information

Retainability: Can a connection to the network be maintained

Often generalized as the drop call ratio

Integrity:

What is the quality of the connection

Since LTE supports only the PS domain, these measurements revolve around IP throughput and latency.

Mobility:

Impact of mobility on the end user

Measures the success of hand over procedures

Availability:

Is the network available to be accessed

Measured at the cell level

Challenges - KPI Definition The Accessibility KPI as an example.

Can be measured on the S1 interface by analyzing the ERAB establishment procedures. This is not enough by itself!!!
In many cases, a service will require multiple radio bearers. E.g. Default bearer for signaling & dedicated bearer for media streaming The actual service accessibility needs to combine the success rates for both the default and the dedicated radio bearers

The LTE accessibility KPI focuses on the E-UTRAN itself;

This is insufficient to measure the accessibility of a specific service end-to-end Take a voice call establishment as an example, once a UE has obtained a connection to the access network it must now be able to reach the specific application server (AS) within the IMS.
The Voice AS (or CSCF) can generally be calculated as:

KPI Definition is not always straight forward !!! What KPIs can be computed depends on particular interface(s) being monitored.

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Agenda

LTE Market Overview

LTE & EPC Technology Overview

LTE & EPC Challenges

Short Intro to Agilent in LTE

LTE Solutions across Lifecycle

Infrastructure Vendors
Service Providers Network Element R&D, Design, Production Functional Test Load Test IOT Network Plan & Design

Install & Commission

Optimize & Maintain

Monitor & Manage

Business Applications

Assurance Solutions SS7, VoIP, IMS, 3G

Drive Test, Scanner, Portable Spectrum Analyzer Signalling Analyzer Network Analyzer Triple Play Analyzer N2X Router Test RF Analysis & Wireless Conformance Test

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Signaling Analyzer Real-Time for LTE/SAE

Increase Test Efficiency & Quality Expert Analysis Focus on the test not the tool Full Visibility LTE/SAE protocols & procedures Intertechnology Testing, 2G, 3G, VoIP/IMS, ... Remove the guess work Real Time Performance Analysis & Benchmarking KPIs & Measurements aligned to standards:
3GPP, LSTI & NGMN Requirements

Decrease Cycle Times

Parallel / Concurrent Testing Multi-User Simultaneous Analysis Test automation for centralized regression

LTE Real-Time Troubleshooting & Analysis

Functional Test, I&V test Load and Stress Trial, Deployment & Optimization

The LTE Air Interface - Agilents Test Methodology

Trace Port Data S/W E6474A DT Signaling Analyzer

E6474A Data Tests

HTTP, FTP, EMAIL WAP, SMS DIALUP, VOICE AVAIL Audio/Video Streaming Video Telephony

Receiver

Mobile Phone Trace Data Active, Neighbor Sets Protocol Messaging RF Receiver Data Ec/Io Pilots Sets Agg Ec/Io, Delay Spread Internal GPS timing Serial Port Protocol capture

TCP/IP Performance TCP Re-Tx, resets IP Throughput Duplicate packets Session Evaluation Graphical display of call trace parameters Correlation of IP & Mobile protocols Supports IP, PPP, SIP, RTP

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Agilent in Standards
Agilent has been closely involved with ETSI and 3GPP since 1991
Current delegates RAN WG4 (LTE air interface) RAN WG5 (UE conformance test) Moray Rumney Andrea Leonardi & Muthu Kurmaran

Agilent has hosted many 3GPP meetings, Main focus has been on RF requirements and testing of the Node B and UE Currently leading discussions in WG4 on HSPA+ & LTE higher order modulation

Agilent in LSTI (Member since Feb-2008)

Agilent is active in all Working Groups (POC, IODT, IOT and Trial). Providing expertise in Test methodology, Test concepts and specific Test cases. Test tools are aligned to demonstrate the capabilities according to the different proof points of LSTI. Agilent provides tools for both Network infrastructure and Handset testing

Agilent is a contributor in datacom standards forums:

ATM forum MPLS forum (MFA Forum) Metro Ethernet Forum etc.

Agilent LTE Book Available Now

SART LTE/SAE Solution Overview

LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless

Agilents new LTE book delves into the new 3GPP LTE cellular technology, from both the technical and practical point of view, before its projected deployment in 2010. Written by Agilent s measurement experts, this LTE book offers valuable insight into LTE technology and its design and test challenges. In this 450-page book you will find chapters covering the following: An introduction to LTE Air interface concepts & Physical layer Upper layer signaling, System architecture evolution, RF design and verification challenges UE Conformance testing A look to 4G: LTE-advanced.

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Thank You
Agilent Technologies-- the supplier of choice for your design and test needs during LTE development
The leader in design and test tools Design and test tools ready when you need them
First products shipping today New measurement products will follow throughout the technology development cycle

Committed to new measurement technologies and active involvement in standards setting

Agilent Technologies
You drive the path to LTE, Agilent clears the way.

3GPP LTE Standards References

3GPP TS Title
24.301 24.312 29.061 29.118 29.168 29.212 29.214 29.215 29.272 29.273 29.274 29.275 29.276 29.277 29.279 29.280 29.281 36.321 36.322 36.323 36.331 36.413 36.423 Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) Protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 3 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) Management Object (MO) Interworking between PLMN supporting packet based services and PDN Mobility Management Entity (MME) - Visitor Location Register (VLR) SGs Interface Specs. Cell Broadcast Centre Interfaces with the Evolved Packet Core; Stage 3 Policy and Charging Control over Gx Reference Point Policy and Charging Control (PCC) over Rx Reference Point Policy and Charging Control (PCC) over S9 Reference Point MME Related Interfaces Based on Diameter Protocol EPS; 3GPP AAA Interfaces Evolved General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Tunneling Protocol for Control plane (GTPv2-C) Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) based Mobility and Tunneling Protocols; Stage 3 Optimized Handover Procedures and Protocols between EUTRAN Access and cdma2000 HRPD Optimized Handover Procedures and Protocols between EUTRAN Access and 1xRTT Access Mobile IPv4 (MIPv4) based Mobility Protocols; Stage 3 3GPP EPS Sv Interface (MME to MSC) for SRVCC GPRS Tunneling Protocol User Plane (GTPv1-U) E-UTRA; Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Specification E-UTRA; Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification E-UTRA; Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Specification E-UTRA; Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol Specification E-UTRAN: S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) E-UTRAN: X2 Application Protocol (X2AP) S1-C, S101 S14 SGi SGs SBc Gx, Gxa, Gxc Rx S9 S6a, S6d, S13, S13 SWa/d/m/x, STa, S6b, H2, Pi* S3-C, S4-C, S5/8-C, S10, S11 S2a-C, S2b-C, S5/8-C (PMIP) S101 S102 S2a-C Sv S1-U, X2-U, S4-U, S5/8-U, S12-U Uu Uu Uu Uu, S1, X2, S3 S1-C X2-C

Interface(s)

20

Network Overview LTE SAE Network Identifiers

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network EPS Evolved Packet System MME Mobility Management Entity eNB E-UTRAN Node B TAI - Tracking Area ID E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Radio Access Network C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier RA-RNTI Random Access RNTI UE User Equipment IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity IMSI (MSISDN) International Mobile Subscriber Identity S-TMSI SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

3GPP TR 23.401 / 25.813

Network Overview LTE Interfaces

S1-MME: The S1-MME interface provides the control plane protocol between the Evolved UTRAN and MME. S1-U: The S1-U interface provides a per bearer user plane tunneling between the Evolved UTRAN and Serving GW. It contains support for path switching during handover between eNodeBs. S1-U is based on the GTP-U protocol that is also used for Iu user plane in the Rel-7 architecture. S3: The S3 interface enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active state. It is based on the GTP protocol and the Gn interface as defined between SGSNs. S4: The S4 interface provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor function of Serving GW and is based on the GTP protocol and the Gn reference point as defined between SGSN and GGSN. S5: The S5 interface provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility, and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity. There are two variants of the S5 interface, one based on the GTP protocol and one IETF variant based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIP).

21

Network Overview LTE Interfaces, continued

S6a: Enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS. S7: Provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW. The interface is based on the Gx interface. S8a: Is the roaming interface in case of roaming with home routed traffic. It provides user plane with related control between the Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. It is based on the GTP protocol and the Gp interface as defined between SGSN and GGSN. S8a is a variant of S5 for the roaming (inter-PLMN) case. There is also an IETF variant of called S8b that is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIP). S10: Is between MMEs and provides MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer S11: Is the interface between MME and Serving GW. SGi: Is the interface between the PDN GW and the packet data network. This interface corresponds to Gi and Wi interfaces and support any 3GPP or non-3GPP access. Rx+: Is the interface between the AF and the PCRF.

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