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A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 1
Note: Always represent transfer functions as a product of a gain term, poles, and zeros (pairs if complex). Then all coefficients have a physical meaning, reasonable magnitude, and easily checkable unit.
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 2
2
2
1.5
1.5 Magnitude [linear]
Magnitude [linear]
0.5
0.5
5
5 0 -5 0 0 x 10
5
0 -5 0 0 x 10
5
x 10
x 10
5 Frequency [Hz]
-5
5 Frequency [Hz]
-5
Sigma [Hz]
Sigma [Hz]
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 3
Imaginary Zeros
f P = 100kHz QP = 2 fZ = 3 fP
x 10
6
Zeros substantially sharpen transition band At the expense of reduced stopband attenuation at high frequency
Pole-Zero Map
1.5
0
1
-10
0.5
Magnitude [dB]
Imag Axis
5 6 7
-20
-0.5
-30
-1
-40
-1.5
-50 4 10
-2
10
10 Frequency [Hz]
10
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0 Real Axis
0.5
1.5
2 x 10
6
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 4
Pole-Zero Map
10
4
0
2
Magnitude [dB]
Imag Axis
-10
-20
-2
-30
-4
-40
-6
-50 4 10
-6
-4
-2
0 Real Axis
6 x 10
5
10
10 Frequency [Hz]
10
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 5
Tow-Thomas Biquad
Parasitic insensitive Multiple outputs Ref: P. E. Fleischer and J. Tow, Design Formulas for biquad active filters using three operational amplifiers, Proc. IEEE, vol. 61, pp. 662-3, May 1973.
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 6
Frequency Response
(b a b )s + (b2a0 b0 ) Vo1 = k 2 2 1 2 1 Vin s + a1s + a0
Vo 2 b2 s 2 + b1s + b0 = 2 Vin s + a1s + a0 Vo 3 1 (b0 b2 a0 )s + (a1b0 a0b1 ) = Vin s 2 + a1s + a0 k1 a0
Vo2 implements a general biquad section with arbitrary poles and zeros Vo1 and Vo3 realize the same poles but are limited to at most one finite zero
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 7
Component Values
b0 = b1 = b2 = R8 R3 R5R7C1C2 1 R8 R1R8 R1C1 R6 R4 R7 R8 R6
given ai , bi , ki , C1 , C 2 and R8
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 =
1 a1C1 k1 a0 C2 1 k1k 2 1 a0 C1
it follows that
P = R8 R2 R3R7C1C 2
1 1 1 k 2 a1b2 b1 C1
QP = P R1C1
k1 a 0 b0C2 R8 R6 = b2 R7 = k 2 R8
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 8
Implementation
Bandpass & Notch at 1kHz Use Vo2 for bandpass (only possibility), Vo1 for notch
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 9
1kHz Generator
1kHz BPF
1kHz Notch
A/D DSP
Filter Coefficients
Vo1 (b a b )s + (b2a0 b0 ) = k 2 2 1 2 1 Vin s + a1s + a0 Vo 2 b2 s 2 + b1s + b0 = 2 Vin s + a1s + a0
Design Notch :
2 = (2 1kHz ) b0 = a0 = P 2
b1 = 0 b2 = 1
Get Bandpass for " free" : b2a1 b1 = a1 b2a0 b0 = 0 Choose reasonable signal levels : k1 = 1.05 k2 = 1 (to keep unused Vo3 slightly below other outputs) (just as we want in a bandpass)
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 11
Final Filter
Choose:
Solve equations
R1=42.631k R2=1.4921k R3=1.3534k R4=42.631k R5=1.4921k R6=R7=R8
2002 B. Boser 12
Capacitors
C0G capacitors
Vishay Vitramon, C0G Dielectric Capacitor datasheet, 2000. http://www.vishay.com/document/45002/45002.pdf Negligible voltage coefficient (for linearity) Excellent tempco (30ppm/C) 2% initial accuracy is easy to get
No high-value capacitors are trimmable Resistors will be trimmed to compensate for capacitor variations
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 13
Resistors
Trimmed resistors combine fixed metal film resistors and precision trim potentiometers in series
1%-accurate, 5ppm/C, lab grade metal film resistors provide 90% of the nominal resistance
Ref: Caddock Electronics, Type TN Lab Grade Low TC Precision Film Resistor datasheet, 1999.
50ppm/C trim pots provide between 0% and 20% of the nominal resistance
Ref: Vishay Foil Resistors, Model 1268 Precision Trimming Potentiometers datasheet
Use two fixed resistors in series with the trimpot to minimize trimpot value and optimize overall tempco
2002 B. Boser 14
Opamps
For opamps, well use the Burr-Brown OPA627
Ref: Texas Instruments / Burr-Brown, OPA627 and OPA604 datasheets, 1989. The finest audio opamp in the world, and, at $15/each, priced accordingly! But money is no object when designing IC test fixtures (only a few are ever built) Adequate speed for this application
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 15
Bandpass/Bandstop Responses
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 16
Lets magnify the frequency axis for the two responses of interest
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 17
Bandpass/Bandstop Responses
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 18
2002 B. Boser 19
Bandpass/Bandstop Responses
20
0 Gain (dB)
H2
- 20
- 40
- 60 0.9
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 20
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 21
Rationale for a biquads tuning strategy becomes apparent when studying design equations such as the Tow-Thomas equations on slide 6
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 22
Adjust R2 to center the bandpass at 1kHz Adjust R5 to center the notch at 1kHz Adjust R1 to set the bandpass Q to 30 Adjust R4 to deepen the notch
2002 B. Boser 23
1 a1C1MAX
< R1 <
1 a1C1MIN
known
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 25
Tow-Thomas Biquad
C1(0.112) R1(40K+5K) R7(1K)
OPAMP1 OPAMP2
R3 (1.35K) R8 (1K) R2
(1.4K+200)
C2(0.112)
OPAMP3
R4(40K+5K)
R6 (1K)
R5(1.4K+200)
vIN
A/D DSP
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 27
Bandpass/Bandstop Responses
20
0 Gain (dB)
H2
- 20
- 40
- 60 0.9
A/D DSP
Bandpass/Bandstop Responses
20
0 Gain (dB)
H2
- 20
- 40
- 60 0.9
A/D DSP
This means a +2% change in R2 will cause a 1% change in fP Note that fZ sensitivities are also 1/2
A 4% increase in R5 will shift our notch (currently at 1.02kHz) back to the right place
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 30
Bandpass/Bandstop Responses
20
0 Gain (dB)
H2
- 20
H1
- 40
- 60 0.9
A/D DSP
Summary
General 2nd order transfer function
Imaginary axis zeros
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 32