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Lecture Topics
• Wood and fabric
• Metals
• Composites
• Other considerations
Reading
Sorry, not covered in book
Early Airplanes
• Pre-1930’s most airplanes were
made with wood and fabric - organic
• Wood is strong, easy to work, and
plentiful
• Cotton fabric covered airframe and
shaped airfoil
Aluminum Alloys
Aircraft Metals
• Steel alloys: too heavy now but used
for landing gear
• Aluminum alloys: used for modern
aircraft
• Titanium alloys:
y g good for high
g
temperatures but very $$$
Composite Materials
• A material system composed of two or
more distinct constituents that are
mechanically combined to possess
unique and desired properties
Can you name any?
Examples:
• Natural Wood (fibrocellulosic in lignin)
Why Composites ?
High strength-to-density ratio
High modulus-to-density ratio
Advantages of Composites
Advantages of Composites
• Composites last longer – less fatigue
Advantages of Composites
• Less Thermal Expansion
Advantages of Composites
• Performance improvements (lower weight)
– Lower D.O.C.’s (incl. fuel savings)
– More cargo revenue
• Reduced maintenance
– Large reduction in fatigue and corrosion
maintenance
• Potential manufacturing cost reduction
– Better material usage
– Reduced assembly/ part count
• Increased Design freedom
– Tailored to a specific application
– Complex shapes can be manufactured
Disadvantages of Composites
• Difficult to predict strength
• Less knowledge of material forces
“overbuilding” which negates weight
advantage
• Engineers are still learning about fatigue
properties
p p of composites
p
• Environmental Sensitivity (Temp., UV,
Lightning)
• Cost
Composite Materials
• Fiber reinforced composite materials
consist of fibers & matrix
– M
Matrix
t i (glue)
( l ) – provides
id lloadd ttransfer
f
between fibers, support & protection
– …. Aramid
Composites in Airplanes
• Plywood – WWII
y
• Polymer matrix composites
p
– Graphite/Epoxy
– Aramid/Epoxy
– Fiberglass
The de Haviland Mosquito with
• Metal matrix composites Balsa plywood skin (1940)
Aerospace Applications
• General aviation: Complete composite fuselages
Summary
• Early materials – “organic”
– Wood
– Cotton
• Metals
– Steel
– Aluminum & Titanium alloys
• Composites
– Fiberglass
– Carbon
– Kevlar,
– Plywood