Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
0 Introduction
I have been prepared this report to enhance an in depth knowledge and understanding of different points of Challenges & best approach in adopting biomass technology in Indonesia This report also involve some questions about theories & models, global scenario ,nature and characteristics of biomass Indonesia, challenges ,Innovation and policies and best approach and way in adoption of biomass in Indonesia.to improve this proposal into final thesis, and I will presenting a different look through the utilization of biomass technology from the top leaders in the whole world and considerable of this subject in term of the collaboration to the next generation business in Indonesia. Complication of the biomass potentials in Indonesia will goes to appropriate possibility to demonstrate this technology ,and in next part research problems and objectives to be emerge for more discussion and also it must be research proposition as well in this assignment.
equipment or power plants that are now using fossil feuls,biomass is one of the most significant source of energy and fuel in world wide after coal,oil and gas, but the different is in biomass there is no carbon dioxide producing . Biomass technology country leaders has already adopted and commercialize this renewable energy and they are doing pretty well at the moment because they made use of the biomass resources which are available at their own countries which is going to become a profitable business for them for years to come. (Akash 2008). 70% of all biomass in the world is used in theresidential sector, while 14% is used in industry and 11% is transformed into electricity, heat, or another energy carrier such as liquid fuel or biogas. (Euan Blauvelt 2007) Due to these resources available, thats the reason biomass technologies were introduced worldwide(Euan Blauvelt (2007). Biomass burning is widespread, especially in the tropics. It serves to clear land for shifting cultivation, to convert forests to agricultural and pastoral lands, and to remove dry vegetation in order to promote agricultural productivity and the growth of higher yield grasses(Crutzen PJ 2010) Malaysia belongs to gifted country which has large untapped biomass resources across whole Malaysia but the adoption and commercialization of biomass technology in here is still on the surface level in terms of awareness, knowledge ,skills etc. in my idea it can be good and appropriate proposal to government .
These fuels have many different applications. In rural areas they can power mechanised milling or small scale electrification systems. In the cities, biofuels are especially used in the transport sector adding to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. GVEP(global village energy partnership) is supporting many forms of biofuel initiatives in Africa and Latin America.in isolated communities in Colombia and in the Brazilian rainforest we are funding projects which will produce fuel from jatropha to power a town generator and motor boats.In St.Lucia, a small enterprise is receiving funding to set up a power plant, which will use banana waste to produce methane via biodigesters. The methane will power the plant itself and also be used to produce ethanol. In addition, the ethanol will be sold to the transport industry and blended with the petrol imported to the island thereby increasing the islands energy security. Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms ( Biomass Energy Center). As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as bio fuel.
Figure 2 : biomass loop 2.1.2 Biomass energy is derived from five Distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol. Wood energy is derived by using lignocelluloses biomass (second generation bio fuels) as fuel. This is either using harvested wood directly as a fuel, or collecting from wood waste streams. The largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor or black liquor, a waste product from processes of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry .Waste energy is the second-largest source of biomass energy. The main contributors
of waste energy are municipal solid waste (MSW), manufacturing waste, and landfill.
Figure 3 : biomass sources Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gasalso called "landfill gas" or "biogas." 2.1.3 Biomass conversion process Three different biomass conversion processes, thermochemical, chemical and biochemical, are reviewed based on the results of some investigations. The important parameters for thermochemical processes are temperature, pressure, time at reaction conditions and added reactants or catalysts, for chemical processes are acid concentration, prehydrolysis, temperature, time at reaction conditions and kind and moisture of used material and for biochemical processes are reaction temperature, pH, moisture and time at reaction conditions
There are a number of technological options available to make use of biomass types as a renewable energy source. Conversion technologies may release the energy directly, in the form of heat or electricity, or may convert it to another form, such as liquid bio fuel or combustible biogas. While for some use of the biomass resource there may be a number of usage options, for others there may be only one appropriate technology. The definition of biochemical conversion is using living organisms or their products to convert organic material into fuel.
Biomass power facilities have numerous attributes, which benefit the environment and world climate change. Environmental benefits include: -cleaner air and -better forestry management. Biomass plants produce far less particulate matter than the alternative method of open burning wood wastes.
3.1.1 China
In early 1980s, initiated a nationwide programm es to disseminate improved cook stove and biogas technologies. The programme led to raising energy efficiency of cook stoves to 20 percent, saving nearly a ton of wood fuel per household (Shuhua et al, 1997). In 1995, nearly 6 million biogas digesters produced 1.5 billion m3 gas annually (Baofen and Xiangjun, 1997). Another 24,000 biogas purification digesters, with a capacity of 1 million m3, were in use for treating waste water for 2 million urban population (Keyun, 1995). Research and development (R&D) in China has focused on a process for converting a high quality Chinese sorghum breed into liquid fuel, pyrolysis technology and gasification of agriculture residue and wood. Biomass based electricity generation technologies have penetrated the Chinese market lately, with a penetration of 483 MW and 323 MW respectively in sugar industry in two major sugar cane producing provinces Guandong and Guangxi (Baofen and Xiangjun,1997). The policy support points to a promising future for modern biomass in China.
3.1.2 India
Biomass contributes over a third of primary energy in India. Biomass fuels are predominantly used in rural households for cooking and water heating, as well as by traditional and artisan industries. Biomass delivers most energy for the domestic use (rural - 90% and urban - 40%) in India (NCAER, 1992). Wood fuels contribute 56 percent of total biomass energy (Sinha et. al, 1994). Consumption of wood has grown annually at 2 percent rate over past two decades (FAO, 1981; FAO, 1986; FAO, 1996). Estimates of biomass consumption remain highly variable (Ravindranath and Hall, 1995; Joshi et. al., 1992) since most biomass is not transacted on the market. Supplyside estimates (Ravindranath and Hall, 1995) of biomass energy are reported as:
fuelwood for domestic sector- 218.5 million tons (dry), crop residue- 96 million tons (estimate for 1985), and cattle dung cake- 37 million tons. A recent study (Rai and Chakrabarti, 1996) estimates demand in India for fuelwood at 201 million tons (Table 1). Supply of biomass is primarily from fuels that are home grown or collected by households for own needs. The Government sponsored social forestry programme has added to fuel-wood supply to the tune of 40 million tons annually (Ravindranath and Hall, 1995).
3.1.4 Thailand
Thailand is a large user of biomass energy, which contributes a quarter of total energy. A third of biomass energy is consumed in industry. Bagasse is used in sugar mills as a boiler feedstock (Panyatanya, 1997). The policy of purchase of power from Small Power Producers - SSP announced in 1992 by Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) can be favourble to biomass electricity producers (Verapong, 1997). The response on the SSP policy is still slow. A cogeneration potential of 3100 MW biomass based power is identified in chemical, agro processing and textile industries (Verapong, 1997).
the small scale private producers (30 MW) is expected to be beneficial for biomass electricity applications. Although a large potential exists, cost of biomass energy is not yet competitive (Martosudirjo, 1997) and penetration has remained marginal. Economy of Indonesia Indonesia is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and is one of the emerging market economies of the world. The country is also a member of G-20 major economies.[10] It has a market economy in which the government plays a significant role through ownership of state-owned enterprises (the central government owns more than 160 enterprises) and the administration of prices of a range of basic goods including fuel, rice, and electricity. In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis that began in mid-1997 the government took custody of a significant portion of private sector assets through acquisition of nonperforming bank loans and corporate assets through the debt restructuring process. Since 2004 the economy has recovered and growth has accelerated to over 6% in recent years(Wikipedia)
Sector
Subsector
Agriculture, etc.
Food crops
213
35
Estate crops
63
34
Livestock, etc.
51
27
Forestry
30
63
Fisheries
73
60
Mining
188
97
131
145
Quarrying
36
87
Manufacturing
Petroleum refining
120
139
Natural gas
54
94
Quarrying
213
35
213
38
91
34
44
48
Paper, printing
40
43
96
68
29
50
20
52
222
87
Other manufacturing
67
Electricity
21
51
Gas
119
Water supply
43
Construction
Construction, building
249
98
387
48
Hotels
17
52
Restaurants
92
45
Transport, communication
Transport
Road
81
106
Sea
16
43
Rivers, ferries
54
Source: Indonesian Statistics Bureau (Biro Pusat Statistik), annual production data
Year
GDP
USD exchange Inflation index Nominal Per Capita GDP PPP Per Capita GDP (rupiah) (2007=100) (as % of USA) (as % of USA)
1980
60,143.191
627
10
5.25
5.93
1985
112,969.792
1,111
11
3.47
5.98
1990
233,013.290
1,843
16
3.01
6.63
1995
502,249.558
2,249
24
4.11
8.14
2000 1,389,769.700
8,396
53
2.32
6.92
2005 2,678,664.096
9,705
83
3.10
7.51
2010 6,422,918.230
8,555
121
6.38
9.05
For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US dollar is exchanged at 3,094.57 rupiah only. Mean wages were $2.32 per man hour in 2009.
4.1 Nature & Characteristics of Biomass in Indonesia Nature & Characteristics of Biomass
Biomass is probably the oldest and most well-known renewable source of energy, especially in rural areas of developing and under-developed countries. Biomass in simple terms is the biological waste or material from living organisms or recently alive organisms. Biomass is mainly constituted of carbon and is composed of a mixture or organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually including other inorganic atoms of oxygen and nitrogen. Biomass feedstock such as crops, trees, and food waste can be converted into more convenient energy carriers such as solid fuels (e.g., wood chips, pellets, briquettes), liquid fuels (e.g., methanol, ethanol, bio-diesel, bio-oil), or gaseous fuels (synthesis gas, biogas, hydrogen).
pollutants cause considerable damage to health, especially of women and children who are exposed to indoor pollution for long duration (Smith, 1987; Smith, 1993, Patel and Raiyani, 1997). The twin problems of traditional biomass use are the energy inefficiency and excessive pollution. Exploitation of abundant biomass resources from common lands sustained traditional biomass consumption since millennia. Three main problems associated with the traditional biomass are inefficient combustion technologies, environmental hazards from indoor pollution and unsustainable harvesting practices. The aim of modern biomass programmes are to overcome these problems.
sustainable socio-economic development. The process starts from arranging an local team to form a R&D team to share the knowledge of the technology and the concepts of know-how, case studies , previous research work as well as the practices, which helps the local team to get an depth knowledge on the installation as well as the job basis. The diverse application of all the biomass technology have developed and investigated for the conversion of "wastes" into "value added products". By going through the Research, we could know that a development of a renewable sector in Asia is in a very high level. Most of the countries are performing it well through the high level technology. Today, the most developed technologies for biomass conversion into green products come from outside of Asia. And, there is no any reason that why those technologies have not been brought to Indonesia, when a less developed country than Indonesia while performing, where Indonesia is improving in the renewable market place.
1) To identify the Indonesian awareness and acceptance level of biomass technology in the country. 2) To determine the challenges of adopting biomass technology in Indonesia. 3) To find out the best approaches to adopt biomass technology in Indonesia.
However, with its gas reserves estimated to last for another 33 years and oil reserves another 19 years, theIndonesian government is strengthening the role of renewable energy (RE) as the fifth cornerstone of energy generation. ( Salsuwanda & Zulzikrami n.d . ) The increased use of energy raised serious concerns in the Indonesian government about the need to overcome heightened energy expenditure by promoting the end-use energy efficiency. (Ong et al 2011) At present, biomass technology is still fresh in Indonesia. Indonesia, as asecond major exporter of palm oil (after Malaysia), has made significant inroads into downstream palm oil processing capabilities but its waste/biomass energy industry
is still largely underdeveloped. (Webmaster 2012) Although the government had already started to introduce this RE production in the country, business players are still doubtful on its consistency and the sustainability of the technology. There are huge untapped potential biomass resources available in Indonesia which is still many of them never fully utilized it. Statistics show that Indonesia has an abundance of these sources, with more than 70 million tonnes collected yearly. The main contributor of biomass is the palm oil industry from which 85% of total biomass comes. (The Star 2011). This research brought up is to determine the level of awareness and acceptance from the public and business players in Indonesia. The findings of this research will extend the current knowledge of significant issues. Besides, regarding the challenges ahead into adopting biomass technology, there are still plenty to be discuss and this research will bring up those challenges facing in Indonesia. Hence, experts and government bodies are keen to solve and overcoming these challenges in order to adopt this renewable Energy. Lastly, this research will provide the findings on the best practices or approaches in adopting biomass technology.
Qualitative collection methods, including interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and open-ended survey items have great potential for exploring new topics, assisting theory building, and providing context for quantitative data. Qualitative survey responses are often elicited in organizational research to collect information about an experience or topic, to explain or clarify quantitative findings, and to explore different dimensions of respondents experiences. In quantitative and qualitative way which is mix we have some advantages and disadvantage which are : Advantage : 1.Trainculation : which means using different sources and various knowledges 2.Facilitation : which means working together and helping each other or This Approach arises when one research strategy is employed in order to aid research using the other research strategy(DR Abang ) 3. Complimentality : which means covering weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative methods. And disadvantage for mix method is just increasing time period of research because you have to use both ways and in different ways you should do survey and questioning ,interviews ,statistical and thematic all together.
9.1 Ethics Dimensions 9.1.0-procedural ethics : in this dimension you need approval to collect data to
protect ourselves .
9.1.1-Ethics
1. Voluntary participation(you can not force anyone to collaboration ) 2. Informed consent (tell everyone what you want to do ) 3. No harm anyone 4. Confidential 5. Anonymity(no name) 6. Deception(be yourself and do not use your reputation ).
10.0 Conclusion
in conclusion we have done research and finding and analysis on best approach to adoption biomass technology in Indonesia . We could say that we can make Biomass in Indonesia in best way with facing few challenges and filling up the Gaps found in topic. This Research Proposal gives as the strong basics on how to start an Research Work and it shows the overview on how the research will be conducted and helps the Researcher in preparing a high quality thesis, through this work schedule. Hope It was useful and I did it in right way.
11.0 References
.APEC, 2008, Survey of Biomass Resource Assessments and Assessment
Capabilities, online, 7th June 2012, retrieved from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/43710.pdf Akash Kewal Ram, 2008, Biomass a Profitable Energy Resource, online, 7th June 2012, retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/akash.kewal/biomass-a-profitable-energy-resource Ang, A (1997), Present Status of Biomass Energy Technologies in Indonesia, Presented in Regional Consultation on Modern Biomass Energy Technologies, Regional Wood Energy Development Programme, FAO, Kuala Lumpur, Indonesia. Background of the Study http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/biomass.htm Biomass Energy Center. Biomassenergycentre.org.uk. Retrieved on 2012-02- 28.
Biomass Energy Businesses in Indonesia http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/Malaysia/byP/biomass/ biomass.shtml BIOMASS ENERGY IN INDIA: TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN http://www.decisioncraft.com/energy/papers/ecc/re/biomass/bti.pdf Biomass energy technology in Malaysia- Issues & Challenges http://www.researchsea.com/html/article.php/aid/2662/cid/1/research/biomass _energy_technology_in_malaysia_____issues_and_challenges.html Biomass- Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass Biomass market and potentials Nordic, European and global perspectives March, 2009 Competitive advantage of German renewable energy firms in India and China: An empirical study based on Porter's diamond: Corinna Dgl, Dirk Holtbrgge, Tassilo Schuster Conversion technologies. Biomassenergycentre.org.uk. Retrieved on 2012-0228. Economy of Indonesia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2011, Biomass Technologies, online, 5th June 2012, retrieved from http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/biomass.html Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy- Biomass Program http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/index.html FAO (1997), Review of Wood Energy Data in RWEDP Member Countries, Field Document No. 47, Bangkok. Global Potential of Sustainable Biomass for Energy: Svetlana Ladanai & Johan Vinterbck Liu, G., E. D. Larson, R. H. Williams, T. G. Kreutz and X. Guo (2011). "Making fischer-tropsch fuels and electricity from coal and biomass: Performa Indonesia's Biomass Industries Confederation
http://www.biomass.org.my/about_MBIC.html Indonesian Biomass Initiatives http://www.myforesight.my/index.php/media/insight/94-greening-the-futurethroughmalaysian-biomass-initiatives-mbi Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal Emerald Article: Biomass for transport, heat and electricity: scientific challenges: J.F. Dallemand, G. De Santi, A. Leip, D. Baxter, N. Rettenmaier, H. Ossenbrink Processing and Conversion http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/processing_conversion.html Present Status and Problems of Biomass Energy Utilization in Indonesia http://www.biomass-asiaworkshop. jp/biomassws/01workshop/material/Mazlina%81@Hashim.pdf Renewable Energy Policy In India http://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/policy_material_secti on_3.pdf T.A. Volk, L.P. Abrahamson, E.H. White, E. Neuhauser, E. Gray, C. Demeter, C. Lindsey, J. Jarnefeld, D.J. Aneshansley, R. Pellerin and S. Edick (October 1519, 2000). "Developing a Willow Biomass Crop Enterprise for Bioenergy and Bioproducts in the United States".Proceedings of Bioenergy 2000. Adam's Mark Hotel, Buffalo, New York, USA: North East Regional Biomass Program.OCLC 45275154. "U.S. Electric Net Summer Capacity". U.S. Energy Information Administration. July 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-25. Wikipedia, 2012, Biomass, online, 5th June 2012, retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass
Table of contents
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Research Problem 2.0 Parent Discipline 2.1 Theories & Models 2.1.0 Biomass 2.1.1 Biomass sources 2.1.3 Biomass energy 2.1.4 Biomass conversion process 2.2 Economic benefits of biomass 2.3 Social benefits 2.4 Environment benefits 3.0 Global Scenario on Biomass Technology 3.1.1 China 3.1.2 India 3.1.3 United States 3.1.4 Thailand 4.0 Immediate Discipline 4.0.1 Indonesia's Economy 4.0.2 Structure of economic 4.0.4 Micro economic 4.1 Nature & Characteristics of Biomass in Indonesia 4.2 Challenges in Adopting Biomass in Indonesia 4.3 Initiatives and Policies 4.4 Best Approach in Adopting Biomass Technology in Indonesia 5.0 Research Questions 5.1 Research propositions 5.2 Research objectives 6.0 Research paradigm 6.1 Primary data collection 6.2 Data analysis 7.0 Ethics consideration 7.1 Ethics dimensions 7.1.0 Procedural ethics 7.1.1 Ethic in practice 8.0 Conclusion 9.0 References
Figure
Figure 1 : Biomass energy Figure 2 : Biomass loop Figure 3 : Biomass sources Figure 4: Biomass research Figure 5 :: Research method
Indonesia
2013