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Index

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE HISTORY WHAT MAKE A HYBRID GASOLINE POWERED CAR PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE POWERED CAR EVOLUTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC POWERED CAR HYBRID STRUCTURE PARALLEL HYBRID CAR SERIES HYBRID CAR HYBRID COMPONENTS USES OF HYBRID CAR HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS HYBRID EFFICIENCY ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID CAR WHATS AVAILABLE NOW CONCLUTION REFERENCE

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Hybrid electric vehicle

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There are a variety of HEV types, and the degree to which they function as EVs varies as well. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist. Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (this combination is known as a motor-generator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a comparably-sized gasoline car, since an HEV's gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably-sized pure gasolineburning vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower emissions) and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.

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History
In 1900, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Mixte; a 4WD series-hybrid version of "System LohnerPorsche" electric carriage previously appeared in 1900 Paris World Fair. The Mixte included a pair of generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines to extend operating range and it could travel nearly 65 km on battery alone. It was presented in the Paris Auto Show in 1901. The Mixte broke several Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a gasoline engine powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors, with a small battery pack for reliability. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes. In 1905, Henri Pieper of Germany/Belgium introduced a hybrid vehicle with an electric motor/generator, batteries, and a small gasoline engine. It used the electric motor to charge its batteries at cruise speed and used both motors to accelerate or climb a hill. The Pieper factory was taken over by Imperia, after Pieper died. The 1915 Dual Power, made by the Woods Motor Vehicle electric car maker, had a four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (24 km/h) the electric motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing power from a battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to take the car up to its 35 mph (56 km/h) top speed. About 600 were made up to 1918. The Woods hybrid was a commercial failure, proving to be too slow for its price, and too difficult to service. The United States Army's 1928 Experimental Motorized Force tested a gasoline-electric bus in a truck convoy. In 1931 Erich Gaichen invented and drove from Altenburg to Berlin a 1/2 horsepower electric car containing features later incorporated into hybrid cars. Its maximum speed was 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), but it was licensed by the Motor Transport Office, taxed by the German Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-Patent Amt. The car battery was re-charged by the motor when the car went downhill. Additional power to charge the battery was provided by a cylinder of compressed air which was
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re-charged by small air pumps activated by vibrations of the chassis and the brakes and by igniting ox hydrogen gas. An account of the car and his characterization as a "crank inventor" can be found in Arthur Koestler's autobiography, Arrow in the blue, pages 269-271, which summarize a contemporaneous newspaper account written by Koestler. No production beyond the prototype was reported.

The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid was the first gasoline-electric hybrid automobile

Figure 1 of Henri Pieper's 1905 Hybrid Vehicle Patent Application.

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WHAT MAKE A HYBRID

Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. Many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a petrol engine with the pedal power of its rider. Giant trucks and pulling trains are diesel electric hybrid. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles. Some are nuclear-electric and some are diesel-electric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid. The gasoline electric hybrid car is just a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car.

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GASOLINE POWERED CAR

The figure shows a schematic representation of gasoline-powered car. It consists of a fuel tank, an engine and transmission. The fuel from the fuel tank helps the running of engine. The power produced is transmitted to the transmission system and it turns the road wheels.

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PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE POWERED CAR

To be useful for a car must meet certain requirements. A car should be able to. a) Drive at least 300 miles between refueling. b) Refueled quickly and easily. c) Keep up other traffic on the road. A gasoline car meets these requirements but produces a relative large amount of pollution and generally gets poor mileage. On the other hand the electric car produces almost no pollution but it can only go upto 100 miles between charges and the problem is that it is very slow and inconvenient to recharge. When driver for quick acceleration causes a car to be much less efficient than they could be. Less powerful engine gets better mileage than an identical car with a more power engine. The amusing thing is that most of what we require a car to do uses a small percentage of its hybrid power when driving along the freeway at 60 mph.

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EVOLUTION OF HYBRID
The hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly increase the mileage and reduce the emissions of a gas-powered car while overcoming the shortcomings of an electric car. It is wondering that while any one would build such a complicated machine when most people are perfectly happy with their gasoline-powered car. The reason is two told that is to reduce tail pipe emission and to improve the mileage.

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ELECTRIC POWERED CAR

The figure shows a typical electric car. It consists of a set of batteries, electric motor and transmission. The batteries provide power to electric motor and the motor turns the transmission.

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HYBRID STRUCTURE
Two power sources found in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine and set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the road wheels. The different ways in which the power sources found in a hybrid car are describe as follows. 1) Parallel Hybrid 2) Series Hybrid

PARALLEL HYBRID CAR

The figure shows a typical parallel hybrid. You'll notice that the fuel tank and gas engine connect to the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect to the transmission independently. As a result, in a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power.

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SERIES HYBRID CAR

The figure shows a series hybrid. The gasoline engine turns generator, and the generator can either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus, the gasoline engine never directly powers the vehicle. Take a look at the diagram of the series hybrid, starting with the fuel tank, and 4- cylinder engine, Generator, Battery, Electric motor and transmission.

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HYBRID COMPONENTS
Hybrid car contains the following parts. 1) Gasoline engine The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency. 2) Fuel tank The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 7 pounds of gasoline. 3) Electric motor The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. 4) Generator The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids. 5) Batteries The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them. 6) Transmission The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car.

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USES OF HYBRID CAR

California emissions standards announced how much of each type of pollution a car is allowed to emit in California. The amount is usually specified in gm/mile of carbon monoxide. The key thing here is that the amount of pollutions allowed does not depend on the mileage a car gets. But a car that burns twice as much fuel to go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution. The pollution will have to be reduced by the emission control equipment on the car. So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways to decrease emission. Carbon dioxide is another type of pollution a car produce it cause global warming. So the hybrid cars are used to reduce the air pollution. They produce very less. Amount of exhaust gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with respect to the other vehicles. The pollutants in this type of gas are very less and are in a controlled manner.

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HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS

You can get the best mileage from a hybrid car by using the same kind of driving habits that give you better mileage in your gasoline-engine car: a) Drive slower The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly. b) Maintain a constant speed Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining a constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel. c) Avoid abrupt stops When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid acts like a generator and take some of the energy out of the car while slowing it down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it can recover more of the energy.

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HYBRID EFFICIENCY
Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, today's hybrids use many other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type of car get better mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid. Recover energy and store it in the battery Whenever you step on the brake pedal in your car, you are removing energy from the car. The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has. The brakes of a car remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heat. A hybrid car can capture some of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by using "regenerative braking." That is, instead of just using the brakes to stop the car, the electric motor that drives the hybrid can also slow the car. In this mode, the electric motor acts as a generator and charges the batteries while the car is slowing down. Sometimes shut off the engine A hybrid car does not need to rely on the gasoline engine all of the time because it has an alternate power source -- the electric motor and batteries. So the hybrid car can sometimes turn off the gasoline engine. It uses advanced aerodynamics This is used to the air resistance. This helps the hybrid car to increase its efficiency. A less power is required when the car is made in an aerodynamic model. It uses small efficient engine The engine in a hybrid weight only 56 kg and it is a small, 1 litre, three cylinders that produces 67 HP and 5700 rpm. The additional power provided by the small electric motor is able to accelerate the hybrid car from 0-60 mph in about 11 seconds.

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ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID CAR

1) Decreasing fuel consumption while it turns reduces emission. 2) Pollution is reduced considerably 3) Improve mileage. 4) Reduced tail pipe emission 5) Refueling problem reduced 6) No need of more fuel consumption at the time of acceleration. 7) Uses small engine and components their by reduces weight. 8) Better performance.

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WHATS AVAILABLE NOW

Three hybrid cars are now available in the United States the Honda Civic Hybrid, the Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius. We will be discussing the latter two, and although both of these cars are hybrids, they are actually quite different in character. The Honda Insight, which was introduced in early 2000 in the United States, is designed to get the best possible mileage. The Insight is a small, lightweight two-seater with a tiny, high-efficiency gas engine. The Toyota Prius, which came out in Japan at the end of 1997, is designed to reduce emissions in urban areas. It meets California's super ultra-low emissions vehicle (SULEV) standard. It is a four-door sedan that seats five, and the power train is capable of accelerating the vehicle to speeds up to 15 mph (24 kph) on electric power alone. The Prius was honoured as the 2004 North American Car of the Year.

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CONCLUTION
The hybrid car gives very good mileage and it produces less pollution. So in the incoming years the hybrid car will become the most common vehicle in the world. Hybrid car produces less pollution than gasoline powered car and good mileage than electric car.

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REFERENCE
www.howstuffworks.com Autocar April 2004 www.honda.com

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